The Political Theology of Modern Scottish Land Reform
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.v3i3.340Keywords:
land reform, theology, spirituality, religion, empowerment, community, social movements, counter-urbanization, Scotland, Highland Clearances, Enclosures, feudalism, crofting, crofters, identity, belonging, values, Christianity, Jubilee, return from exile,Abstract
This paper gathers evidence that modern Scottish land reform was influenced by applied liberation theology from both grassroot community activists and institutional churches. Scotland’s land tenure was feudal to the late twentieth century. Plutocratic ownership impacted the economics and psychology of community wellbeing. The 1990s produced a land reform movement culminating in the new Scottish Parliament’s Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 and the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003. These created a conditional ‘community right to buy’ and affirmed freedom of ‘right to roam’. Two percent of Scottish land is now in community ownership. Our research interviewed fifteen movers and shakers - both national theologians and local activists from the vanguard land trusts of Eigg, Assynt and Gigha. We conclude that spirituality and religion can be subtle drivers of community empowerment. By inspiring, informing and legitimising socio-political transformation, a ‘Remnant’ theology factored into Scottish legislation of international significance.References
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———. 2001. Soil and Soul: People versus Corporate Power (London: Aurum Press).
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———. 2008. Rekindling Community: Connecting People, Environment and Spirituality (Schumacher Brie_ng, 15; Totnes: Green Books).
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———. 2000. The Quest for Celtic Christianity (Edinburgh: Handsel Press)
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———. 2009. Warriors of the Word (Edinburgh: Birlinn).
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———. 2005. ‘Wilderness, Religion and Ecological Restoration in the Scottish Highlands’, Ecotheology 10.3: 382-99. doi:10.1558/ecot.2005.10.3.382.
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Blount, Graham K. 2001. ‘God’s Gift?’ (paper presented at the International Review of Land Value Taxation conference, Getting to the Roots, Edinburgh, 9 July 2001).
Boyd, Graham. 1998. ‘To Restore the Land to the People and the People to the Land’, Scottish Journal for Community Work and Development 3. Online: http://www.caledonia.org.uk/land/restorat.htm (accessed 2 June 2009).
Bryden, John, and Charles Geisler. 2007. ‘Community-Based Land Reform: Lessons from Scotland’, Land Use Policy 24: 24-34. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2005.09.004.
Bull, Chriss, Alastair McIntosh, and Colin Clark. 2008. ‘Land, Identity, School: Exploring Women’s Identity with Land in Scotland through the Experience of Boarding School’, Oral History: Journal of the Oral History Society 36.2: 75-88.
Carmichael, Alexander. 2007. Carmina Gadelica Vol. I & 2 (USA: Forgotten Books).
Charmaz, Kathy. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis (London: Sage Publications).
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Colley, Linda. 1992. Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press).
Devine, Tom M. 1989. ‘Social Responses to Agrarian “Improvement”: The Highland and Lowland Clearances in Scotland’, in R.A. Houston and I.D. Whyte (eds.), Scottish Society 1500–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 148-68.
Dewar, Donald. 1998. Land Reform for the 21st Century: The 1998 McEwen Lecture. Online: http://www.caledonia.org.uk/land/dewar.htm (accessed 15 February 2009).
Dressler, Camille. 2007. Eigg: The Story of an Island (Edinburgh: Birlinn).
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Freire, Paulo. 1972. Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books).
Glaser, Barney G., and Anslem L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory (New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction).
Gorringe, Tim. 2003. ‘Book Review: Soil and Soul’, Political Theology 4:2: 243-44.
Gretton, George. 1993. ‘The Feudal System’, in The Laws of Scotland: Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia (Edinburgh: Butterworths): 56-66.
Gutiérrez, Gustavo. 1983. The Power of the Poor in History (London: SCM Press).
———. 1988. A Theology of Liberation (London: SCM Press).
Hansard. 1992. Minutes of the UK Parliament; 4 June 1992, Debate on: Island Communities (Argyll). Online: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199293/cmhansrd/1992-06-04/Debate-6.html: Column 1019-28 (accessed 24 February 2009).
Hechter, Michael. 1998. Internal Colonialism: Celtic Fringe in British National Development (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers).
Heelas, Paul. 1996. The New Age Movement (Oxford: Blackwell).
Henneman, Rutger. 2008. ‘Spirituality and Theology in Scotland's Modern Land Reform’, Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 17.1: 151-54.
Higgins, Peter, Andy Wightman, and Douglas MacMillan. 2002. Sporting Estates and Recreational Land Use in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland (End of Award Report R000223163; Swindon: Economic & Social Research Council). Online: http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/ViewAwardPage.aspx?ts=3&data=z8HSvl3fWwVY2sDo4JNP8iOLJQdQnq854JXoj%2B%2FNqwGwUJukfgioWxJ2gbDF3jorlX11YX1mx5TKAJhseY5C56v41K%2BdNkm24jEbm1E76hw%3D (accessed 5 March 2009).
Hill, Christopher. 1992. Reformation to Industrial Revolution (London: Penguin).
Hunter, James. 1974. ‘The Emergence of the Crofting Community: The Religious Contribution 1798–1843’, Journal of Scottish Studies 18: 95-116.
———. 1976. The Making of the Crofting Community (Edinburgh: John Donald).
Janzen, W. 1992. ‘Land’, in D.N. Freedman (ed.), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 4 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday): 143-54.
Jones, James. 2003. Jesus and the Earth (London: SPCK).
Kingston, William. 1992. ‘Property Rights and the Making of Christendom’, Journal of Law and Religion 9.2: 373-97. doi:10.2307/1051206.
Kirkwood, Gerri, and Colin Kirkwood. 1989. Living Adult Education: Freire in Scotland (Philadelphia: Open University Press).
Longley, Clifford. 2002. Chosen People: The Big Idea that Shapes England and America (London: Hodder & Stoughton).
LRPG (Land Reform Policy Group). 1999. Recommendations for Action (the land reform ‘green paper’) (Edinburgh: Scottish Of_ce). Online: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library/documents-w4/lrpg-00.htm (accessed 27 February 2009).
Lynch, Michael. 1992. Scotland: A New History (London: Pimlico).
Lyotard, Jean-François. 1986. The Post-modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
MacAskill, Ewen. 1997. ‘Scottish Land Rights Revolution’, The Guardian, 9 June: 3.
MacAskill, John. 1999. We Have Won the Land: The Story of the Purchase by the Assynt Crofters’ Trust of the North Lochinver Estate (Sornoway: Acair).
MacInnes, Allan I. 1993. ‘Crown, Clans and Fine: The “Civilizing” of Scottish Gaeldom, 1587–1638’, Northern Scotland 13: 31-55.
MacInnes, John. 2006. Dùthchas Nan Gàidheal: Selected Essays of John MacInnes (ed. Michael Newton; Edinburgh: Birlinn).
Mackie, S.G. 1995. ‘Liberation Theology for Scotland’, Theology in Scotland 2.1: 35-44.
MacKinnon, Iain. 2008. ‘Crofters: Indigenous People of the Highlands and Islands’ (Skye: Scottish Crofting Foundation). Online: http://www.croftingfoundation.co.uk/uploads/news/crofters-indigenous-peoples.pdf (accessed 7 April 2009).
MacLean, Malcolm, and Christopher Carrell (eds.). 1986. As An Fhearann: From the Land (Edinburgh: Mainstream).
Macleod, Donald. 1998. ‘Land Reform and Human Values’, in R.F. Callander and A. Wightman (eds.), Understanding Land Reform in Scotland (proceedings of a conference organised by the Unit for the Study of Government in Scotland; Edinburgh: USGS): 52-54.
Markus, Gilbert. 1997. ‘The End of Celtic Christianity’, Epworth Review 24.3: 45-55.
Martin, Ian, Jim Crowther, and Mae Shaw (eds.). 1999. Popular Education and Social Action in Scottish Communities (Leicester: National Institute of Adult Continuing Education).
McCrone, David. 1992. Understanding Scotland: The Sociology of a Stateless Nation (London: Routledge).
McIntosh, Alastair. 1999. ‘Liberation Theology in Scottish Community Empowerment’, in Martin, Crowther, and Shaw 1999: 205-15.
———. 2000. ‘The Case for God: Carbeth Hutters’ Feudal Defence against Eviction’, Ecotheology 8: 86-110.
———. 2001. Soil and Soul: People versus Corporate Power (London: Aurum Press).
———. 2005. ‘Faerie Faith in Scotland’, in Jeffrey Kaplan and Bron Taylor (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature (New York and London: Continuum International Publishing): 633-34.
———. 2008. Rekindling Community: Connecting People, Environment and Spirituality (Schumacher Brie_ng, 15; Totnes: Green Books).
McIntosh, Alastair (with Donald Macleod and Sulian Stone Eagle Herney). 1995. ‘Public Inquiry on the Proposed Harris Superquarry: Witness on the Theological Considerations Concerning Superquarrying and the Integrity of Creation’, Journal of Law and Religion 11.2: 755-91.
Meek, Donald E. 1987. ‘The Land Question Answered from the Bible: The Land Issue and the Development of a Highland Theology of Liberation’, Scottish Geographical Magazine 103.2: 84-89. doi:10.1080/00369228718736700.
———. 2000. The Quest for Celtic Christianity (Edinburgh: Handsel Press)
Newton, Michael. 2000. A Handbook of the Scottish Gaelic World (Dublin: Four Courts Press).
———. 2009. Warriors of the Word (Edinburgh: Birlinn).
Northcott, Michael. 1996. The Environment and Christian Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
———. 2005. ‘Wilderness, Religion and Ecological Restoration in the Scottish Highlands’, Ecotheology 10.3: 382-99. doi:10.1558/ecot.2005.10.3.382.
Panikkar, Raimon. 2006. The Experience of God (Minneapolis: Fortress Press).
People and Parliament Trust. 1999. The People and Parliament: Full Technical Report of the People and Parliament Project (Edinburgh). Online: http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/articles/1999_p&p/summary.htm (accessed 26 February 2009).
SCPO (Scottish Churches Parliamentary Of_ce). 2000. Who’s Land is it Anyway? Brie_ng Document No. 6. Online: http://www.actsparl.org/brief61.htm (accessed 25 February 2009).
———. 2001. For All of Scotland? Brie_ng Document No. 18. Online: http://www.actsparl.org/brief231.htm (accessed 25 February 2009).
SLRC (Scottish Land Reform Convention). 1999. First Annual Conference Report. Online: www.srds.co.uk/slrc/conferen.htm#Summary (accessed 18 February 2009).
Smith, G. Gregory. 1919. Scottish Literature: Character and In_uence (London: Macmillan).
Smith, Iain Crichton. 1986. ‘Real People in a Real Place’, in Iain Crichton Smith, Towards the Human (Edinburgh: Macdonald Publishers): 13-70. Online: http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/general/resources/1982-Iain-Crichton-Smith-Real-People-Real-Place.pdf (accessed 25 February 2009).
Spretnak, Charlene. 1991. ‘The Merely Relative: A Brief Survey of Deconstructive Post-Modernism’, appendix to States of Grace: the Recovery of Meaning in the Postmodern Age (New York: HarperCollins): 233-43.
Storrar, William. 1990. Scottish Identity: A Christian Vision (Edinburgh: Handsel Press).
Wigan, Michael. 1999. ‘Scottish Land Reform—or Who Should Control Private Property’, The Field, March 1999: 44-47.
Wightman, Andy. 1996. Who Owns Scotland (Edinburgh: Canongate).
Wink, Walter. 1992. Engaging the Powers: Discernment and Resistance in a World of Domination (Philadelphia: Fortress Press).
Withers, Charles W.J. 1988. Gaelic Scotland: The Transformation of a Culture Region (London: Routledge).
Wright, Kenyon. 1997. The People Say Yes: The Making of Scotland’s Parliament (Glendaruel: Argyll Publishing).
Additional Files
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2009-11-16
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How to Cite
Henneman, R., & McIntosh, A. (2009). The Political Theology of Modern Scottish Land Reform. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture, 3(3), 340-375. https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.v3i3.340
