Clarifying the spiritual values of forests and their role in sustainable forest management
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.v5i1.18Keywords:
Forests, Spiritual ValuesAbstract
People value forests for many reasons. Historically, market and utilitarian values predominated both in forestry practice and the academic literature. Since the 1980s, forest professionals and researchers have given greater attention to less tangible forest values, including spiritual values. In reviewing the literature and searching the web, I found there is a broad awareness, but an overall lack of denition, of the spiritual value of forests. This lack of clarity hinders incorporating spiritual values into the practice of sustainable forest management. I attempt to clarify spiritual values as they apply to forests. Rather than viewing them as a single concept, I propose four broad categories of spiritual values as they relate to forests: intrinsic sacredness, associated sacredness (forests as the loci of significant spiritual history or culture), refection of God’s glory, and a place to experience transcendence.References
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Bengston, David, Trevor Webb, and David Fan. 2004. ‘Shifting Forest Value Orientations in the United States, 1980–2001: A Computer Content Analysis’, Environmental Values 13.3: 373-92. doi:10.3197/096327104323312734.
Bhagwat, Shonil et al. 2005. ‘The Role of Informal Protected Areas in Maintaining Biodiversity in the Western Ghats of India’, Ecology and Society 10.1: 8.
Brown, Gregory, and Charles Harris. 1992. ‘The U.S. Forest Service: Toward the New Resource Paradigm’, Society and Natural Resources 5: 231-46.
Brown, Gregory, and Christopher Raymond. 2007. ‘The Relationship between Place Attachment and Landscape Values: Toward Mapping Place Attachment’, Applied Geography 27.2: 89-111. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2006.11.002.
Byers, Bruce, Robert Cunliffe, and Andrew Hudak. 2001. ‘Linking the Conservation of Culture and Nature: A Case Study of Sacred Forests in Zimbabwe’, Human Ecology 29.2: 187-218. doi:10.1023/A:1011012014240.
Byrne, Denis et al. 2006. ‘Enchanted Parklands’, Australian Geographer 37.1: 103-15. doi:10.1080/00049180500512002.
Callicott, J. Baird. 1997. ‘Conservation Values and Ethics’, in Gary Meffe and Ronald Carroll (eds.), Principles of Conservation Biology (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2nd edn): 29-56.
Dixon, Melvin. 1987. ‘We’ll Stand the Storm’, in Melvin Dixon (ed.), Ride Out the Wilderness: Geography and Identity in Afro-American Literature (Chicago: University of Illinois Press): 11-30.
Driver, Beverly L. et al. (eds.). 1996. Nature and the Human Spirit: Toward an Expanded Land Management Ethic (State College, PA: Venture Publishing).
Edwards, David. 2006. Social and Cultural Values Associated with European Forests in Relation to Key Indicators of Sustainability (Social and Economic Research Group, Forest Research). Online: http://87.192.2.62/Eforwood/Portals/0/documents/D2.3.1_FINAL.pdf.
Farrell, Edward et al. 2000. ‘European Forest Ecosystems: Building the Future on the Legacy of the Past’, Forest Ecology and Management 132: 5-20. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00375-3.
Focken, Martin, Brian Campbell, and Fred Pinto. 1998. ‘Importance of the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Conifer Forest to People’, in Silviculture Guide for the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Conifer Forest in Ontario (Ontario Government, Ministry of Natural Resources). Online: http://www.web2.mnr.gov.on.ca/mnr/forests/forestdoc/guidelines/grt%20lks/pdf/sec2.pdf.
Fomin, E. 2008. ‘Royal Residences and Sacred Forest in Western Cameroon: The Intersection of Secular and Spiritual Authority’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 2.3: 391-407.
Fredrickson, Laura, and Dorrothy Anderson. 1999. ‘A Qualitative Exploration of the Wilderness Experience as a Source of Spiritual Inspiration’, Journal of Environmental Psychology 19.1: 21-39. doi:10.1006/jevp.1998.0110.
Gallup, Inc. 2008. ‘Belief in God Far Lower in Western US’, Gallup’s annual values and beliefs poll. Online: http://www.gallup.com/poll/109108/belief-god-farlower-western-us.aspx.
Garcia, Claude, and J.-P. Pascal. 2006. ‘Sacred Forests of Kodagu: Ecological Value and Social Role’, in G. Cederlöf and K. Sivaramakrishnan (eds.), Ecological Nationalisms: Nature, Livelihoods, and Identities in South Asia (Seattle: University of Washington Press): 199-225.
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Izidine, Samira et al. 2008. ‘Taboo and Political Authority in Conservation Policy: A Case Study of the Licuáti Forest in Maputaland, Mozambique’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 2.3: 373-90.
Judd, Richard W. 2006. ‘A “Wonderful Order and Balance”: Natural History and the Beginnings of Forest Conservation in America, 1730–1830’, Environmental History 11: 8-36. doi:10.1093/envhis/11.1.8.
Juhé-Beaulaton, Dominique. 2008. ‘Sacred Forests and the Global Challenge of Biodiversity Conservation: The Case of Benin and Togo’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 2.3: 351-72.
Justus, James et al. 2009. ‘Buying into Conservation: Intrinsic versus Instrumental Value’, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24.4: 187-91. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.011.
Kalam, M.A. 2001. ‘Sacred Groves in Kodagu District of Karnataka (South India): A Socio-Historical Study’, Pondy Papers in Social Sciences 21 (Pondicherry: Institut Francais de Pondichery, 2nd rev. edn). Online: http://www.consultcraft.org/blog/?p=57.
Kempton, Willett, James Boster, and Jennifer Hartley. 1995. Environmental Values in American Culture (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
Kengen, Sebastião. 1997. ‘Funding Sustainable Forestry—Linking Forest Valuation and Financing’, Unasylva 48.188. Online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3247e/w3247e0a.htm#linking%20forest%20valuation%20and%20_nancing.
Kent, Eliza F. 2010. ‘Forests of Belonging: The Contested Meaning of Trees and Forests in Indian Hinduism’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 4.2: 129-38.
Koch, Niels. 1997. ‘Forest, Quality of Life and Livelihoods’, XI World Forestry Congress, Antalya, Turkey 13-20 October, Vol. 5. Online: Topic 25, http://www.fao.org/forestry/docrep/wfcxi/publi/PDF/V5E_T25.PDF.
Konijnendijk, Cecil C. 2008. ‘The Spiritual Forest’, in The Forest and the City: The Cultural Landscape of Urban Woodland (New York: Springer Science): 19-33.
Krueger, Frederick (ed.). 2001. Preserving our Forest Heritage, a Declaration on Forest Conservation for the 21st Century. The Religious Campaign for Forest Conservation Publication Service. Online: http://www.nrpe.org/issues/g_land/land_interfaith_a_PreservingOurForestHeritage.pdf.
Kumar, Sushil, and Shashi Kant. 2007. ‘Exploded Logit Modeling of Stakeholders’ Preferences for Multiple Forest Values’, Forest Policy and Economics 9: 516-26. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2006.03.001.
LaVelle, John. 2001. ‘Rescuing Paha Sapa: Achieving Environmental Justice by Restoring the Great Grasslands and Returning the Sacred Black Hills to the Great Sioux Nation’, Great Plains Natural Resources Journal 40: 41-100.
Leatherberry, Earl. 2000. ‘An Overview of African Americans’ Historical, Religious, and Spiritual Ties to Forests’, in Proceeding of the American Society of Foresters 1999 National Convention, Portland, Oregon, 11–15 September (SAF Publication 00-1; Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters): 452-57.
Madeweya, Kassim H., Hiroyasu Oka, and Mitsuo Matsumoto. 2004. ‘Sustainable Management of Sacred Forests and their Potential for Eco-Tourism in Zanzibar’, Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (Japan) 3.1: 33-48.
Manning, Robert, William Valliere, and Ben Minteer. 1999. ‘Values, Ethics, and Attitudes toward National Forest Management: An Empirical Study’, Society and Natural Resources 12.5: 421-36. doi:10.1080/089419299279515.
Mazumdar, Shampa, and Sanjoy Mazumdar. 1993. ‘Sacred Space and Place Attachment’, Journal of Environmental Psychology 13: 231-42. doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80175-6.
Menzies, Robert. 2010. ‘Forest Paradigms in Vrat Katha_’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 4.2: 139-58.
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———. 1979. John of the Mountains: The Unpublished Journals of John Muir (ed. Linnie Marsh Wolfe; Madison: University of Wisconsin Press).
Nitiamoa-Baidu, Yaa. 2008. ‘Indigenous Beliefs and Biodiversity Conservation: The Effectiveness of Sacred Groves, Taboos and Totems in Ghana for Habitat and Species Conservation’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 2.3: 309-26.
Pemberton, Richard. 1985. ‘I Saw that it was Holy: The Black Hills and the Concept of Sacred Land’, Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 3: 287.
Putney, Allen D. 2003. ‘Perspectives on the Values of Protected Areas’, in D. Harmon and A.D. Putney (eds.), The Full Value of Parks: From Economics to the Intangible (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Little_eld): 3-12.
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Ritter, Eva, and Dainis Dauksta. 2006. ‘Ancient Values and Contemporary Interpretations of European Forest Culture: Reconsidering our Understanding of Sustainability in Forestry’, in S. Wall (eds.), Small-scale Forestry and Rural Development: The Intersection of Ecosystems, Economics and Society. Proceedings of IUFRO Conference, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland, 18–23 June (Dublin: COFORD, the National Council for Forest Research and Development; Galway : Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, 2006): 424-32.
Rolston, Holmes, and James Coufal. 1991. ‘A Forest Ethic and Multivalue Forest Management’, Journal of Forestry 89.1: 35-40.
Rössler, Mechtild. 2005. ‘Linking Forests and Cultural Diversity: The World Heritage Convention’, in Proceedings of the Seminar on Forestry and our Cultural Heritage, Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, Sunne, Sweden, 13–15 June (Warsaw: Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, Liaison Unit Warsaw): 13-22.
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Salick, Jan et al. 2007. ‘Tibetan Sacred Sites Conserve Old Growth Trees and Cover in the Eastern Himalayas’, Biodiversity and Conservation 16.3: 693-706. doi:10.1007/s10531-005-4381-5.
Schmithüsen, Franz Josef. 1995. ‘The Meaning of Forests in a Perspective of Social and Political Development’ (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Forest Sciences). Online: http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/view/eth:24476.
Schroeder, Herbert W. 1992. ‘The Spiritual Aspect of Nature: A Perspective from Depth Psychology’, in Gail A. Vander Stoep (ed.), Proceedings of Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, Saratoga Springs, New York, 7–9 April (Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-160; Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station): 25-30.
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Swearer, Donald. 1998. ‘Buddhism and Ecology: Challenge and Promise’, Earth Ethics 10.1: 19-22.
Tarrant, Michael, and H. Ken Cordell. 2002. ‘Amenity Values of Public and Private Forests: Examining the Value–Attitude Relationship’, Environmental Management 30.5: 692-703. doi:10.1007/s00267-002-2722-7.
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Bengston, David. 1994. ‘Changing Forest Values and Ecosystem Management’, Society and Natural Resources 7: 515-33. doi:10.1080/08941929409380885.
Bengston, David, Trevor Webb, and David Fan. 2004. ‘Shifting Forest Value Orientations in the United States, 1980–2001: A Computer Content Analysis’, Environmental Values 13.3: 373-92. doi:10.3197/096327104323312734.
Bhagwat, Shonil et al. 2005. ‘The Role of Informal Protected Areas in Maintaining Biodiversity in the Western Ghats of India’, Ecology and Society 10.1: 8.
Brown, Gregory, and Charles Harris. 1992. ‘The U.S. Forest Service: Toward the New Resource Paradigm’, Society and Natural Resources 5: 231-46.
Brown, Gregory, and Christopher Raymond. 2007. ‘The Relationship between Place Attachment and Landscape Values: Toward Mapping Place Attachment’, Applied Geography 27.2: 89-111. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2006.11.002.
Byers, Bruce, Robert Cunliffe, and Andrew Hudak. 2001. ‘Linking the Conservation of Culture and Nature: A Case Study of Sacred Forests in Zimbabwe’, Human Ecology 29.2: 187-218. doi:10.1023/A:1011012014240.
Byrne, Denis et al. 2006. ‘Enchanted Parklands’, Australian Geographer 37.1: 103-15. doi:10.1080/00049180500512002.
Callicott, J. Baird. 1997. ‘Conservation Values and Ethics’, in Gary Meffe and Ronald Carroll (eds.), Principles of Conservation Biology (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2nd edn): 29-56.
Dixon, Melvin. 1987. ‘We’ll Stand the Storm’, in Melvin Dixon (ed.), Ride Out the Wilderness: Geography and Identity in Afro-American Literature (Chicago: University of Illinois Press): 11-30.
Driver, Beverly L. et al. (eds.). 1996. Nature and the Human Spirit: Toward an Expanded Land Management Ethic (State College, PA: Venture Publishing).
Edwards, David. 2006. Social and Cultural Values Associated with European Forests in Relation to Key Indicators of Sustainability (Social and Economic Research Group, Forest Research). Online: http://87.192.2.62/Eforwood/Portals/0/documents/D2.3.1_FINAL.pdf.
Farrell, Edward et al. 2000. ‘European Forest Ecosystems: Building the Future on the Legacy of the Past’, Forest Ecology and Management 132: 5-20. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00375-3.
Focken, Martin, Brian Campbell, and Fred Pinto. 1998. ‘Importance of the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Conifer Forest to People’, in Silviculture Guide for the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Conifer Forest in Ontario (Ontario Government, Ministry of Natural Resources). Online: http://www.web2.mnr.gov.on.ca/mnr/forests/forestdoc/guidelines/grt%20lks/pdf/sec2.pdf.
Fomin, E. 2008. ‘Royal Residences and Sacred Forest in Western Cameroon: The Intersection of Secular and Spiritual Authority’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 2.3: 391-407.
Fredrickson, Laura, and Dorrothy Anderson. 1999. ‘A Qualitative Exploration of the Wilderness Experience as a Source of Spiritual Inspiration’, Journal of Environmental Psychology 19.1: 21-39. doi:10.1006/jevp.1998.0110.
Gallup, Inc. 2008. ‘Belief in God Far Lower in Western US’, Gallup’s annual values and beliefs poll. Online: http://www.gallup.com/poll/109108/belief-god-farlower-western-us.aspx.
Garcia, Claude, and J.-P. Pascal. 2006. ‘Sacred Forests of Kodagu: Ecological Value and Social Role’, in G. Cederlöf and K. Sivaramakrishnan (eds.), Ecological Nationalisms: Nature, Livelihoods, and Identities in South Asia (Seattle: University of Washington Press): 199-225.
Hågvar, Sigmund. 1999. ‘Nature as an Arena for the Quality of Life: Psycho-spiritual Values—the Next Main Focus in Nature Conservation?’, The Environmentalist 19: 163-69. doi:10.1023/A:1006649202690.
Harmon, David, and Alan D. Putney (eds.). 2003. The Full Value of Parks: From Economics to the Intangible (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Little_eld).
Izidine, Samira et al. 2008. ‘Taboo and Political Authority in Conservation Policy: A Case Study of the Licuáti Forest in Maputaland, Mozambique’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 2.3: 373-90.
Judd, Richard W. 2006. ‘A “Wonderful Order and Balance”: Natural History and the Beginnings of Forest Conservation in America, 1730–1830’, Environmental History 11: 8-36. doi:10.1093/envhis/11.1.8.
Juhé-Beaulaton, Dominique. 2008. ‘Sacred Forests and the Global Challenge of Biodiversity Conservation: The Case of Benin and Togo’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 2.3: 351-72.
Justus, James et al. 2009. ‘Buying into Conservation: Intrinsic versus Instrumental Value’, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24.4: 187-91. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.011.
Kalam, M.A. 2001. ‘Sacred Groves in Kodagu District of Karnataka (South India): A Socio-Historical Study’, Pondy Papers in Social Sciences 21 (Pondicherry: Institut Francais de Pondichery, 2nd rev. edn). Online: http://www.consultcraft.org/blog/?p=57.
Kempton, Willett, James Boster, and Jennifer Hartley. 1995. Environmental Values in American Culture (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
Kengen, Sebastião. 1997. ‘Funding Sustainable Forestry—Linking Forest Valuation and Financing’, Unasylva 48.188. Online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3247e/w3247e0a.htm#linking%20forest%20valuation%20and%20_nancing.
Kent, Eliza F. 2010. ‘Forests of Belonging: The Contested Meaning of Trees and Forests in Indian Hinduism’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 4.2: 129-38.
Koch, Niels. 1997. ‘Forest, Quality of Life and Livelihoods’, XI World Forestry Congress, Antalya, Turkey 13-20 October, Vol. 5. Online: Topic 25, http://www.fao.org/forestry/docrep/wfcxi/publi/PDF/V5E_T25.PDF.
Konijnendijk, Cecil C. 2008. ‘The Spiritual Forest’, in The Forest and the City: The Cultural Landscape of Urban Woodland (New York: Springer Science): 19-33.
Krueger, Frederick (ed.). 2001. Preserving our Forest Heritage, a Declaration on Forest Conservation for the 21st Century. The Religious Campaign for Forest Conservation Publication Service. Online: http://www.nrpe.org/issues/g_land/land_interfaith_a_PreservingOurForestHeritage.pdf.
Kumar, Sushil, and Shashi Kant. 2007. ‘Exploded Logit Modeling of Stakeholders’ Preferences for Multiple Forest Values’, Forest Policy and Economics 9: 516-26. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2006.03.001.
LaVelle, John. 2001. ‘Rescuing Paha Sapa: Achieving Environmental Justice by Restoring the Great Grasslands and Returning the Sacred Black Hills to the Great Sioux Nation’, Great Plains Natural Resources Journal 40: 41-100.
Leatherberry, Earl. 2000. ‘An Overview of African Americans’ Historical, Religious, and Spiritual Ties to Forests’, in Proceeding of the American Society of Foresters 1999 National Convention, Portland, Oregon, 11–15 September (SAF Publication 00-1; Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters): 452-57.
Madeweya, Kassim H., Hiroyasu Oka, and Mitsuo Matsumoto. 2004. ‘Sustainable Management of Sacred Forests and their Potential for Eco-Tourism in Zanzibar’, Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (Japan) 3.1: 33-48.
Manning, Robert, William Valliere, and Ben Minteer. 1999. ‘Values, Ethics, and Attitudes toward National Forest Management: An Empirical Study’, Society and Natural Resources 12.5: 421-36. doi:10.1080/089419299279515.
Mazumdar, Shampa, and Sanjoy Mazumdar. 1993. ‘Sacred Space and Place Attachment’, Journal of Environmental Psychology 13: 231-42. doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80175-6.
Menzies, Robert. 2010. ‘Forest Paradigms in Vrat Katha_’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 4.2: 139-58.
Muir, John. 1912. The Yosemite (New York: The Century Co.).
———. 1979. John of the Mountains: The Unpublished Journals of John Muir (ed. Linnie Marsh Wolfe; Madison: University of Wisconsin Press).
Nitiamoa-Baidu, Yaa. 2008. ‘Indigenous Beliefs and Biodiversity Conservation: The Effectiveness of Sacred Groves, Taboos and Totems in Ghana for Habitat and Species Conservation’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 2.3: 309-26.
Pemberton, Richard. 1985. ‘I Saw that it was Holy: The Black Hills and the Concept of Sacred Land’, Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 3: 287.
Putney, Allen D. 2003. ‘Perspectives on the Values of Protected Areas’, in D. Harmon and A.D. Putney (eds.), The Full Value of Parks: From Economics to the Intangible (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Little_eld): 3-12.
Ramakrishnan, P.S. 1992. Shifting Agriculture and Sustainable Development (Man and Biosphere, 10; Paris: UNESCO).
Ritter, Eva, and Dainis Dauksta. 2006. ‘Ancient Values and Contemporary Interpretations of European Forest Culture: Reconsidering our Understanding of Sustainability in Forestry’, in S. Wall (eds.), Small-scale Forestry and Rural Development: The Intersection of Ecosystems, Economics and Society. Proceedings of IUFRO Conference, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland, 18–23 June (Dublin: COFORD, the National Council for Forest Research and Development; Galway : Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, 2006): 424-32.
Rolston, Holmes, and James Coufal. 1991. ‘A Forest Ethic and Multivalue Forest Management’, Journal of Forestry 89.1: 35-40.
Rössler, Mechtild. 2005. ‘Linking Forests and Cultural Diversity: The World Heritage Convention’, in Proceedings of the Seminar on Forestry and our Cultural Heritage, Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, Sunne, Sweden, 13–15 June (Warsaw: Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, Liaison Unit Warsaw): 13-22.
SacredForests.org. 2010. ‘Mission Statement’. Online: http://www.sacredforests.org/mission.html.
Salick, Jan et al. 2007. ‘Tibetan Sacred Sites Conserve Old Growth Trees and Cover in the Eastern Himalayas’, Biodiversity and Conservation 16.3: 693-706. doi:10.1007/s10531-005-4381-5.
Schmithüsen, Franz Josef. 1995. ‘The Meaning of Forests in a Perspective of Social and Political Development’ (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Forest Sciences). Online: http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/view/eth:24476.
Schroeder, Herbert W. 1992. ‘The Spiritual Aspect of Nature: A Perspective from Depth Psychology’, in Gail A. Vander Stoep (ed.), Proceedings of Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, Saratoga Springs, New York, 7–9 April (Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-160; Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station): 25-30.
Shindler, Bruce, and Lori A. Cramer. 1999. ‘Shifting Public Values for Forest Management: Making Sense of Wicked Problems’, Western Journal of Applied Forestry 14.1: 28-34.
Skolimowski, Henry. n.d. ‘Forests as Sanctuaries’. Online: http://deoxy.org/gaia/forests.htm.
Stern, Paul, and Thomas Dietz. 1994. ‘The Value Basis of Environmental Concern’, Journal of Social Issues 50.3: 65-84. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02420.x.
Subash Chandran, M.D., and Madhav Gadgil. 1998. ‘Sacred Groves and Sacred Trees of Uttara Kannada’, in Baidyanath Saraswati (ed.), Lifestyle and Ecology (New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts): 85-138.
Swearer, Donald. 1998. ‘Buddhism and Ecology: Challenge and Promise’, Earth Ethics 10.1: 19-22.
Tarrant, Michael, and H. Ken Cordell. 2002. ‘Amenity Values of Public and Private Forests: Examining the Value–Attitude Relationship’, Environmental Management 30.5: 692-703. doi:10.1007/s00267-002-2722-7.
Tarrant, Michael, H. Ken Cordell, and Gary Green. 2003. ‘PVF: A Scale to Measure Public Values of Forests’, Journal of Forestry 101.6: 24-30.
Taylor, Bron R. 2010. Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future (Berkeley: University of California Press).
Taylor, Rowan. 1996. ‘Forms of Capital and Intrinsic Value’, Chemosphere 33.9: 1801-11. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(96)00191-9.
Thomas, Jack W. 1996. ‘Foreword’, in Driver et al. 1996: xxiii-xxiv.
Trigger, David, and Janen Mulcock. 2005. ‘Forests as Spiritually Signi_cant Places: Nature, Culture and “Belonging”’, Australian Journal of Anthropology 16.3: 306-20. doi:10.1111/j.1835-9310.2005.tb00313.x.
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Published
2011-04-20
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Clark, W. A. (2011). Clarifying the spiritual values of forests and their role in sustainable forest management. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture, 5(1), 18-38. https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.v5i1.18
