Apples for Audubon and Eggplant for Oya
Afro-Caribbean Diaspora Religious Practice in Sugar Hill, New York City’s Parks and Cemetery
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.21397Keywords:
Urban public space, African diaspora, Afro-Caribbean diaspora, Santería, Vodou, Yoruba, democracy, ritual offeringsAbstract
Harlem’s historic Sugar Hill neighborhood possesses several public parks and cemeteries used by African and Afro-Caribbean Diaspora communities for religious activities. In my research, I have identified and mapped sites of religious activities and conducted interviews with community members, revealing how practitioners of Santería, Vodou, and Yoruba traditions have adapted to their urban home via the use of public space. The religious traditions explored here require interaction with nature and the physical land. Therefore, I argue that public space serves as critical infrastructure for facilitating the practice of these religious traditions. I build on the views of Erika Svendsen, Lindsay Campbell, and Heather McMillen that practitioners who engage in this use of public space derive a psycho-social-spiritual benefit from those spaces, while simultaneously contributing to the diversity and democracy of these public spaces as Frederick Law Olmsted and others have theorized.
References
‘25,000 At Opening of Harlem Pool’. 1936. New York Times. 9 August 1936. Online: https://nyti.ms/2Lboyqy (accessed 29 September 2021).
‘10032 Zip Code (New York, NY) Detailed Profile’. 10032 Zip Code (New York, New York) Profile - homes, apartments, schools, population, income, averages, housing, demographics, location, statistics, sex offenders, residents and real estate info. Advameg, Inc. (accessed 26 August 2020). Online: http://www.city-data.com/zips/10032.html.
‘10037 Zip Code (New York, NY) Detailed Profile’. 10037 Zip Code (New York, New York) Profile - homes, apartments, schools, population, income, averages, housing, demographics, location, statistics, sex offenders, residents and real estate info. Advameg, Inc. (accessed 26 August 2020). Online: http://www.city-data.com/zips/10032.html.
‘10039 Zip Code (New York, NY) Detailed Profile’. 10039 Zip Code (New York, New York) Profile - homes, apartments, schools, population, income, averages, housing, demographics, location, statistics, sex offenders, residents and real estate info. Advameg, Inc. (accessed 26 August 2020). Online: http://www.city-data.com/zips/10032.html.
Afure, Erhomarhua. 2018. ‘Santería Ritual Sacrificial Practices in Miami’ (MA thesis, Florida International University). Doi: https://doi.org/10.25148/etd.FIDC006847.
Awolalu, J. Omosade. 1973. ‘Yoruba Sacrificial Practice’, Journal of Religion in Africa 5.2: 81-93. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1594756.
Berveridge, Andy A. 2008. ‘Harlem’s Shifting Population’, Gotham Gazette. Online: https://www.gothamgazette.com/index.php/city/4077-harlems-shifting-population.
Black, Jeremy A. 1992. Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary (London: British Museum Press).
Brown, David H. 1999. ‘Altered Spaces’, in Robert Orsi (ed.), Gods of the City (Bloomington: Indiana University Press): 155-230.
Brown, Karen McCarthy. 1991. Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn (Los Angeles: University of California Press).
———. 1999. ‘Staying Grounded in High Rise Buildings’, in Robert Orsi (ed.), Gods of the City (Bloomington: Indiana University Press): 79-102.
Chen, Adrian. 2015. ‘The Mystery of the Prospect Park Goat Heads’, New York Magazine Intelligencer. Online: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2015/03/mystery-of-the-prospect-park-goat-heads.html.
Daniel, Yvonne. 2011. Carribean and Atlantic Diaspora Dance: Igniting Citizenship (Champaign: University of Illinois Press). Doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036538.001.0001.
Deren, Maya. 2004. Divine Horsemen (New York: McPherson & Co., 4th edn).
Gregory, Steven. 1987. ‘Religions in New York City: The Case of Santería’, in Elsa Sutton and Constance Chaney (eds.), Caribbean Life in New York City: Sociocultural Dimensions (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press): 287-302.
———. 1999. Santería in New York City: A Study in Cultural Resistance (New York: Garland Publishing).
‘Harlem Residents Weigh in on Renovations to Jackie Robinson Park’. 2016. NY1 News. Online: https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2016/10/17/harlem-residents-weigh-in-on-renovations-to-jackie-robinson-park.
‘Jackie Robinson Park Reconstruction : NYC Parks’. 2019. Online: https://www.nycgovparks.org/planning-and-building/capital-project-tracker/project/8567.
Kosnoski, Jason. 2011. ‘Democratic Vistas: Frederick Law Olmsted’s Parks as Spatial Mediation of Urban Diversity’, Space and Culture 14.1: 51-66. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331210389268.
Low, Setha, Dana Taplin, and Suzanne Scheld. 2005. Rethinking Urban Parks: Public Space and Cultural Diversity (Austin: University of Texas Press). Doi: https://doi.org/10.7560/706859.
Mitchell, Joseph. 2010. ‘Voodoo in New York, N.Y.’, in My Ears Are Bent (New York: Pantheon): 143-65.
Murray, Saille Caia. 2019. ‘Creating Democratic Citizens and the Right to Public Space’, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Fordham University. Online: https://search.proquest.com/docview/2248637680?accountid=2909.
Naor, Lia, and Ofra Mayseless. 2020. ‘The Therapeutic Value of Experiencing Spirituality in Nature’, Spirituality in Clinical Practice 7.2: 114-33. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000204.
New York City Landmark Preservation Commission. 2007. ‘Jackie Robinson (Colonial Park) Play Center’. New York.
Nicholson, Carol J. 2004. ‘Elegance and Grass Roots: The Neglected Philosophy of Frederick Law Olmsted’, Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 40.2: 335-48.
Norman, Lisanne. 2015. ‘“I Worship Black Gods”: Formation of an African American Lucumi Religious Subjectivity’ (PhD diss., Harvard University). Online: https://auth.lib.unc.edu/ezproxy_auth.php?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2016-42141-025&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
Ogundiran, Akinwumi, and Paula Saunders. 2014. ‘On the Materialities of Black Atlantic Ritual’, in Paula Saunders and Akinwumi Ogundiran (eds.), Materialities of Ritual in The Black Atlantic (Bloomington: Indiana University Press): 1-27.
Olmsted, Frederick Law. 1902. Public Parks: Being Two Papers Read Before the American Social Science Association in 1870 and 1880, Entitled, Respectively, Public Parks and the Enlargement of Towns and A Consideration of the Justifying Value of a Public Park (Brookline).
Orsi, Robert. 1999. ‘Introduction: Crossing the City Line- City of Gods’, in Robert Orsi (ed.), Gods of the City (Bloomington: Indiana University Press): 1-79.
Oyotunji African Village (n.d.). Biography Oba Oseijeman Oyotunji (accessed 30 September 2021). Online: http://www.oyotunji.org/oba-oseijeman-bio.html.
Santería Church of the Orishas. 2014. Oya. Santería Church of the Orishas (accessed 30 September 2021). Online: http://santeriachurch.org/the-orishas/oya/.
Schroeder, Herbert W. 1992. ‘The Spiritual Aspect of Nature: A Perspective from Depth Psychology’, in 1991 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium (Radnor: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station): 25-30.
Steinerts, Matiss. 2017. ‘Urban Rights Struggle: Street Memorials in the Bronx’ (MA thesis, Fordham University). Online: https://research.library.fordham.edu/dissertations/AAI10279121/.
Stewart, Dianne M. 2005. Three Eyes for the Journey: African Dimensions of the Jamaican Religious Experience (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
———. 2020. ‘The Orisa House That Afro-Catholics Built’, in Cécile Fromont (ed.), Afro-Catholic Festivals in the Americas (University Park: Penn State University Press): 140-62. Online: https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv14gp1n5.12.
‘Sugar Hill New York City’. n.d. OpenStreetMap (OpenStreetMapFoundation) (accessed 30 September 2021). Online: https://www.openstreetmap.org/search?query=sugar+hill+new+york+city#map=15/40.8276/-73.9436.
Svendsen, Erika S., Lindsay K. Campbell, and Heather L. McMillen. 2016. ‘Stories, Shrines, and Symbols: Recognizing Psycho-Social-Spiritual Benefits of Urban Parks and Natural Areas’, Journal of Ethnobiology 36.4: 881-907. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-36.4.881.
Wilkernson, Isabel. 2010. The Warmth of Other Suns (New York: Vintage Books).
Zukin, Sharon. 1996. ‘Whose Culture? Whose City’, in The Cultures of Cities (New York: Wiley-Blackwell): 1-48.