Building bridges through learning as mediation parties’ lived experiences
An interpretative phenomenological analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/mtp.29960Keywords:
mediation, lived experience, phenomenology, interview study, learning, insight, reappraisal, interpretive pheomenological analysisAbstract
While abundant literature has been devoted to describe mediation, there is little research exploring how parties perceive and make sense of the process. This article reports two associated main themes from an innovative qualitative research project conducted to understand the lived experiences of parties to mediation using interpretative phenomenological analysis for the first time in the literature. The findings present (1) learning as the key experience of participants in mediation, a so far neglected angle of the process, and (2) the mediator’s compassionate approach involving conveying ample understanding and sensitivity toward parties’ needs and concerns as facilitating learning. Meanings and fresh concepts have been generated through sensitive and careful analysis of the cases, providing a rich portrait of the dynamics of learning, and the way learning bridges differences between the sides. Implications for mediators and research are outlined.
References
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Bohart, A. C. (2007) Insight and the active client. In Castonguay and Hill (2007): 257–74.
Bollen, K. and Euwema, M. (2013) Workplace mediation: an underdeveloped research area. Negotiation Journal 29(3): 329–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12028
Bowling, D. and Hoffman, D. (2000) Bringing peace into the room: the personal qualities of the mediator and their impact on the mediation. Negotiation Journal 16(1): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2000.tb00199.x
Carey, T. A, Carey, M., Stalker, K., Mullan, R. J., Murray, L. K. and Spratt, M. B. (2007) Psychological change from the inside looking out: a qualitative investigation. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 7: 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14733140701514613
Castonguay, L. G. and Hill, C. (eds) (2007) Insight in Psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
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Crawford, S. H., Dabney, L., Filner, J. M. and Maida, P. R. (2003) From determining capacity to facilitating competencies: a new mediation framework. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 20(4): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.33
Doherty, N. and Guyler, M. (2008) The Essential Guide to Workplace Mediation and Conflict Resolution: Rebuilding Workplace Relationships. London: Kogan Page.
Finlay, L. (2014) Engaging in phenomenological analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology 11(2): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2013.807899
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A. and Gruen, R. J. (1986) Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50(5): 992–1003.
Gabel, S. (2003) Mediation and psychotherapy: two sides of the same coin? Negotiation Journal 19(4): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2003.tb00791.x
Goldberg, S. B. and Shaw, M. L. (2008) Further investigation into the secrets of successful and unsuccessful mediators. Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation 26(8): 149–60.
Greenberg, L. S. (2002) Integrating an emotion-focused approach to treatment into psychotherapy integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration 12(2): 154–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//1053-0479.12.2.154
Hayes, A. M., Feldman, G. C. and Goldfried, M. R. (2007) The change and growth experiences scale: a measure of insight and emotional processing. In Castonguay and Hill (2007): 231–53.
Hedeen, T. (2004) The evolution and evaluation of community mediation: limited research suggests unlimited progress. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 22(1–2): 101–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.94
Hefferon, K. and Gil-Rodriguez, E. (2011) Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Psychologist 24(10): 756–9.
Herrman, M. S. (ed.) (2009) The Blackwell Handbook of Mediation: Bridging Theory, Research, and Practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
Herrman, M. S., Hollett, N. and Gale, J. (2009) Mediation from beginning to end: a testable model. In Herrman (2009): 19–82.
Hoskins, M. L. and Stoltz, J. M. (2003) Balancing on words: human change processes in mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 20(3): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.3900140306
Howitt, D. (2010) Introduction to Qualitative Methods in Psychology. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Jones, T. S. (2005) Emotions in mediation: implications, applications, opportunities and challenges. In Herrman (2009): 277–305.
Jones, T. S. and Bodtker, A. (2001) Mediating with heart in mind: addressing emotion in mediation practice. Negotiation Journal 17(3): 207–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2001.tb00238.x
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Kovach, K. K. (1997) Good faith in mediation-requested, recommended, or required? A new ethic. South Texas Law Review 38: 575–623.
Kovach, K. K. and Love, P. L. (1998) Mapping mediation: the risks of Riskin’s grid. Harvard Negotiation Law Review 3(71): 71–110.
Kressel, K. and Gadlin, H. (2009) Mediating among scientists: a mental model of expert practice. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research 2: 308–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-4716.2009.00043.x
Kressel, K., Henderson, T., Reich, W. and Cohen, C. (2012) Multidimensional analysis of conflict mediator style. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 30(2): 135–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.21061
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) Psychological stress in the workplace. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 6(7): 1–13.
Lewis, C. (2009) The Definitive Guide to Workplace Mediation and Managing Conflict at Work. Weybridge: Roper Penberthy Publishing.
Liebmann, M. (2000) Introduction. In M. Liebmann (ed.) Mediation in Context 9–19. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Love, L. P. (2000a) Training mediators to listen: deconstructing dialogue and constructing understanding, agendas, and agreements. Family and Conciliation Courts Reviews 38(1): 27–40.
Love, L. P. (2000b) Images of justice. Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal 29(1): 29–36.
Mareschal, P. M. (2002) Mastering the art of dispute resolution: best practices from FMCS. International Journal of Public Administration 25(11): 1351–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/PAD-120013350
McIntyre, A. and Reynolds, F. (2012) There’s no apprenticeship for Alzheimer’s: the caring relationship when an older person experiencing dementia falls. Ageing and Society 32(5): 873–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X11000699
McKinney, B. C., Kimsey, W. D. and Fuller, R. M. (1996) A nationwide survey of mediation centers. Mediation Quarterly 14: 155–66.
Menkel-Meadow, C. J., Love, P. L., Schneider, A. K. and Sternlight, J. R. (2005) Dispute Resolution: Beyond The Adversarial Model. New York: Aspen.
Messer, S. B. and McWilliams, N. (2007) Insight in psychodynamic therapy: theory and assessment. In Castonguay and Hill (2007): 9–29.
Pascual-Leone, A. and Greenberg, L. S. (2007) Insight and awareness in experiential therapy. In Castonguay and Hill (2007): 31–56.
Picard, C. A. and Jull, M. (2011) Learning through deepening conversations: a key strategy of insight mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 29(2): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.20040
Picard, C. A. and Siltanen, J. (2013) Exploring the significance of emotion for mediation practice. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 31(1): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.21078
Reid, K., Flowers, P. and Larkin, M. (2005) Exploring lived experience. The Psychologist 18(1): 20–23.
Rhodes, J. and Smith, J. A. (2010) ‘The top of my head came off’: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experience of depression. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 23(4): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2010.530484
Ridley-Duff, R. and Bennett, A. (2011) Towards mediation: developing a theoretical framework to understand alternative dispute resolution. Industrial Relations Journal 42(2): 106–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.2011.00614.x
Riskin, L. L. (1994) Mediator orientations, strategies and techniques. Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation 12: 111–14.
Rock, E. M. (2004) Mindfulness meditation, the cultivation of awareness, mediator neutrality, and the possibility of justice. Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution 6: 347–65.
Rooney, G. (2007) The use of intuition in mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 25(2): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.206
Saundry, R., Bennett, T. and Wibberley, G. (2013) Workplace Mediation: The Participant Experience. Research Paper 02/13. London: ACAS.
Saundry, R. and Wibberley, G. (2012) Mediation and Early Resolution: A Case Study in Conflict Management. Research Paper 12/12. London: ACAS.
Seargeant, J. (2005) The ACAS Small Firm Mediation Pilot: Research to Explore Parties’ Experiences and Views on the Value of Mediation. Research Paper 04/05. London: ACAS.
Shapiro, D., Drieghe, R. and Brett, J. (1985) Mediator behavior and the outcome of mediation. Journal of Social Issues 41: 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb00857.x
Siegrist, J. (1996) Adverse health effects of high-effort low-reward conditions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 1(1): 27–41.
Smith, J. A. (2011a) Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health Psychology Review 5(1): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.510659
Smith, J. A. (2011b) ‘We could be diving for pearls’: the value of the gem in experiential qualitative psychology. QMiP Bulletin 12: 6–15.
Smith, J. A. and Eatough, V. (2006) Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In G. M. Breakwell, S. Hammond, C. Fife-Schaw and J. A. Smith (eds) Research Methods in Psychology (3rd edn) 322–42. London: Sage.
Smith, J. A. Flowers, P. and Larkin, M. (2009) Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research. London: Sage.
Smith, J. A. and Osborn, M. (2008) Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In J. A. Smith (ed.) Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods (2nd edn) 53–81. London: Sage.
Tallodi, T. (2015) Mediation’s potential to reduce occupational stress: a new perspective. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 32(4): 361–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.21121
Thoennes, N. A. and Pearson, J. (1985) Predicting outcomes in divorce mediation: the influence of people and process. Journal of Social Issues 41(2): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb00858.x
Wall, J. A. and Dunne, T. C. (2012) Mediation research: a current review. Negotiation Journal 28(2): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2012.00336.x
Whelton, W. J. (2004) Emotional processes in psychotherapy: evidence across therapeutic modalities. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 11(1): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.392
Wimpenny, P. and Gass, J. (2000) Interviewing in phenomenology and grounded theory: is there a difference? Journal of Advanced Nursing 31(6):1485–92.
Willig, C. (2008) Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology (2nd edn). Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press.
Barton, A. B. (2005) Mediation windfalls: value beyond settlement? The perspective of Georgia Magistrate Court Judges. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 22(4): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.113
Beer, J. E. and Packard, C. C. (2012) The Mediator’s Handbook (4th edn). Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers.
Beer, J. E. and Stief, E. (1997) The Mediator’s Handbook (3rd edn). Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers.
Bennett, M. D. and Hughes, S. H. (2005) The Art of Mediation (2nd edn). Notre Dame, IN: NITA.
Bohart, A. C. (2007) Insight and the active client. In Castonguay and Hill (2007): 257–74.
Bollen, K. and Euwema, M. (2013) Workplace mediation: an underdeveloped research area. Negotiation Journal 29(3): 329–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12028
Bowling, D. and Hoffman, D. (2000) Bringing peace into the room: the personal qualities of the mediator and their impact on the mediation. Negotiation Journal 16(1): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2000.tb00199.x
Carey, T. A, Carey, M., Stalker, K., Mullan, R. J., Murray, L. K. and Spratt, M. B. (2007) Psychological change from the inside looking out: a qualitative investigation. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 7: 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14733140701514613
Castonguay, L. G. and Hill, C. (eds) (2007) Insight in Psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Colman, M. A. (2009) Oxford Dictionary of Psychology (3rd edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Crawford, S. H., Dabney, L., Filner, J. M. and Maida, P. R. (2003) From determining capacity to facilitating competencies: a new mediation framework. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 20(4): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.33
Doherty, N. and Guyler, M. (2008) The Essential Guide to Workplace Mediation and Conflict Resolution: Rebuilding Workplace Relationships. London: Kogan Page.
Finlay, L. (2014) Engaging in phenomenological analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology 11(2): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2013.807899
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A. and Gruen, R. J. (1986) Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50(5): 992–1003.
Gabel, S. (2003) Mediation and psychotherapy: two sides of the same coin? Negotiation Journal 19(4): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2003.tb00791.x
Goldberg, S. B. and Shaw, M. L. (2008) Further investigation into the secrets of successful and unsuccessful mediators. Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation 26(8): 149–60.
Greenberg, L. S. (2002) Integrating an emotion-focused approach to treatment into psychotherapy integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration 12(2): 154–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//1053-0479.12.2.154
Hayes, A. M., Feldman, G. C. and Goldfried, M. R. (2007) The change and growth experiences scale: a measure of insight and emotional processing. In Castonguay and Hill (2007): 231–53.
Hedeen, T. (2004) The evolution and evaluation of community mediation: limited research suggests unlimited progress. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 22(1–2): 101–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.94
Hefferon, K. and Gil-Rodriguez, E. (2011) Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Psychologist 24(10): 756–9.
Herrman, M. S. (ed.) (2009) The Blackwell Handbook of Mediation: Bridging Theory, Research, and Practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
Herrman, M. S., Hollett, N. and Gale, J. (2009) Mediation from beginning to end: a testable model. In Herrman (2009): 19–82.
Hoskins, M. L. and Stoltz, J. M. (2003) Balancing on words: human change processes in mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 20(3): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.3900140306
Howitt, D. (2010) Introduction to Qualitative Methods in Psychology. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Jones, T. S. (2005) Emotions in mediation: implications, applications, opportunities and challenges. In Herrman (2009): 277–305.
Jones, T. S. and Bodtker, A. (2001) Mediating with heart in mind: addressing emotion in mediation practice. Negotiation Journal 17(3): 207–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2001.tb00238.x
Knight, T. A., Richert, J. and Brownfield, C. R. (2012) Conceiving change: lay accounts of the human change process. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration 22(3): 229–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028871
Kovach, K. K. (1997) Good faith in mediation-requested, recommended, or required? A new ethic. South Texas Law Review 38: 575–623.
Kovach, K. K. and Love, P. L. (1998) Mapping mediation: the risks of Riskin’s grid. Harvard Negotiation Law Review 3(71): 71–110.
Kressel, K. and Gadlin, H. (2009) Mediating among scientists: a mental model of expert practice. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research 2: 308–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-4716.2009.00043.x
Kressel, K., Henderson, T., Reich, W. and Cohen, C. (2012) Multidimensional analysis of conflict mediator style. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 30(2): 135–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.21061
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) Psychological stress in the workplace. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 6(7): 1–13.
Lewis, C. (2009) The Definitive Guide to Workplace Mediation and Managing Conflict at Work. Weybridge: Roper Penberthy Publishing.
Liebmann, M. (2000) Introduction. In M. Liebmann (ed.) Mediation in Context 9–19. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Love, L. P. (2000a) Training mediators to listen: deconstructing dialogue and constructing understanding, agendas, and agreements. Family and Conciliation Courts Reviews 38(1): 27–40.
Love, L. P. (2000b) Images of justice. Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal 29(1): 29–36.
Mareschal, P. M. (2002) Mastering the art of dispute resolution: best practices from FMCS. International Journal of Public Administration 25(11): 1351–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/PAD-120013350
McIntyre, A. and Reynolds, F. (2012) There’s no apprenticeship for Alzheimer’s: the caring relationship when an older person experiencing dementia falls. Ageing and Society 32(5): 873–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X11000699
McKinney, B. C., Kimsey, W. D. and Fuller, R. M. (1996) A nationwide survey of mediation centers. Mediation Quarterly 14: 155–66.
Menkel-Meadow, C. J., Love, P. L., Schneider, A. K. and Sternlight, J. R. (2005) Dispute Resolution: Beyond The Adversarial Model. New York: Aspen.
Messer, S. B. and McWilliams, N. (2007) Insight in psychodynamic therapy: theory and assessment. In Castonguay and Hill (2007): 9–29.
Pascual-Leone, A. and Greenberg, L. S. (2007) Insight and awareness in experiential therapy. In Castonguay and Hill (2007): 31–56.
Picard, C. A. and Jull, M. (2011) Learning through deepening conversations: a key strategy of insight mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 29(2): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.20040
Picard, C. A. and Siltanen, J. (2013) Exploring the significance of emotion for mediation practice. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 31(1): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.21078
Reid, K., Flowers, P. and Larkin, M. (2005) Exploring lived experience. The Psychologist 18(1): 20–23.
Rhodes, J. and Smith, J. A. (2010) ‘The top of my head came off’: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experience of depression. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 23(4): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2010.530484
Ridley-Duff, R. and Bennett, A. (2011) Towards mediation: developing a theoretical framework to understand alternative dispute resolution. Industrial Relations Journal 42(2): 106–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.2011.00614.x
Riskin, L. L. (1994) Mediator orientations, strategies and techniques. Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation 12: 111–14.
Rock, E. M. (2004) Mindfulness meditation, the cultivation of awareness, mediator neutrality, and the possibility of justice. Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution 6: 347–65.
Rooney, G. (2007) The use of intuition in mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 25(2): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.206
Saundry, R., Bennett, T. and Wibberley, G. (2013) Workplace Mediation: The Participant Experience. Research Paper 02/13. London: ACAS.
Saundry, R. and Wibberley, G. (2012) Mediation and Early Resolution: A Case Study in Conflict Management. Research Paper 12/12. London: ACAS.
Seargeant, J. (2005) The ACAS Small Firm Mediation Pilot: Research to Explore Parties’ Experiences and Views on the Value of Mediation. Research Paper 04/05. London: ACAS.
Shapiro, D., Drieghe, R. and Brett, J. (1985) Mediator behavior and the outcome of mediation. Journal of Social Issues 41: 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb00857.x
Siegrist, J. (1996) Adverse health effects of high-effort low-reward conditions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 1(1): 27–41.
Smith, J. A. (2011a) Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health Psychology Review 5(1): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.510659
Smith, J. A. (2011b) ‘We could be diving for pearls’: the value of the gem in experiential qualitative psychology. QMiP Bulletin 12: 6–15.
Smith, J. A. and Eatough, V. (2006) Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In G. M. Breakwell, S. Hammond, C. Fife-Schaw and J. A. Smith (eds) Research Methods in Psychology (3rd edn) 322–42. London: Sage.
Smith, J. A. Flowers, P. and Larkin, M. (2009) Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research. London: Sage.
Smith, J. A. and Osborn, M. (2008) Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In J. A. Smith (ed.) Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods (2nd edn) 53–81. London: Sage.
Tallodi, T. (2015) Mediation’s potential to reduce occupational stress: a new perspective. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 32(4): 361–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.21121
Thoennes, N. A. and Pearson, J. (1985) Predicting outcomes in divorce mediation: the influence of people and process. Journal of Social Issues 41(2): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb00858.x
Wall, J. A. and Dunne, T. C. (2012) Mediation research: a current review. Negotiation Journal 28(2): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2012.00336.x
Whelton, W. J. (2004) Emotional processes in psychotherapy: evidence across therapeutic modalities. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 11(1): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.392
Wimpenny, P. and Gass, J. (2000) Interviewing in phenomenology and grounded theory: is there a difference? Journal of Advanced Nursing 31(6):1485–92.
Willig, C. (2008) Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology (2nd edn). Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press.
Published
2017-01-16
Issue
Section
Research Articles
How to Cite
Tallodi, T. (2017). Building bridges through learning as mediation parties’ lived experiences: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Mediation Theory and Practice, 1(2), 155-179. https://doi.org/10.1558/mtp.29960
