Politicizations of a Sacred River
The Story of Gaumukh-Uttarkashi Eco-Sensitive Zone, Uttarakhand, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.36737Keywords:
political ecology of water, hydrosocial approach, ontology, mésologie, Ganges RiverAbstract
The Gaumukh-Uttarkashi Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) conservation perimeter in the Himalayan Garhwal region was gazetted in December 2012. However, this was only one moment in a tense and twisted political process, which began in 2004, between pro-dam and anti-dam coalitions. The sacredness of this holy source of the Ganges played a role in the political fate of this decision, along with conflicting perspectives defended by hydropower proponents versus environmentalists or state versus central governments. Some of the actors’ motivations and political strategies derived from the formulation of a different ontology of the river, in which the river and humans are intrinsically connected or share an internal relation. The effects of this mobilization were volatile in the ESZ process but the ontological dimension of the conflict has had ramifications on later politics and policies. This case highlights the interest of bringing insights from political ontology into the political ecology of water.
References
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Kaika, Maria. 2006. ‘Dams as Symbols of Modernization: The Urbanization of Nature Between Geographical Imagination and Materiality.’ Annals of the Association of American Geographers96 (2): 276–301.
Linton, Jamie, and Jessica Budds. 2014. ‘The Hydrosocial Cycle: Defining and Mobilizing a Relational-Dialectical Approach to Water.’ Geoforum57 (November): 170–80.
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MoEF. 2016. ‘Minutes of the 21th expert committee for the consideration of zonal master plan of Bhagirathi Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) on 31stAugust, 2016 at the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate change, New Delhi’.
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NGRBA. 2009. ‘Minutes of the first meeting of the National Ganga River Basin Authority held on 5thOctober, 2009 under the chairmanship of Hon’ble Prime Minister’. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi.
——— . 2010. ‘Minutes of the second meeting of the National Ganga River Basin Authority held on 1stNovember, 2010’. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi.
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Siciliano, Giuseppina, Frauke Urban, May Tan-Mullins, Lonn Pichdara, and Sour Kim. 2016. ‘The Political Ecology of Chinese Large Dams in Cambodia: Implications, Challenges and Lessons Learnt from the Kamchay Dam.’ Water8 (9): 405(1–18).
Singh, Munendra, Indra Bir Singh, and German Müller. 2007. ‘Sediment Characteristics and Transportation Dynamics of the Ganga River’. Geomorphology86 (1–2): 144–75.
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Swyngedouw, Erik. 2007. ‘Technonatural Revolutions: The Scalar Politics of Franco’s Hydro-Social Dream for Spain, 1939-1975.’ Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 32 (1): 9–28.
Tomalin, Emma. 2002. ‘The Limitations of religious environmentalism in India.’ Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology6 (1): 12–30.
———. 2004. ‘Bio-Divinity and Biodiversity: Perspectives on Religion and Environmental Conservation in India.’Numen51 (3): 265–95.
UTK. 2018. ‘Budget at a glance, Financial year 2018-2019’. Uttarakhand government. Available at http://budget.uk.gov.in/pages/display/115-budget-2018-19(accessed 1 June 2018).
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International Handbook of Political Ecology. Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, USA:
Edward Elgar Publishing, pp.373–86.
Alley, Kelly D. 2002. On the Banks of the Ga?g?: When Wastewater Meets a Sacred River. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Awasthi, I.C. and Bhaskar Awasthi. 2016. ‘Uttarakhand: Livelihood constraints and policy options.’ Shodh-Sandhan01 (2): 1–13.
Baviskar, Amita. 2005. In the Belly of the River: Tribal Conflicts over Development in the Narmada Valley. 2 edition. Delhi ; New York: Oxford University Press.
———. 2007. Waterscapes: The Cultural Politics of a Natural Resource. Ranikhet, Uttaranchal: Permanent Black.
Berque, Augustin. 2014. La mésologie, pourquoi et pour quoi faire??Nanterre: Presses universitaires de Paris Ouest.
———. 2016. ‘Trajection et réalité’. In Augendre, Marie, Jean-Pierre Llored, and Yann Nussaume, eds. 2018. La mésologie, un autre paradigme pour l’anthropocène??: autour et en présence d’Augustin Berque. Centre culturel international (Cerisy-la-Salle, Manche), Colloque.
Blaser, Mario. 2013. ‘Ontological Conflicts and the Stories of Peoples in Spite of Europe: Toward a Conversation on Political Ontology.’ Current Anthropology54 (5): 547–68.
Boelens, Rutgerd. 2014. ‘Cultural Politics and the Hydrosocial Cycle: Water, Power and Identity in the Andean Highlands.’ Geoforum57 (November): 234–47.
Bouleau, Gabrielle. 2017. ‘La politisation des motifs environnementaux’. Mémoire de projet (volume II) proposé en vue de la soutenance de l’habilitation à diriger des recherches, 13 November 2017. IRSTEA Bordeaux, Université de Lille. Unpublished.
Budds, Jessica, Jamie Linton, and Rachael McDonnell. 2014. ‘The Hydrosocial Cycle.’ Geoforum57 (November): 167–69.
CENSUS 2011. ‘District census Handbook Uttarkashi’. Directorate of Census operations Uttarakhand. Available at http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0501_PART_B_DCHB_UTTARKASHI.pdf (accessed 3 May, 2018).
Chapple, Christopher Key, and Mary Evelyn Tucker, eds. 2000. Hinduism and Ecology: The Intersection of Earth, Sky, and Water. Religions of the World and Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Center for the Study of World Religions, Harvard Divinity School.
Darian, Steven G. 1978. The Ganges in Myth and History. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
De La Cadena, Marisol. 2010. ‘Indigenous cosmopolitics in the Andes: Conceptual Reflections beyond ‘Politics’.’ Cultural Anthropology25 (2): 334–70.
Drew, Georgina. 2013. ‘Why Wouldn’t We Cry? Love and Loss along a River in Decline.’ Emotion, Space and Society6 (February): 25–32.
———. 2017. River Dialogues: Hindu Faith and the Political Ecology of Dams on the Sacred Ganga. Critical Green Engagements : Investigating the Green Economy and Its Alternatives. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
EB. 2014. ‘Assessment of environmental degradation and impact of Hydroelectric Projects during
June 2013 disaster in Uttarakhand, Part1 – Main Report’. Expert Body Report. Ministry of Environment and Forest, New Delhi.
EBS. 2009. ‘RLEK Files Lawsuit Against Suspension of Hydropower Projects In Uttarakhand’. 24 February 2009. Energy Business Review journal online. Accessed in March 2017.
EC. 2010. ‘Report of committee to ascertain the status of environmental clearances of Loharinag Pala Hydro Power Project on Bhagirathi River’. February 2010. Expert Committee Report for NGRBA, Loharinag Pala Case.
Eck, Diana L. 2012. India?: A Sacred Geography. New York: Three Rivers Pr.
François Molle, Peter P. Mollinga, and Philippus Wester. 2009. ‘Hydraulic Bureaucracies and the Hydraulic Mission: Flows of Water, Flows of Power.’ Water Alternatives2 (3): 328–349.
GRBMP. 2013. Ganga River Basin Management Plan, interim report, September 2013. Consortium of IITs, Kanpur: 40-41.
Gupta, Avijit. 2008. Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. John Wiley & Sons.
Heming, Li, Paul Waley, and Phil Rees. 2001. ‘Reservoir Resettlement in China: Past Experience and the Three Gorges Dam.’ Geographical Journal167 (3): 195.
Hommes, Lena, Rutgerd Boelens, and Harro Maat. 2016. ‘Contested Hydrosocial Territories and Disputed Water Governance: Struggles and Competing Claims over the Ilisu Dam Development in Southeastern Turkey’ Geoforum71 (May): 9–20.
India Water Portal. 2008. ‘A Critique of Loharinag-Pala, Pala-Maneri and other Hydroelectric Projects on R. Bhagirathi by G.D. Agrawal.’ Available at http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/uploads/2008/05/critique-by-dr-agrawal.pdf (accessed 1 March 2017).
India Water Portal. 2009. ‘Protesting broken promises: Dr. G.D. Agrawal resumes fast-unto-death’. Posted by People Science Institute, 20 January 2009. Available at http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/protesting-broken-promises-dr-gd-agrawal-resumes-fast-unto-death (accessed 10 June 2018).
Ivakhiv, Adrian. 2017. Conference in Colloque ‘Vers une spiritualisation de l’écologie ?’, University of Lausanne, Switzerland, 10-11 April 2017.
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1993. Les Nationalistes Hindous: Idéologie, Implantation et Mobilisation Des Années 1920 Aux Années 1990. Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques.
Kaika, Maria. 2006. ‘Dams as Symbols of Modernization: The Urbanization of Nature Between Geographical Imagination and Materiality.’ Annals of the Association of American Geographers96 (2): 276–301.
Linton, Jamie, and Jessica Budds. 2014. ‘The Hydrosocial Cycle: Defining and Mobilizing a Relational-Dialectical Approach to Water.’ Geoforum57 (November): 170–80.
MPO. 2009. ‘Construction of Loharinaga-Pala Dam is a Farce’. Matu People Organization’s internal report. Available at http://matuganga.blogspot.ch/2011/12/construction-of-loharinaga-pala-dam-is.html (accessed 3 May 2018).
Mawdsley, Emma. 2005. ‘The Abuse of Religion and Ecology: The Visha Hindu Parishad and Tehri Dam.’ Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology9 (1): 1–24.
MoEF. 2011. ‘Gaumukh-Uttarkashi ESZ draft notification’. Consultation process on MoEF’s website up to 17 August 2011.
MoEF. 2012. ‘Notification’. Ministry of Environment and Forests. New Delhi, the 18thDecember, 2012. PART II-Section 3-Sub-section (ii). New Delhi: The Gazette of India.
MoEF. 2016. ‘Minutes of the 21th expert committee for the consideration of zonal master plan of Bhagirathi Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) on 31stAugust, 2016 at the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate change, New Delhi’.
MoWR. 2013. ‘Report of the Committee constituted by the MoWR to find the causes for severe destruction in Uttarakhand due to flood and erosion during 16-17 June, 2013’. Ministry of Water Resources, GOI. Undated.
Muller, Pierre. 2010. Les politiques publiques. Paris: Presses Univ. de France.
Narayanan. Vasudha. 2010. ‘Hinduism’, in Taylor Bron (ed.) Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. Online edition: Continuum.
NGRBA. 2009. ‘Minutes of the first meeting of the National Ganga River Basin Authority held on 5thOctober, 2009 under the chairmanship of Hon’ble Prime Minister’. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi.
——— . 2010. ‘Minutes of the second meeting of the National Ganga River Basin Authority held on 1stNovember, 2010’. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi.
PIB. 2008. ‘Ganga to be declared a “National River”’. Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Prime Minister's Office. 8 November 2008.
PIB. 2009. ‘PM approves Ganga River Basin Authority Notification’. Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Prime Minister's Office. 17 February 2009.
Rangan, Haripriya. 2000. Of Myths and Movements: Rewriting Chipko into Himalayan History. London ; New York: VERSO.
Ravi Baghel, and Marcus Nüsser. 2010. ‘Discussing Large Dams in Asia after the World Commission on Dams: Is a Political Ecology Approach the Way Forward?’ Water Alternatives3 (2): 231–248.
Rosencranz, Armin, Geetanjoy Sahu, and Vyom Raghuvanshi. 2009. ‘Whither the National Environment Appellate Authority?’ Economic and Political Weekly44 (35): 10–14.
Rosu, Arion. 2000. ‘L’eau dans la vie et la pensée de l’Inde: Philologie et réalités’, in Burger, Maya and Peter Schreiner. The Perception of the Elements in the Hindu Tradition: La perception des elements dans les traditions hindoues. New York: Peter Lang.
SANDRP. 2014. ‘Headwater extinctions: Hydropower projets in the Himalayan reaches of the Ganga and the Beas, a closer look at impacts on fish and river ecosystems.’ November 2014, Emmanuel Theophilus.
Sharma, Mukul. 2009. ‘Passages from Nature to Nationalism: Sunderlal Bahuguna and Tehri Dam Opposition in Garhwal.’ Economic and Political Weekly44 (8): 35–42.
Siciliano, Giuseppina, Frauke Urban, May Tan-Mullins, Lonn Pichdara, and Sour Kim. 2016. ‘The Political Ecology of Chinese Large Dams in Cambodia: Implications, Challenges and Lessons Learnt from the Kamchay Dam.’ Water8 (9): 405(1–18).
Singh, Munendra, Indra Bir Singh, and German Müller. 2007. ‘Sediment Characteristics and Transportation Dynamics of the Ganga River’. Geomorphology86 (1–2): 144–75.
Sneddon, Chris, and Coleen Fox. 2008. ‘Struggles Over Dams as Struggles for Justice: The World Commission on Dams (WCD) and Anti-Dam Campaigns in Thailand and Mozambique.’ Society & Natural Resources21 (7): 625–40.
Swyngedouw, Erik. 2007. ‘Technonatural Revolutions: The Scalar Politics of Franco’s Hydro-Social Dream for Spain, 1939-1975.’ Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 32 (1): 9–28.
Tomalin, Emma. 2002. ‘The Limitations of religious environmentalism in India.’ Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology6 (1): 12–30.
———. 2004. ‘Bio-Divinity and Biodiversity: Perspectives on Religion and Environmental Conservation in India.’Numen51 (3): 265–95.
UTK. 2018. ‘Budget at a glance, Financial year 2018-2019’. Uttarakhand government. Available at http://budget.uk.gov.in/pages/display/115-budget-2018-19(accessed 1 June 2018).
Wohl, Ellen. 2010. A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World’s Great Rivers. Reprint edition. University of Chicago Press.
WRIS. 2014. ‘Ganga basin’. March, 2014. Central Water Commission and National Remote Sensing Center. Available at http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=WRIS_Publications(accessed 16 April 2018).
Published
2019-09-04
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Lafaye de Micheaux, F. (2019). Politicizations of a Sacred River: The Story of Gaumukh-Uttarkashi Eco-Sensitive Zone, Uttarakhand, India. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture, 13(2), 181-207. https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.36737
