Phlegmatic Landscapes
Perceptions of Wetlands, 'Acedia', and Complexion Theory in Selected Later Medieval Allegorical Pilgrim Narratives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.38491Keywords:
landscapes, Middle Ages, wetlands, acedia, pilgrim narrativesAbstract
Understanding medieval landscapes as sacred sites reveals underlying tensions in medieval thought between the placement of human beings outside of nature and a view that humans are in, and part of, the natural world. This article examines the relationship of landscape and human experience in late medieval allegorical dream visions of pilgrimage with particular attention to the descriptions of swamps or swamp-like environments and their effects. According to complexion theory, humoral makeup shaped natural entities, including human physiology and psychology. The phlegmatic person’s complexional coldness and moisture predisposed that person to the sin of acedia or spiritual despair, just as the stagnant swamp threatened to trap those who passed through it. The swamp and other wetland landscapes therefore appeared in these texts as an acknowledgment that the pilgrim/poet/narrator might suffer defeat through their own inability to move toward the good. This relationship was constitutive as well as metaphorical, as inhabiting a swamp induced phlegmatic characteristics.
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Howe, John. 2002. ‘Creating Symbolic Landscapes: Medieval Development of Sacred Space’, in John Howe and Michael Wolfe (eds.) Inventing Medieval Landscapes: Senses of Place in Western Europe (Gainesville: University Press of Florida): 208-23.
Howes, Laura L. 1997. Chaucer’s Gardens and the Language of Convention (Gainesville: University Press of Florida).
Howes, Laura L. 2002. ‘ Narrative Time and Literary Landscapes in Middle English Poetry’ in John Howe and Michael Wolfe (eds.) Inventing Medieval Landscapes: Senses of Place in Western Europe (Gainesville: University Press of Florida): 191-207.
Jones, Lori. 2016. ‘The Diseased Landscape: Medieval and Early Modern
Plaguescapes’, Landscapes 17:2: 108-123. DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2016.1251102
Jordan, Mark D. 1997. The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Kiser, Lisa J. 2003. ‘The Garden of St. Francis: Plants, Landscape, and Economy in Thirteenth-Century Italy’, Environmental History 8 (April): 229-45.
Kliszcz, Aneta and Joanna Komorowska. 2017. ‘Glades of Dread: The Ecology and Aesthetics of loca horrida’ in Christopher Schliephake (ed) Ecocriticism, Ecology, and the Cultures of Antiquity (Lanham, Boulder, New York and London: Lexington Books): 45-60.
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Lees, Clare A. and Gillian R. Overing. ‘Anglo-Saxon Horizons: Places of the Mind in the Northumbrian Landscape’ in Clare A. Lees and Gillian R. Overing (eds.) A Place to Believe In: Locating Medieval Landscapes (University Park, Pa: The Pennsylvania State University Press): 1-26.
Le Goff, Jacques. 1992. ‘The Wilderness in the Medieval West’ in Arthur Goldhammer (trans.) The Medieval Imagination (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press): 47-59.
Levasseur, Todd Jared and Anna Peterson (eds). 2016. Religion and Ecological Crisis: The “Lynn White Thesis” at Fifty (New York: Routledge Studies in Religion).
Liber eliensis: A History of the Isle of Ely from the Seventh Century to the Twelfth. 2005. Janet Fairweather (trans.) (Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY: The Boydell Press).
Metzler, Irina. 2016. Fools and Idiots? Intellectual Disability in the Middle Ages (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
Nutton, Vivian. 2004. Ancient Medicine (London and New York: Routledge).
Olwig, Kenneth R. 1996. ‘Recovering the Substantive Nature of Landscape’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86.4: 630-653.
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2564345
Accessed: 03-02-2019 19:34 UTC
O’Sullivan, Aidan. 2013. ‘Europe’s Wetlands from the Migration Period to the Middle Ages: Settlement, Exploitation, and Transformation AD 400-1500’ in Francesco Menotti and Aida O’Sullivan (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Wetland Archaeology (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 27-53.
Piehler, Paul. 1971. The Visionary Landscape: A Study in Medieval Allegory (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press).
Pinner, Rebecca. 2018. ‘Thinking Wetly: Causeways and Communities in East Anglian Hagiography’, Open Library of Humanities 4.2: 1-46.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.16995/olh.229
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Published
2019-09-04
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Whitney, E. (2019). Phlegmatic Landscapes: Perceptions of Wetlands, ’Acedia’, and Complexion Theory in Selected Later Medieval Allegorical Pilgrim Narratives. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture, 13(2), 157-180. https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.38491
