Preparing for the Coming Storm

Right-Wing Spiritualities and Environmental Consciousness in the United States

Authors

  • Susannah Crockford University of Exeter

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.23660

Keywords:

ecofascism, new age, spirituality, ecologism, capitol siege, conspiracy theories, Right-Wing Politics

Abstract

New age spirituality has long involved ecospirituality and nature religion. It has also typically been associated with left-wing politics. However, I argue that this political assumption is no longer tenable, and that right-wing political positions, particularly libertarianism, are a prominent feature of contemporary new age spirituality. People involved in new age spirituality remain committed to nature and ecospirituality, but they now fuse these commitments with conspiracy theories, providing elaborate explanations for the current ecological crisis beyond those validated by environmental science. The mix of conspiracy theories and new age spirituality has been termed ‘conspirituality’ by scholars, and I argue this overlap accounts for how the ecologism in new age spirituality can become ecofascism. Methodologically grounded in long-term ethnographic fieldwork in Arizona conducted since 2012 and in content analysis of interviews and digital media, I explore how and why environmental consciousness in new age spirituality has taken this direction.

References

Albanese, Catherine L. 2002. Reconsidering Nature Religion (Harrisburg: Trinity).

———. 1990. Nature Religion in America: From the Algonkian Indians to the New Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Angeli, Jacob. 2020. One Mind at a Time: A Deep State of Illusion (Jacob Angeli).

Argentino, Marc-André. 2021. ‘Pastel QAnon’. GNET Insights. March 17. https://gnet-research.org/2021/03/17/pastel-qanon/

———. 2020. ‘The Church of QAnon: Will Conspiracy Theories Form the Basis of a New Religious Movement?’ The Conversation. May 18. https://theconversation.com/the-church-of-qanon-will-conspiracy-theories-form-the-basis-of-a-new-religious-movement-137859

Asprem, Egil, and Asbjørn Dyrendal. 2015. ‘Conspirituality Reconsidered: How Surprising and How New Is the Confluence of Spirituality and Conspiracy Theory?’ Journal of Contemporary Religion 30.3: 367–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2015.1081339

Atkin, Emily. 2021. ‘The Antler Guy Isn’t a Climate Activist. He’s an Eco-fascist’, Heated. January 11. https://heated.world/p/the-antler-guy-isnt-a-climate-activist

Barkun, Michael. 2024. ‘Environmentalism on the American Extreme Right’, Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 18.3: 413–29. https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.23702

———. 2003. A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America (Berkeley: University of California Press).

Beverley, James A. 2020. The QAnon Deception: Everything You Need to Know about the World’s Most Dangerous Conspiracy Theory (Concord: EqualTime Books).

Biehl, Janet, and Peter Staudenmaier. 2011. Ecofascism Revisited: Lessons from the German Experience (Porsgrunn: New Compass Press).

Bookchin, Murray. 1988. ‘Social Ecology versus Deep Ecology’, Socialist Review 88.3: 11–29.

Bramwell, Anna. 1989. Ecology in the 20th Century: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press).

Campion, Nicholas. 2016. The New Age in the Modern West: Counterculture, Utopia and Prophecy from the Late Eighteenth Century to the Present Day (London: Bloomsbury Academic).

Carter, Christopher. 2018. ‘Blood in the Soil: The Racial, Racist, and Religious Dimensions of Environmentalism’, in Laura Hobgood and Whitney Bauman (eds.) The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Nature: The Elements (London: Bloomsbury): 45–62.

Crockford, Susannah. 2021a. Ripples of the Universe: Spirituality in Sedona, Arizona (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

———. 2021b. ‘Q Shaman’s New Age-Radical Right Blend Hints at the Blurring of Seemingly Disparate Categories’, Religion Dispatches. January 11. https://religion-dispatches.org/q-shamans-new-age-radical-right-blend-hints-at-the-blurring-of-seemingly-disparate-categories/

Cronon, William. 1996. ‘The Trouble with Wilderness, or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature’, in William Cronon (ed.) Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature (New York: W.W. Norton & Co): 60–84.

Forchtner, Bernhard. 2020. ‘Far-Right Articulations of the Natural Environment: An Introduction’, in Bernhard Forchtner (ed.) The Far-Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse and Communication (Abingdon: Routledge): 1–18.

Grusin, Richard A. 2004. Culture, Technology, and the Creation of America’s National Parks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Hughes, Brian, Dave Jones, and Amarnath Amarasingam. 2022. ‘Ecofascism: An Examination of the Far-Right/Ecology Nexus in the Online Space’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2069932

Kotsko, Adam. 2018. Neoliberalism’s Demons: On the Political Theology of Late Capital (Stanford: Stanford University Press).

Lee, Martha F. 1997. ‘Environmental Apocalypse: The Millennial Ideology of “Earth First!”’, in Thomas Robbins and Susan J. Palmer (eds.) Millennium, Messiahs, and Mayhem: Contemporary Apocalyptic Movements (London: Routledge): 119–38.

Liberty Report. 2021. ‘America’s Shaman’, Liberty Report podcast, December 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20220716141424/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onSr9YdYdtA

Manseau, Peter. 2021. ‘Some Capitol Rioters Believed they Answered God’s Call, Not Just Trump’s’, Washington Post. February 11. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/02/11/christian-religion-insurrection-capitol-trump/

Mogelson, Luke. 2021. ‘A Reporter’s Footage from Inside the Capitol Siege’, The New Yorker. January 17. https://www.newyorker.com

Moore, Sam, and Alex Roberts. 2022. The Rise of Ecofascism: Climate Change and the Far Right (Cambridge: Polity).

Murdock, Esme G. 2021. ‘Conserving Dispossession? A Genealogical Account of the Colonial Roots of Western Conservation’, Ethics, Policy and Environment 24.3: 235–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2021.2002625

Pogue, Neall W. 2022. The Nature of the Religious Right: The Struggle between Conservative Evangelicals and the Environmental Movement (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).

Robertson, David G. 2016. UFOs, Conspiracy Theories and the New Age: Millennial Conspiracism (London: Bloomsbury).

Rothschild, Mike. 2021. The Storm Is upon Us: How QAnon Became a Movement, Cult, and Conspiracy Theory of Everything (Brooklyn: Melville House).

Seidel, Andrew. 2022. ‘Attack on the Capitol: Evidence of the Role of White Christian Nationalism’, in Report on Christian Nationalism and the January 6 Insurrection (Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty and the Freedom from Religion Foundation): 21–40. https://bjconline.org/jan6report/

Taylor, Blair. 2020. ‘Alt-Right Ecology: Ecofascism and Far-right Environmentalism in the United States’, in Bernhard Forchtner (ed.) The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse and Communication (Abingdon: Routledge): 275–92.

U.S. Attorney’s Office. 2022. ‘Arizona Man Sentenced to 41 Months in Prison On Felony Charge in Jan. 6 Capitol Breach’, Department of Justice press release, November 17. https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/arizona-man-sentenced-41-months-prison-felony-charge-jan-6-capitol-breach

Wallis, Robert J. 2003. Shamans/Neo-Shamans: Ecstasy, Alternative Archaeologies, and Contemporary Pagans (London: Routledge).

Ward, Charlotte, and David Voas. 2011. ‘The Emergence of Conspirituality’, Journal of Contemporary Religion 26.1: 103–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2011.539846

Whitehead, Andrew L., and Samuel L. Perry. 2020. Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Zimmerman, Michael E., and Teresa A. Toulouse. 2016. ‘Ecofascism’, in Joni Adamson, David Naguib Pellow, and William A. Gleason (eds.) Keywords for Environmental Studies (New York: New York University Press): 64–68.

Published

2024-03-30

How to Cite

Crockford, S. (2024). Preparing for the Coming Storm: Right-Wing Spiritualities and Environmental Consciousness in the United States. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture, 18(3), 393–412. https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.23660