An Inscribed Ballista Stone from Apollonia-Arsuf, Israel, and Stone-throwing Siege Machines in the Medieval Near East
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.20280Keywords:
inscribed ballista stone, 13th century, Naskhī script, Palestine, Arsūf, Crusader, MamlukAbstract
This article presents a unique example of a roughly round ballista stone (ca. 32 x 31 cm) retrieved during excavations at Apollonia-Arsuf. It bears a two-line (one horizontal, the other vertical) Arabic inscription. Given the context of the ballista stones found at the site, it can be dated to March–April 1265, when the town and castle of Arsur were under siege by the Mamluk army headed by Baybars. The ballista stone is analyzed in relation to the site history and archaeology, its inscription, and the Mamluk sultanate 13th-century stone-throwing siege-machine artillery.
References
Amitai, R. 2005 “The conquest of Arsuf by Baybars: Political and military aspects.” Mamluk Studies Review 9(1): 61–83.
al-Ansari, 'Umar ibn Ibrahim al-Awsi. 1961 A Muslim Manual of War, being Tafrij al-Kurub fi Tadbir al-Hurub, edited and translated G. T. Scanlon. Cairo: American University of Cairo.
Ashkenazi, D., O. Golan and O. Tal. 2013 “An archaeometallurgical study of 13th-century arrowheads and bolts from the Crusader castle of Arsuf/Arsur.” Archaeometry 55(2): 235–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2012.00685.x
Bianquis, T. 1986–1989 Damas et la Syria sous la Domination Fatimide (359–468/969–1076), 2 vols. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ifpo.6458
Bosworth, C. E. 1993 “Abu 'Amr 'Uthman al-Tarsusi’s Siyar al-Thughur and the last years of Arab rule in Tarsus.” Graeco-Arabica 5: 183–195.
Cahen, C. 1947–1948 “Un traité d’armurerie composé pour Saladin.” Bulletin d’Études Orientales 12: 103–160.
Chevedden, P. E. 1985 “Recent archaeological researches in the citadel of Damascus.” Paper read at the meeting of the Middle East Studies Association, New Orleans, USA.
“Black camels and blazing bolts: The bolt-projecting trebuchet in the Mamluk army.” Mamluk Studies Review 8(1): 227–277.
Fakhr al-Din Mubarakshah, Muhammad ibn Mansur. 1969 Adab al-harb wal-Shuja'a, edited by A. Suhaili-i Khwansari. Tehran: Iqbal.
Firdawsi, Abu l-Qasim Hasan. 1877–1880 Shahname. edited by J. A. Vullers. Leiden: Brill.
The Shahnama of Firdausi. Translated by A. G. Warner and E. Warner. London: Kegan Paul.
al-Harthami, Abu Sa'id al-Sha'rani. 1964 Mukhtasar siyasat al-hurub, edited by 'Abd al-Ra'uf 'Awn and Muhammad Mustafa Ziyadah. Cairo: Turathuna.
Hill, D. R. 2008 Technology in the Islamic World. In Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, edited by H. Selin, 2099-2103. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9609
Ibn al-Dawadari, Abu Bakr ibn 'Abd Allah. 1972 Kanz al-durar wa jami' al-ghurar, vol. 7, edited by Sa'id Ashur. Cairo: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.
Ibn Aranbugha (Arinbugha) al-Zardkash. 1985 al-Aniq fi l-manajiq, edited by M. I. Hindi. Aleppo: Aleppo University.
Armoury Manual (facsimile and DVD), edited by F. Sezgin. Frankfurt: Institut für Geschichte der Arabischer-Islamischen Wissenschaften.
al-Isfahani, 'Imad al-Din al-Katib. 1888 Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Salâh ed-dîn, vol. 1, texte arabe, edited by Le Comte Carlo de Landberg. Leiden: Brill.
Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Saladin, al-Fath al-qussî fî l-fath al-qudsî, translated by H. Massé. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.
Jackson-Tal, R. E. and O. Tal. 2013 “Crusader glass in context: The destruction of Arsur (Apollonia-Arsuf, Israel), April 1265.” Journal of Glass Studies 55: 85–100.
Kool, R. and O. Tal. 2015 “‘Underground’ money in an Outremer estate: Token molds and lead tokens from Crusader Arsur.” Israel Numismatic Research 10: 215–228.
“Another token mold and lead token from Crusader Arsur (Apollonia).” Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 98: 215–222.
Little, D. P. 1986 “The fall of 'Akka in 690/1291: The Muslim version.” In Studies in Islamic History and Civilization in Honour of Professor David Ayalon, edited by M. Sharon, 159–181. Jerusalem and Leiden: Brill.
Marshall, C. 1992 Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 4th ser., no. 17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mirkin, D. 2018 Sailing to the Holy Land: Crusader Ships, Seamanship, Logistics and Landing Operations. British Archaeological Reports International Series 2904. Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407316598
Mirkin, D., D. Cvikel and O. Tal. 2016 “Arsur Castle Maritime Installation (1241–1265 CE).” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 148(4): 294–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/00310328.2016.1197000
Nasir-i Khusraw. 1881 Sefer Nameh: Relations du Voyage de Nassiri Khosrau: célèbre poète et philosophe persan, ca. 1003–1088 A.D., en Syrie, en Palestine, en Égypte, en Arabie et en Perse, edited and translated by G. Shefer. Paris: 1881 [reprint Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1970].
Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine by Nasir-i-Khusrau in 1047 A.D. Translated by G. Le Strange. London: Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society.
Nicolle, D. 1999 Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050–1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. London: Greenhill Books.
“The early trebuchet: Documentary and archaeological evidence.” In La Fortification au Temps des Croisades, edited by N. Faucherre, J. Mesqui and N. Prouteau, 268–278. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
“Byzantine, Western European, Islamic and Central Asian influence in the field of arms and armour from the seventh to fourteenth century AD.” In Islamic Crosspollinations. Interactions in the Medieval Middle East, edited by A. Akasoy, J. E. Montgomery, and P. E. Pormann, 94–118. Warminster: Gibb Memorial Trust.
Pines, M., L. Sapir-Hen and O. Tal. 2017 “Crusader diet in times of war and peace: Arsur (Israel) as a case study.” Oxford Journal of Archaeology 36(3): 307–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/ojoa.12117
Raphael, K. and Y. Tepper. 2005 “The archaeological evidence from the Mamluk siege of Arsuf.” Mamluk Studies Review 9(1): 85–100.
Riley-Smith, J. 2012 The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c. 1070–1309. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137264756
Roll, I. 1999 “Introduction: History of the site, its research and excavations.” In Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations, vol. 1: The Persian and Hellenistic Periods (with Appendices on the Chalcolithic and Iron Age II Remains), edited by I. Roll and O. Tal, 1–62. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology.
Runciman, S. 1954 A History of the Crusades, v. 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schacht, J. 1983 An Introduction into Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Sezgin, F. 2004 Science et technique en Islam, tome V: Physique et technique, architecture, technique militaire, objets antiques. Frankfurt: Institut für Geschichte der Arabischer-Islamischen Wissenschaften.
Shatzman, I. 1995 “Stone balls from Tel Dor and the artillery of the Hellenistic world.” Scripta Classica Israelica 14: 52–72.
Shotten-Hallel, V., H. Yohanan, T. Harpak, and O. Tal. 2021a “Apollonia: Arsur castle.” Hadashot Arkheologiyot—Excavations and Surveys in Israel 133. http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=25908
Shotten-Hallel, V., H. Yohanan and O. Tal. 2021b “The castle chapel of Arsur—new evidence for its location and architecture.” In Crusading and Archaeology: Some Archaeological Approaches to the Crusades, edited by V. R. Shotten-Hallel and R. Weetch, 369–400. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315142883-17
Shotten-Hallel, V. R., H. Yohanan, M. Fischer and O. Tal. forthcoming “Et domus sua cuique est tutissimum refugium: Jean II of Ibelin, Arsur castle and the Hospitallers.” In Exploring Outremer Volume II: Studies in Crusader Archaeology in Honour of Adrian J. Boas, edited by R. G. Khamisy, R. Lewis, and V. R. Shotten-Hallel. London: Routledge.
Tal, O., ed. 2011 The Last Supper at Apollonia: The Final Days of the Crusader Castle in Herzliya. Tel Aviv: Eretz Israel Museum (Bi-lingual Hebrew/English).
Tal, O. and I. Roll. 2011 “Arsur: The site, settlement and Crusader castle, and the material manifestation of their destruction. In The Last Supper at Apollonia: The Final Days of the Crusader Castle in Herzliya, edited by O. Tal, 8–51. Tel Aviv: Eretz Israel Museum. (Bilingual Hebrew/English).
Tal, O., R. Kool and I. Baidoun. 2013 “A hoard twice buried? Fatimid gold from thirteenth century Crusader Arsur (Apollonia-Arsuf).” Numismatic Chronicle 173: 261–292.
Tal, O., I. Taxel and A. Zeischka-Kenzler. 2018 “A Basmala-inscribed jug from Arsur’s Mamluk destruction of AD 1265: The religious manifestation of a Christian-used table vessel?” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 77(1): 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1086/696145
al-Tarsusi, Murda ibn 'Ali Ibn Murda. 1999 Tabsira arbab al-lubab. Edited by Shihab al-Sarrf. Paris (unpublished).
Thorau, P. 1995 The Lion of Egypt: Sultan Baybars I and the Near East in the Thirteenth Century, translated by P.M. Holt. London and New York: Longman.
Wilkins, A., H. Barnard and P. J. Rose. 2006 “Roman artillery balls from Qasr Ibrim, Egypt.” Sudan and Nubia 10: 66–80.
Zajaczkowski, A. 1965 “Chapitres coises du Vocabulair arabe-kipchak ‘ad-Durrat al-mudia fi-l-lugat at-turkiya (II).” Rocznik Orientalistyczny 29: 67–105.
Zouache, A. 2008 Armées et combats en Syrie de 491/1098 à 569/1174: Analyse comparée des chroniques médiévales latines et arabes. Damascus: Publications de l’Institut français du Proche-Orient. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ifpo.222