The Alligator Lake Throwing Dart, Yukon, Canada

Authors

  • Christian D. Thomas Yukon Government
  • Valery Monahan Yukon Government
  • Claire Alix Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne / CNRS-UMR 8096
  • P. Gregory Hare Yukon Government
  • Jennifer Herkes Two Crows Consulting / Carcross/Tagish First Nation
  • Holly Smith Yukon Government
  • Kate Helwig Canadian Conservation Institute
  • Jennifer Poulin Canadian Conservation Institute
  • Misha Donohoe Mishfish.com

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/jga.27327

Keywords:

atlatl, Yukon, ice patch, technology, hunting, First Nations

Abstract

On August 25th, 2018, the Yukon Ice Patch Research Group recovered a 6,000-year-old segmented throwing dart from site JcUu-11 (Hare et al. 2004) located in the traditional territories of the Carcross/Tagish First Nation and the Kwanlin Dün First Nation, Yukon Canada. The discovery was the result of a dramatic retreat of an ice patch over a period of 23 days. This discovery is the first entirely complete atlatl throwing dart retrieved from an archaeological site in arctic and subarctic North America. Beyond its remarkably state of preservation, the artifact offers insights on material use and artifact design that may have significant implications for archaeological interpretations of First Nations’ hunting traditions.

References

Alix, C., P. G. Hare, T. D. Andrews and G. MacKay. 2012. “A thousand years of lost hunting arrows: Wood analysis of ice patch remains in northwestern Canada.” Arctic 65 (Suppl. 1): 95–117. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4187.

Andrews, T. D., G. MacKay and L. Andrew. 2012. “Archaeological investigations of alpine ice patches in the Selwyn Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada.” Arctic. 65 (Suppl. 1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4182

Benkova, V. E. and F. H. Schweingruber. 2004. Anatomy of Russian woods: An atlas for the identification of trees, shrubs, dwarf shrubs and woody lianas from Russia. Dern,: Haupt Verlag and Birmensdorf: Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research.

Dixon, E. J., W. F. Manley and C. M. Lee. 2005. “The emerging archaeology of glaciers and ice patches: Examples from Alaska’s Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve.” American Antiquity 70(1): 129–143. https://doi.org/10.2307/40035272.

Dove, C. J., P. G. Hare and M. Heacker. 2005. “Identification of ancient feather fragments found in melting alpine ice patches in southern Yukon.” Arctic 58(1): 38–43. :https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic387.

Emmons, G. T. 1911. The Tahltan Indians. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Museum.

Farnell, R., P. G. Hare and D. R. Drummond. 2005. “An ancient wolf, canus lupus, den and associated human activity in the southwestern Yukon Territory.” Canadian Field-Naturalist 119: 135–136. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v119i1.96.

Frison, G. C. 1965. “Spring Creek Cave, Wyoming.” American Antiquity 31(1): 81–94.

Greer, S. and D. Strand. 2012. “Cultural landscapes, past and present and the south Yukon ice patches.” Arctic 65 (Suppl. 1): 136–152. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4189.

Hamm, J. 1993. The Traditional Bowyer’s Bible. Volume 2. Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press.

Hare, P. G., S. Greer, R. Gotthardt, R. Farnell, V. Bowyer, C. Schweger and D. Strand. 2004. “Ethnographic and archaeological investigations of alpine ice patches in southwest Yukon, Canada.” Arctic 57:(3): 260–272. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic503.

Hare, P. G., C. D. Thomas, T. N. Topper and R. M. Gotthardt. 2012. “The archaeology of Yukon ice patches: New Artifacts, observations and insights.” Arctic 65 (Suppl. 1): 118–135. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4188.

Helwig, K., V. Monahan, J. Poulin and T. D Andrews. 2014. “Ancient projectile weapons from ice patches in northwestern Canada: Identification of resin and compound resin-ochre hafting adhesives.” Journal of Archaeological Science 41: 655–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.09.010.

Helwig, K. and J. Poulin. 2004. “Analysis of paint samples from the Yukon Ice Patch Collection.” Unpublished Report. Canadian Conservation Institution, Ottawa.

Helwig, K., J. Poulin, V. Monahan and C. D. Thomas. 2021. “Ancient throwing dart reveals first archaeological evidence of castoreum.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 37: 102949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102949.

IAWA Committee. 1989. “IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification.” Leiden, Netherlands: The International Association of Wood Anatomists at the National Herbarium Nederland.

–––. 2004. “IAWA list of microscopic features for softwood identification.” Leiden, Netherlands: The International Association of Wood Anatomists at the National Herbarium Nederland.

Jacquiot, C. 1955. Atlas d’anatomie Des Bois de Conifères. Paris: Centre Technique du bois.

Kuzyk, G. W., D. E. Russell, R. S. Farnell, R M. Gotthardt, P. G. Hare and E. Blake. 1999. “In pursuit of prehistoric caribou on Thandlat, southern Yukon.” Arctic 52(2): 214–219. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic924.

Lee, C. M. 2012. “Withering snow and ice in the mid-latitudes: A new archaeological and paleobiological record for the Rocky Mountain Region.” Arctic 65 (Suppl. 1): 165–177. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4191.

Lyman, L. R., M. J. O’Brien and V. Hayes. 1998. “A mechanical and functional study of bone rods from the Richey-Roberts Clovis Cache, Washington, U.S.A.” Journal of Archaeological Science 25(9): 887–906. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1997.0270.

Lynch, J. J. 2020. “Exploring the function and adaptive context of Paleo-Arctic projectile points.” Dissertation submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

McClellan, C. 2010. “My old people’s stories: A legacy for Yukon First Nations, Part 3, Inland Tlingit Narrators.” Occasional Papers in Yukon History, Government of Yukon 5 (3).

O’Brien, Thomas A. 2011. Gwich’in Athabascan Impliments. Second. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.

Panshin, A. J. and C. de Zeeuw. 1970. Textbook of Wood Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Pearson, G. A. 1999. “North American Paleoindian bi-beveled bone and ivory rods: A new interpretation.” North American Archaeologist 20(2): 81–103. https://doi.org/10.2190/3h6q-5y0r-y1ju-flpw.

Pilø, L. H., J. H. Barrett, T. Eiken, E. Finstad, S. Grønning, J. R. Post-Melbye, A. Nesje, J. Rosvold, B. Solli and R. S. Ødegård. 2020. “Interpreting archaeological site-formation processes at a mountain ice patch: A case study from Langfonne, Norway.” The Holocene 31: 469–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683620972775.

Pitulko, V. V., P. A. Nikolsky, E. Y. Girya, A. E. Basilyan, V. E. Tumskoy, S. A. Koulakov, S. N. Astakhov,

E. Y. Pavlova and M. A. Anisimov. 2004. “The Yana RHS Site: Humans in the arctic before the last glacial maximum.” Science 303(5654): 52–56. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085219.

Potter, B. A., J. D. Irish, J. D. Reuther, C. Gelvin-Reymiller and V. T. Holliday. 2011. “A terminal Pleistocene child cremation and residential structure from eastern Beringia.” Science 331: 1058–1062. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201581.

Schweingruber, F. H. 1978. Mikroscopische Holzanatomie—Anatomie Microscopique Des Bois—Microscopical Wood Anatomy. Zug, Switzerland: Zürcher.

“Searching for Our Heritage.” 2020. Government of Yukon. 2020. https://yukon.ca/en/searching-for-our-heritage.

Smith, S. C. A., J. C. Meikle and C. F. Roots. 2004. “Yukon southern lakes.” In Ecoregions of the Yukon Territory: Biophysical Properties of Yukon Landscapes, edited by “Ecoregions Working Group,” PARC Techn, 207–218. Summerland: Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada.

“The Feather Atlas: Flight Feathers of North American Birds.” 2023. https://Www.Fws.Gov/Lab/Featheratlas/

Thomas, C. D., S. Greer and M. Workman. 2024 (in press). “An arrow for every occasion: Interpretive perspectives on southern Yukon arrow designs.” Canadian Journal of Archaeology 47(1).

Thomas, C. D., S. Greer and K. Pennanen. 2023. “Glacial archaeology in Yukon, Canada, 2018 to 2022.” Journal of Glacial Archaeology 6: 47–78. https://doi.org/10.1558/jga.25612.

Trail, P. W. 2014. “Identification of Bald and Golden Eagle feathers: Identification guides for wildlife law enforcement.” Ashland, OR: National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory.

Vanderhoek, R. 1992. “The Atlatl and Dart.” Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology. University of Alaska, Anchorage.

Open access logo

Published

2024-03-29

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Thomas, C. D., Monahan, V., Alix, C., Hare, P. G., Herkes, J., Smith, H., Helwig, K., Poulin, J., & Donohoe, M. (2024). The Alligator Lake Throwing Dart, Yukon, Canada. Journal of Glacial Archaeology, 7, 25–45 . https://doi.org/10.1558/jga.27327