The role of religion in linking conservation and development
Challenges and opportunities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.v5i1.39Keywords:
Environmental conservation, ethical values, faith groups, sustainable development, non-governmental organisations, religionAbstract
The world’s religions have made a contribution to environmental conservation and sustainable development through faith-based non-governmental organizations. Partnerships between secular conservation and development organizations and faith-based groups, however, are not always easy. Such partnerships face various challenges, including differences in worldviews, conict between identities, and the attitudes and behavior of religious groups that may not be favorable to conservation and development. Despite a possible overlap of values, these incompatibilities can often cause tensions between secular organizations and religious groups. A number of examples, however, suggest that faith-based groups are starting to address these incompatibilities. We suggest that partnerships with faith groups might be valuable because these groups can enhance public support for conservation and development. While secular organizations need to work with faith groups on the basis of shared ethical or moral values, identifying effective ways to strengthen the linkages between secular organizations and faith groups is also necessary.
References
3iG (International Interfaith Investment Group). 2010. Online: http://www.3ignet.org/.
Adams, William M. et al. 2004. ‘Biodiversity Conservation and the Eradication of Poverty’, Science 306: 1146-49. doi:10.1126/science.1097920.
AKDN (Aga Khan Development Network). 2010. Online: http://www.akdn.org.
Andechs. 2010. ‘Andechs Monastery’. Online: www.andechs.de/index.asp?lng=en.
ARC (Alliance for Religions and Conservation). 2004. ‘Case Studies from Mongolia: 10 Selenge Aimag Monastery’. Online: http://www.arcworld.org/projects.asp?projectID=424.
———. 2005. ‘Ethiopian Church Launches Organic Farming Programme’. Online: www.arcworld.org/news.asp?pageID=99.
———. 2006. ‘Daoist Monks and Nuns to Manage Sacred Mountains’. Online: http://www.arcworld.org/projects.asp?projectID=257.
———. 2010. Online: http://www.arcworld.org.
Basil (Bhaktivedanta Academy for Sustainable Integrated Living). 2010. Online: www.basilacademy.in/.
Becker, Constance D. 2003. ‘Grassroots to Grassroots: Why Forest Preservation was Rapid at Loma Alta, Ecuador’, World Development 31: 163-76. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00178-X.
Belshaw, Deryke, Robert Calderisi, and Chris Sugden. 2001. ‘Faith in Development: Partnership between the World Bank and the Churches of Africa’ (Washington DC: World Bank).
Bernstein, Henry. 1971. ‘Modernization Theory and the Sociological Study of Development’, Journal of Development Studies 7.2: 141-60. doi:10.1080/00220387108421356.
Beyer, Peter. 1992. ‘The Global Environment as a Religious Issue: A Sociological Analysis’, Religion 22: 1-19. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(92)90034-2.
Bhagwat, Shonil A., N. Dudley, and S.R. Harrop. In Press. ‘Religious Following in Biodiversity Hotspots: Challenges and Opportunities for Conservation and Development’, Conservation Letters.
Bhagwat, Shonil A., and Martin Palmer. 2009. ‘Conservation: The World’s Religions Can Help’, Nature 461: 37. doi:10.1038/461037b.
Bhagwat, Shonil A., and Claudia Rutte. 2006. ‘Sacred Groves: Potential for Biodiversity Management’, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4.10: 519-24. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[519:SGPFBM]2.0.CO;2.
Boyd, J.M. 1984. ‘The Role of Religion in Conservation’, The Environmentalist 4: 40-44.
Callicott, J. Baird. 2008. ‘What “Wilderness” in Frontier Ecosystems?’, Environmental Ethics 30: 235-49.
Carson, Rachel. 1962. Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mif_in).
Child, M.F. 2009. ‘The Thoreau Ideal as a Unifying Thread in the Conservation Movement’, Conservation Biology 23: 241-43. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01184.x.
Chimedsengee, Urantsatsral et al. 2009. Mongolian Buddhists Protecting Nature: A Handbook on Faiths, Environment and Development (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: The Alliance of Religions and Conservation).
CII (Conservation International Indonesia). 2005. ‘Islamic Boarding Schools and Conservation: The World Bank Faith and Environment Initiative Agreement No. 7133121. Final Report’ (Jakarta, Indonesia: Conservation International Indonesia).
Clarke, Gerard. 2007. ‘Agents of Transformation? Donors, Faith-based Organisations and International Development’, Third World Quarterly 28.1: 77-96. doi:10.1080/01436590601081880.
Colwell, Mary et al. (eds.). 2009. Many Heavens, One Earth: Faith Communities to Protect the Living Planet (Bath, UK: Alliance of Religions and Conservation and United Nations Development Program).
Crane, Barbara B., and Jennifer Dusenberry. 2004. ‘Power and Politics in International Funding for Reproductive Health: The US Global Gag Rule’, Reproductive Health Matters 12.24: 128-37. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24140-4.
Darwin, Charles. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life (London: John Murray).
DDVE (Development Dialogue on Values and Ethics). 2010. Online: http://www.worldbank.org/developmentdialogue.
De Cordier, Bruno. 2009. ‘Faith-based Aid, Globalization and the Humanitarian Frontline: An Analysis of Western-based Muslim Aid Organizations’, Disasters 33: 608-28. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01090.x.
de Groot, Judith I.M. and Linda Steg. 2009. ‘Mean or Green: Which Values Can Promote Stable Pro-environmental Behavior?’, Conservation Letters 2: 61-66. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2009.00048.x.
Dinham, Adam, and Vivien Lowndes. 2008. ‘Religion, Resources, and Representation: Three Narratives of Faith Engagement in British Urban Governance’, Urban Affairs Review 43.6: 817-45. doi:10.1177/1078087408314418.
Dudley, Nigel, Liza Higgins-Zogib, and Stephanie Mansourian. 2009. ‘The Links between Protected Areas, Faiths, and Sacred Natural Sites’, Conservation Biology 23: 568-77. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01201.x.
Dunlap, Thomas R. 1988. Saving America’s Wildlife (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
FAO-UNEP (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and United Nations Environmental Program). 2008. ‘Conference on Ecological Agriculture: Mitigating Climate Change, Providing Food Security and Self-reliance for Rural Livelihoods in Africa—Conclusions and Recommendations’ (African Union Headquarters Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al134e/al134e00.pdf.
Fisher, Brendan, and Treg Christopher. 2007. ‘Poverty and Biodiversity: Measuring the Overlap of Human Poverty and the Biodiversity Hotspots’, Ecological Economics 62: 93-101. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.05.020.
Floresta. 2008. ‘Global Charity Floresta Announces Milestone—Four Million Trees Planted Worldwide’. Online: http://_oresta.org/4MillionTrees.pdf.
Foltz, Richard, and Manya Saadi-nejad. 2007. ‘Is Zoroastrianism an Ecological Religion?’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 1: 413-30.
Fox, Stephen. 1985. The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and his Legacy (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press).
Gatta, John. 2004. Making Nature Sacred: Literature, Religion, and Environment in America from the Puritans to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Goarch. 2010. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Online: http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8046.
Gorman, Paul. 2009. ‘The National Religious Partnership for the Environment Congregational Programs’. Online: http://www.nrpe.org/whatisthepartnership/history02.htm#hist03.
Gottlieb, Roger S. 2007. ‘Religious Environmentalism: What it is, Where it’s Heading and Why We Should be Going in the Same Direction’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 1: 81-91.
Haar, Gerrie T., and Stephan Ellis. 2006. ‘The Role of Religion in Development: Towards a New Relationship between the European Union and Africa’, European Journal of Development Research 18: 351-67. doi:10.1080/09578810600893403.
Hall, Matthew, John Grim, and Mary E. Tucker. 2009. ‘Need for Religions to Promote Values of Conservation’, Nature 462: 720. doi:10.1038/462720c.
Hughes, Ross, and Fiona Flintan. 2001. Integrating Conservation and Development Experience: A Review and Bibliography of the ICDP Literature (London: International Institute for Environment and Development).
IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements). 2010. Online: http://www.ifoam.org/.
ILO (International Labor Organization). 2000. ‘Tripartite Meeting on Moving to Sustainable Agricultural Development through the Modernization of Agriculture and Employment in a Globalized Economy’, 18–22 September, Geneva, Switzerland. Online: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/tmad00.
Jhamtani, Hira. 2010. ‘The Green Revolution in Asia: Lessons for Africa. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’. Online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al134e/al134e02.pdf.
Johannesen, Anne B., and Anders Skonhoft. 2005. ‘Tourism, Poaching and Wild life Conservation: What Can Integrated Conservation and Development Projects Accomplish?’, Resource and Energy Economics 27: 208-26. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2004.10.001.
Kaplan, Benjamin J. 2007. Divided by Faith: Religious Con_ict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Kinsley, David R. 1994. Ecology and Religion: Ecological Spirituality in Cross-cultural Perspective (London: Prentice–Hall).
Kula, E. 2001. ‘Islam and Environmental Conservation’, Environmental Conservation 28.1: 1-9. doi:10.1017/S0376892901000017.
Morgan, Peggy, and Clive Lawton. 2007. Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).
Muir, John. 1901 [1998]. ‘Our National Parks’, in J.B. Callicott and M.P. Nelson (eds.), The Great New Wilderness Debate (Athens: University of Georgia Press): 48-62.
Nash, Roderick F. 2001. Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 4th edn).
O’Brien, Joanne, and Martin Palmer. 2007. The Atlas of Religion (London: Earthscan).
Oelschlaeger, Max. 1991. The Idea of Wilderness: From Prehistory to the Age of Ecology (New Haven: Yale University Press).
Ormsby, Alison A., and Shonil A. Bhagwat. 2010. ‘Sacred Forests of India: A Strong Tradition of Community-based Natural Resource Management’, Environmental Conservation 37.1: 1-7.
Orrnert, Anna. 2006. ‘The Heart (and Soul?) of International Development: The Role of Faith in Global Poverty Reduction’, Public Administration and Development 26: 185-89. doi:10.1002/pad.409.
Oxfam. 2010. Online: http://www.oxfam.org.uk/oxfam_in_action/history/index.html.
Palmer, Martin, and Victoria Finlay. 2003. Faith in Conservation: New Approaches to Religions and the Environment (Washington: The World Bank).
Peters, Joe. 1998. ‘Transforming the Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) Approach: Observations from the Ranomafana National Park Project, Madagascar’, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11.1: 17-47. doi:10.1023/A:1007796628731.
Peterson, M. Nils, and Jianguo G. Liu. 2008. ‘Impacts of Religion on Environmental Worldviews: The Teton Valley Case’, Society and Natural Resources 21: 704-18.
Plant, Stephen J. 2009. ‘International Development and Belief in Progress’, Journal of International Development 21: 844-55. doi:10.1002/jid.1622.
Power, Mary E., and F. Stuart Chapin. 2009. ‘Planetary Stewardship’, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7.8: 399.
Pretty, Jules. 2002. Agri-Culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Nature (London: Earthscan).
Pretty, Jules (ed.). 2007. Sustainable Agriculture and Food—History of Agriculture and Food (London: Earthscan).
Rees, William E. 2002. ‘An Ecological Economics Perspective on Sustainability and Prospects for Ending Poverty’, Population and Environment 24: 15-46. doi:10.1023/A:1020125725915.
Roe, Dilys, and Joanna Elliott. 2010. The Earthscan Reader in Poverty and Biodiversity Conservation (London: Earthscan).
Ruse, Michael. 2005. The Evolution–Creation Struggle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Sant’Egidio. 2010. ‘Community of Sant’Egidio’. Online: http://www.santegidio.org.
Schuurman, Frans J. 2000. ‘Paradigms Lost, Paradigms Regained? Development Studies in the Twenty-_rst Century’, Third World Quarterly 21: 7-20. doi:10.1080/01436590013198.
Schmitt, Peter J. 1969. Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America (New York: Oxford University Press).
Scholte, Paul. 2003. ’Immigration: A Potential Time Bomb under the Integration of Conservation and Development’, Ambio 32.1: 58-64.
Scialabba, Nadia E.H. 2007. ‘Organic Agriculture and Food Security’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Online: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/012/ah952e.pdf.
Selinger, Leah. 2004. ‘The Forgotten Factor: Relationship between Religion and Development’, Social Compass 51: 523-43. doi:10.1177/0037768604047872.
Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development as Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Sheikh, Kashif M. 2006. ‘Involving Religious Leaders in Conservation Education in the Western Karakorum, Pakistan’, Mountain Research and Development 26: 319-22. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2006)26[319:IRLICE]2.0.CO;2.
Stevens, Stanley (ed.). 1997. Conservation through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas (Washington: Island Press).
Taylor, Bron. 1995. Ecological Resistance Movements (New York: State University of New York Press).
———. 2010. Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future (Berkeley: University of California Press).
Taylor, Bron (ed.). 2005. Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature (New York: Continuum).
Terborgh, John C. et al. (eds.). 2002. Making Parks Work: Strategies for Preserving Tropical Nature (Washington, DC: Island Press).
Tilman, David et al. 2002. ‘Agricultural Sustainability and Intensive Production Practices’, Nature 418: 671-77. doi:10.1038/nature01014.
Tomalin, Emma. 2002. ‘The Limitations of Religious Environmentalism for India’, Worldviews 6: 12-30. doi:10.1163/156853502760184577.
———. 2004. ‘Bio-divinity and Biodiversity: Perspectives on Religion and Environmental Conservation in India’, Numen 51: 265-95. doi:10.1163/1568527041945481.
———. 2009. Bio-divinity and Biodiversity: The Limits of Religious Environmentalism (Aldershot: Ashgate).
Tucker, Mary E., and John Grim. 2004. ‘Overview of World Religions and Ecology’, Forum on Religion and Ecology. Online: http://fore.research.yale.edu/religion.
UNEP (United Nations Environmental Program). 2010. Online: http://www.unfoodsecurity.org/node/447.
Van Houtan, Kyle S. 2006. ‘Conservation as Virtue: a Scienti_c and Social Process for Conservation Ethics’, Conservation Biology 20: 1367-72. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00447.x.
Ver Beek, Kurt A. 2002. ‘Spirituality: A Development Taboo’, in D. Eade (ed.), Development and Culture: Selected Essays from Development in Practice (Oxford: Oxfam GB in Association with World Faiths Development Dialogue): 58-75.
Vigne, Lucy, and Esmond Martin. 2000. ‘Price for Rhino Horn Increases in Yemen’, Pachyderm 28: 91-100.
Vilaca, Aparecida, and Robin Wright. 2009. Native Christians: Modes and Effects of Christianity among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas (London: Ashgate).
Votrin, Valery. 2005. ‘The Orthodoxy and Sustainable Development: A Potential for Broader Involvement of the Orthodox Churches in Ethiopia and Russia’, Environment Development and Sustainability 7: 9-21. doi:10.1007/s10668-003-5053-9.
WCC (World Council of Churches). 2010. Online: http://www.oikoumene.org.
WCRP (World Conference on Religions for Peace). 2010. ‘Religions for Peace’. Online: http://www.wcrp.org.
White, Sarah, and Romy Tiongco. 1997. Doing Theology and Development: Meeting the Challenge of Poverty (Edinburgh: St. Andrew’s University Press).
Wild, Robert, and Christopher McLeod (eds.). 2009. Sacred Natural Sites: Guidelines for Protected Area Managers (Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; Paris: UNESCO).
Wilson, Edward O. 1984. Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
———. 2006. The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth (New York: W.W. Norton & Co.).
Winkler, Tanja. 2008. ‘When God and Poverty Collide: Exploring the Myths of Faithsponsored Community Development’, Urban Studies 45: 2099-116. doi:10.1177/0042098008094875.
WFDA (Women, Faith, and Development Alliance). 2010. Online: http://www.wfdalliance.org.
WFDD (World Faiths Development Dialogue). 2009. ‘History and Objectives of the World Faiths Development Dialogue’. Online: http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/wfdd/about.
WWF (World Wildlife Fund). 2009. ‘Eco-Islam: Malaysia's Imams to Preach Against Poaching’. Online: http://www.panda.org/wwf_news/news/?162082/Eco-Islam-Malaysias-Imams-to-preach-against-poaching.
Ysseldyk, Renate, Kimberly Matheson, and Hymie Anisman. 2010. ‘Religiosity as Identity: Toward an Understanding of Religion from a Social Identity Perspective’, Personality and Social Psychology Review 14: 60-71.
Adams, William M. et al. 2004. ‘Biodiversity Conservation and the Eradication of Poverty’, Science 306: 1146-49. doi:10.1126/science.1097920.
AKDN (Aga Khan Development Network). 2010. Online: http://www.akdn.org.
Andechs. 2010. ‘Andechs Monastery’. Online: www.andechs.de/index.asp?lng=en.
ARC (Alliance for Religions and Conservation). 2004. ‘Case Studies from Mongolia: 10 Selenge Aimag Monastery’. Online: http://www.arcworld.org/projects.asp?projectID=424.
———. 2005. ‘Ethiopian Church Launches Organic Farming Programme’. Online: www.arcworld.org/news.asp?pageID=99.
———. 2006. ‘Daoist Monks and Nuns to Manage Sacred Mountains’. Online: http://www.arcworld.org/projects.asp?projectID=257.
———. 2010. Online: http://www.arcworld.org.
Basil (Bhaktivedanta Academy for Sustainable Integrated Living). 2010. Online: www.basilacademy.in/.
Becker, Constance D. 2003. ‘Grassroots to Grassroots: Why Forest Preservation was Rapid at Loma Alta, Ecuador’, World Development 31: 163-76. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00178-X.
Belshaw, Deryke, Robert Calderisi, and Chris Sugden. 2001. ‘Faith in Development: Partnership between the World Bank and the Churches of Africa’ (Washington DC: World Bank).
Bernstein, Henry. 1971. ‘Modernization Theory and the Sociological Study of Development’, Journal of Development Studies 7.2: 141-60. doi:10.1080/00220387108421356.
Beyer, Peter. 1992. ‘The Global Environment as a Religious Issue: A Sociological Analysis’, Religion 22: 1-19. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(92)90034-2.
Bhagwat, Shonil A., N. Dudley, and S.R. Harrop. In Press. ‘Religious Following in Biodiversity Hotspots: Challenges and Opportunities for Conservation and Development’, Conservation Letters.
Bhagwat, Shonil A., and Martin Palmer. 2009. ‘Conservation: The World’s Religions Can Help’, Nature 461: 37. doi:10.1038/461037b.
Bhagwat, Shonil A., and Claudia Rutte. 2006. ‘Sacred Groves: Potential for Biodiversity Management’, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4.10: 519-24. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[519:SGPFBM]2.0.CO;2.
Boyd, J.M. 1984. ‘The Role of Religion in Conservation’, The Environmentalist 4: 40-44.
Callicott, J. Baird. 2008. ‘What “Wilderness” in Frontier Ecosystems?’, Environmental Ethics 30: 235-49.
Carson, Rachel. 1962. Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mif_in).
Child, M.F. 2009. ‘The Thoreau Ideal as a Unifying Thread in the Conservation Movement’, Conservation Biology 23: 241-43. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01184.x.
Chimedsengee, Urantsatsral et al. 2009. Mongolian Buddhists Protecting Nature: A Handbook on Faiths, Environment and Development (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: The Alliance of Religions and Conservation).
CII (Conservation International Indonesia). 2005. ‘Islamic Boarding Schools and Conservation: The World Bank Faith and Environment Initiative Agreement No. 7133121. Final Report’ (Jakarta, Indonesia: Conservation International Indonesia).
Clarke, Gerard. 2007. ‘Agents of Transformation? Donors, Faith-based Organisations and International Development’, Third World Quarterly 28.1: 77-96. doi:10.1080/01436590601081880.
Colwell, Mary et al. (eds.). 2009. Many Heavens, One Earth: Faith Communities to Protect the Living Planet (Bath, UK: Alliance of Religions and Conservation and United Nations Development Program).
Crane, Barbara B., and Jennifer Dusenberry. 2004. ‘Power and Politics in International Funding for Reproductive Health: The US Global Gag Rule’, Reproductive Health Matters 12.24: 128-37. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24140-4.
Darwin, Charles. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life (London: John Murray).
DDVE (Development Dialogue on Values and Ethics). 2010. Online: http://www.worldbank.org/developmentdialogue.
De Cordier, Bruno. 2009. ‘Faith-based Aid, Globalization and the Humanitarian Frontline: An Analysis of Western-based Muslim Aid Organizations’, Disasters 33: 608-28. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01090.x.
de Groot, Judith I.M. and Linda Steg. 2009. ‘Mean or Green: Which Values Can Promote Stable Pro-environmental Behavior?’, Conservation Letters 2: 61-66. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2009.00048.x.
Dinham, Adam, and Vivien Lowndes. 2008. ‘Religion, Resources, and Representation: Three Narratives of Faith Engagement in British Urban Governance’, Urban Affairs Review 43.6: 817-45. doi:10.1177/1078087408314418.
Dudley, Nigel, Liza Higgins-Zogib, and Stephanie Mansourian. 2009. ‘The Links between Protected Areas, Faiths, and Sacred Natural Sites’, Conservation Biology 23: 568-77. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01201.x.
Dunlap, Thomas R. 1988. Saving America’s Wildlife (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
FAO-UNEP (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and United Nations Environmental Program). 2008. ‘Conference on Ecological Agriculture: Mitigating Climate Change, Providing Food Security and Self-reliance for Rural Livelihoods in Africa—Conclusions and Recommendations’ (African Union Headquarters Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al134e/al134e00.pdf.
Fisher, Brendan, and Treg Christopher. 2007. ‘Poverty and Biodiversity: Measuring the Overlap of Human Poverty and the Biodiversity Hotspots’, Ecological Economics 62: 93-101. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.05.020.
Floresta. 2008. ‘Global Charity Floresta Announces Milestone—Four Million Trees Planted Worldwide’. Online: http://_oresta.org/4MillionTrees.pdf.
Foltz, Richard, and Manya Saadi-nejad. 2007. ‘Is Zoroastrianism an Ecological Religion?’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 1: 413-30.
Fox, Stephen. 1985. The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and his Legacy (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press).
Gatta, John. 2004. Making Nature Sacred: Literature, Religion, and Environment in America from the Puritans to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Goarch. 2010. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Online: http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8046.
Gorman, Paul. 2009. ‘The National Religious Partnership for the Environment Congregational Programs’. Online: http://www.nrpe.org/whatisthepartnership/history02.htm#hist03.
Gottlieb, Roger S. 2007. ‘Religious Environmentalism: What it is, Where it’s Heading and Why We Should be Going in the Same Direction’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 1: 81-91.
Haar, Gerrie T., and Stephan Ellis. 2006. ‘The Role of Religion in Development: Towards a New Relationship between the European Union and Africa’, European Journal of Development Research 18: 351-67. doi:10.1080/09578810600893403.
Hall, Matthew, John Grim, and Mary E. Tucker. 2009. ‘Need for Religions to Promote Values of Conservation’, Nature 462: 720. doi:10.1038/462720c.
Hughes, Ross, and Fiona Flintan. 2001. Integrating Conservation and Development Experience: A Review and Bibliography of the ICDP Literature (London: International Institute for Environment and Development).
IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements). 2010. Online: http://www.ifoam.org/.
ILO (International Labor Organization). 2000. ‘Tripartite Meeting on Moving to Sustainable Agricultural Development through the Modernization of Agriculture and Employment in a Globalized Economy’, 18–22 September, Geneva, Switzerland. Online: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/tmad00.
Jhamtani, Hira. 2010. ‘The Green Revolution in Asia: Lessons for Africa. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’. Online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al134e/al134e02.pdf.
Johannesen, Anne B., and Anders Skonhoft. 2005. ‘Tourism, Poaching and Wild life Conservation: What Can Integrated Conservation and Development Projects Accomplish?’, Resource and Energy Economics 27: 208-26. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2004.10.001.
Kaplan, Benjamin J. 2007. Divided by Faith: Religious Con_ict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Kinsley, David R. 1994. Ecology and Religion: Ecological Spirituality in Cross-cultural Perspective (London: Prentice–Hall).
Kula, E. 2001. ‘Islam and Environmental Conservation’, Environmental Conservation 28.1: 1-9. doi:10.1017/S0376892901000017.
Morgan, Peggy, and Clive Lawton. 2007. Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).
Muir, John. 1901 [1998]. ‘Our National Parks’, in J.B. Callicott and M.P. Nelson (eds.), The Great New Wilderness Debate (Athens: University of Georgia Press): 48-62.
Nash, Roderick F. 2001. Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 4th edn).
O’Brien, Joanne, and Martin Palmer. 2007. The Atlas of Religion (London: Earthscan).
Oelschlaeger, Max. 1991. The Idea of Wilderness: From Prehistory to the Age of Ecology (New Haven: Yale University Press).
Ormsby, Alison A., and Shonil A. Bhagwat. 2010. ‘Sacred Forests of India: A Strong Tradition of Community-based Natural Resource Management’, Environmental Conservation 37.1: 1-7.
Orrnert, Anna. 2006. ‘The Heart (and Soul?) of International Development: The Role of Faith in Global Poverty Reduction’, Public Administration and Development 26: 185-89. doi:10.1002/pad.409.
Oxfam. 2010. Online: http://www.oxfam.org.uk/oxfam_in_action/history/index.html.
Palmer, Martin, and Victoria Finlay. 2003. Faith in Conservation: New Approaches to Religions and the Environment (Washington: The World Bank).
Peters, Joe. 1998. ‘Transforming the Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) Approach: Observations from the Ranomafana National Park Project, Madagascar’, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11.1: 17-47. doi:10.1023/A:1007796628731.
Peterson, M. Nils, and Jianguo G. Liu. 2008. ‘Impacts of Religion on Environmental Worldviews: The Teton Valley Case’, Society and Natural Resources 21: 704-18.
Plant, Stephen J. 2009. ‘International Development and Belief in Progress’, Journal of International Development 21: 844-55. doi:10.1002/jid.1622.
Power, Mary E., and F. Stuart Chapin. 2009. ‘Planetary Stewardship’, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7.8: 399.
Pretty, Jules. 2002. Agri-Culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Nature (London: Earthscan).
Pretty, Jules (ed.). 2007. Sustainable Agriculture and Food—History of Agriculture and Food (London: Earthscan).
Rees, William E. 2002. ‘An Ecological Economics Perspective on Sustainability and Prospects for Ending Poverty’, Population and Environment 24: 15-46. doi:10.1023/A:1020125725915.
Roe, Dilys, and Joanna Elliott. 2010. The Earthscan Reader in Poverty and Biodiversity Conservation (London: Earthscan).
Ruse, Michael. 2005. The Evolution–Creation Struggle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Sant’Egidio. 2010. ‘Community of Sant’Egidio’. Online: http://www.santegidio.org.
Schuurman, Frans J. 2000. ‘Paradigms Lost, Paradigms Regained? Development Studies in the Twenty-_rst Century’, Third World Quarterly 21: 7-20. doi:10.1080/01436590013198.
Schmitt, Peter J. 1969. Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America (New York: Oxford University Press).
Scholte, Paul. 2003. ’Immigration: A Potential Time Bomb under the Integration of Conservation and Development’, Ambio 32.1: 58-64.
Scialabba, Nadia E.H. 2007. ‘Organic Agriculture and Food Security’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Online: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/012/ah952e.pdf.
Selinger, Leah. 2004. ‘The Forgotten Factor: Relationship between Religion and Development’, Social Compass 51: 523-43. doi:10.1177/0037768604047872.
Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development as Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Sheikh, Kashif M. 2006. ‘Involving Religious Leaders in Conservation Education in the Western Karakorum, Pakistan’, Mountain Research and Development 26: 319-22. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2006)26[319:IRLICE]2.0.CO;2.
Stevens, Stanley (ed.). 1997. Conservation through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas (Washington: Island Press).
Taylor, Bron. 1995. Ecological Resistance Movements (New York: State University of New York Press).
———. 2010. Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future (Berkeley: University of California Press).
Taylor, Bron (ed.). 2005. Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature (New York: Continuum).
Terborgh, John C. et al. (eds.). 2002. Making Parks Work: Strategies for Preserving Tropical Nature (Washington, DC: Island Press).
Tilman, David et al. 2002. ‘Agricultural Sustainability and Intensive Production Practices’, Nature 418: 671-77. doi:10.1038/nature01014.
Tomalin, Emma. 2002. ‘The Limitations of Religious Environmentalism for India’, Worldviews 6: 12-30. doi:10.1163/156853502760184577.
———. 2004. ‘Bio-divinity and Biodiversity: Perspectives on Religion and Environmental Conservation in India’, Numen 51: 265-95. doi:10.1163/1568527041945481.
———. 2009. Bio-divinity and Biodiversity: The Limits of Religious Environmentalism (Aldershot: Ashgate).
Tucker, Mary E., and John Grim. 2004. ‘Overview of World Religions and Ecology’, Forum on Religion and Ecology. Online: http://fore.research.yale.edu/religion.
UNEP (United Nations Environmental Program). 2010. Online: http://www.unfoodsecurity.org/node/447.
Van Houtan, Kyle S. 2006. ‘Conservation as Virtue: a Scienti_c and Social Process for Conservation Ethics’, Conservation Biology 20: 1367-72. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00447.x.
Ver Beek, Kurt A. 2002. ‘Spirituality: A Development Taboo’, in D. Eade (ed.), Development and Culture: Selected Essays from Development in Practice (Oxford: Oxfam GB in Association with World Faiths Development Dialogue): 58-75.
Vigne, Lucy, and Esmond Martin. 2000. ‘Price for Rhino Horn Increases in Yemen’, Pachyderm 28: 91-100.
Vilaca, Aparecida, and Robin Wright. 2009. Native Christians: Modes and Effects of Christianity among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas (London: Ashgate).
Votrin, Valery. 2005. ‘The Orthodoxy and Sustainable Development: A Potential for Broader Involvement of the Orthodox Churches in Ethiopia and Russia’, Environment Development and Sustainability 7: 9-21. doi:10.1007/s10668-003-5053-9.
WCC (World Council of Churches). 2010. Online: http://www.oikoumene.org.
WCRP (World Conference on Religions for Peace). 2010. ‘Religions for Peace’. Online: http://www.wcrp.org.
White, Sarah, and Romy Tiongco. 1997. Doing Theology and Development: Meeting the Challenge of Poverty (Edinburgh: St. Andrew’s University Press).
Wild, Robert, and Christopher McLeod (eds.). 2009. Sacred Natural Sites: Guidelines for Protected Area Managers (Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; Paris: UNESCO).
Wilson, Edward O. 1984. Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
———. 2006. The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth (New York: W.W. Norton & Co.).
Winkler, Tanja. 2008. ‘When God and Poverty Collide: Exploring the Myths of Faithsponsored Community Development’, Urban Studies 45: 2099-116. doi:10.1177/0042098008094875.
WFDA (Women, Faith, and Development Alliance). 2010. Online: http://www.wfdalliance.org.
WFDD (World Faiths Development Dialogue). 2009. ‘History and Objectives of the World Faiths Development Dialogue’. Online: http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/wfdd/about.
WWF (World Wildlife Fund). 2009. ‘Eco-Islam: Malaysia's Imams to Preach Against Poaching’. Online: http://www.panda.org/wwf_news/news/?162082/Eco-Islam-Malaysias-Imams-to-preach-against-poaching.
Ysseldyk, Renate, Kimberly Matheson, and Hymie Anisman. 2010. ‘Religiosity as Identity: Toward an Understanding of Religion from a Social Identity Perspective’, Personality and Social Psychology Review 14: 60-71.
Published
2011-04-20
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Bhagwat, S. A., Ormsby, A. A., & Rutte, C. (2011). The role of religion in linking conservation and development: Challenges and opportunities. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture, 5(1), 39-60. https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.v5i1.39
