Gender and jazz research in Spain
On the way to finding its own voice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jazz.26638Keywords:
Jazz, Spain, Gender, Flamenco jazz, dance, Spanish jazz culture, feminist-inspired overview, Spanish popular musicAbstract
During the last two decades, the little jazz research that has been conducted in Spain has focused on examining both flamenco jazz, as the most important contribution of Spanish culture to jazz, and sociocultural meanings of jazz development, mainly from a political and historical perspective. This period has also coincided with a significant development in jazz studies outside of the United States, and a key juncture for gender and feminist studies in Spain that concurred with the emergence of fourth-wave feminism. Spanish gender research in music has traditionally focused on written music, paying scant attention to jazz, although popular music is slowly becoming a significant focus of research. Far from seeing this as a drawback, we propose that the underdevelopment of knowledge production is an opportunity for a feminist-inspired overview, and a re-reading of jazz cultures and jazz research in Spain as we ‘listen’ for the relationships between gender and jazz as interdisciplinary fields of research. The article concludes that Spain presents fertile ground for a comprehensive exploration of its own jazz culture as research here strives to find its own voice.
References
Aguado, A. M., and M. D. Ramos (2007) ‘La modernidad que viene. Mujeres, vida cotidiana y espacios de ocio en los años veinte y treinta’. Arenal. Revista de historia de las mujeres 14/2: 265–89. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/ejemplar/232056
Alonso, C. (2013) ‘Aphrodite’s Necklace Was Not Only a Joke: Jazz, Parody and Feminism in Spanish Musical Theatre (1900–1939)’. In Made in Spain: Studies in Popular Music, ed. S. Martínez and H. Fouce, 78–89. New York: Routledge.
Álvarez, A., ed. (2008) Compositoras españolas: la creación musical femenina desde la Edad Media hasta la actualidad. Madrid: Centro de documentación de música y danza.
Amorós, C., and A. De Miguel, eds. (2005) Teoría feminista de la ilustración a la globalización. Madrid: Minerva ediciones.
Aresti, N. (2007) ‘La mujer bohemia moderna, el tercer sexo y la bohemia en los años veinte’. Dossiers feministes 10: 173–85.
Atkins, E. T., ed. (2003) Jazz Planet. Jackson, MI: University Press of Mississippi.
Bohlman, P. V., and G. Plastino, eds. (2016) Jazz Worlds/World Jazz. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Bustelo, M. (2016) ‘Three Decades of State Feminism and Gender Equality Policies in Multi-governed Spain’. Sex Roles 74: 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0381-9
Cerchiari, L., L. Cugny and F. Kerschbaumer, eds. (2012) Eurojazzland: Jazz and European Sources, Dynamics, and Contexts. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Chuse, L. (2015) ‘Las Tocaoras: Women Guitarists and Their Struggle for Inclusion on the Flamenco Stage’. In Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives, ed. K. M. Goldberg, N. Bennahum and M. Heffner-Hayes, 225–33. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
Clifford-Napoleone, A. R. (2018) Queering Kansas City Jazz: Gender, Performance, and the History of a Scene. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Cravinho, P. (2017) ‘“A kind of ‘in-between”: Jazz and Politics in Portugal (1958–1974)’. In Jazz and Totalitarianism, ed. B. Johnson, 218–38. New York: Routledge.
Dahl, L. (1989) Stormy Weather: The Music and Lives of a Century of Jazzwomen. New York: Limelight.
Davis, A. Y. (1998) Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday. New York: Pantheon.
De Pedro, C. (2021) ‘Fiebre de baile: los nuevos “dancings” comerciales y la transformación de los hábitos de ocio e interacción sexual de la juventud popular y obrera de Madrid (1918–1936)’. Rúbrica contemporánea 10/19: 55–81. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/rubrica.227
Dias, J. (2019) Jazz in Europe: Networking and Negotiating Identities. London: Bloomsbury.
Digón, P. (2000) ‘Género y música’. Música y Educación: revista trimestral de pedagogía musical 13/41: 29–54.
Encabo, E., and I. Matía (2020) Copla, ideología y poder. Madrid: Dykinson.
Farrell, M. (2003) ‘Las mujeres, a ritmo de jazz’. Dossieres Feministes 7: 33–41.
Ferrer-Senabre, I. (2011) ‘Canto y cotidianidad: visibilidad y género durante el primer franquismo’. Trans. Revista Transcultural de Música 15: 1–26. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5964097
Ferrer-Senabre, I. (2013) ‘Les pistes de ball durant el primer franquisme: espais de lleure a l’Horta-Albufera’. PhD diss., Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
Ferrer-Senabre, I. (2017) ‘Escenificando el género: estrategias corporales en los lugares de ocio de las décadas de 1940 y 1950’. In Danza, género y sociedad, ed. B. Martínez del Fresno and A. M. Díaz, 227–58. Málaga: Universidad de Málaga.
García, J. (2012) El ruido alegre. Madrid: Biblioteca Nacional de España.
García Martínez, J. M. (1996) Del fox-trot al jazz flamenco: El jazz en España, 1919–1996. Madrid: Alianza.
García Martínez, J. M. (2018) ‘Spain’. In The History of European Jazz, ed. F. Martinelli, 438–60. London: Equinox.
Gebhardt, N. (2015) ‘Introduction: Jazz as a Collective Problem’. In The Cultural Politics of Jazz Collectives, ed. N. Gebhardt and T. Whyton, 1–15. New York: Routledge.
Gottschield, B. D. (2000) Waltzing in the Dark: African American Vaudeville and Race Politics in the Swing Era. New York: St. Martin’s.
Gray, H. (1995) ‘Black Masculinity and Visual Culture’. Callaloo 18/2: 401–405. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3299086. https://doi.org/10.1353/cal.1995.0055
Handy, D. A. (1981) Black Women in American Bands and Orchestras. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow.
Havas, Á. (2022) The Genesis and Structure of the Hungarian Jazz Diaspora. New York: Routledge.
Hentoff, N. (1961) ‘Jazz and Jim Crow’. Commonweal, 24 March: 656–58.
Hernández, N. (2011) ‘Educación musical y proyección laboral de las mujeres en el siglo XIX: el Conservatorio de Música de Madrid’. Trans. Revista Transcultural de Música 15: 1–41.
Iglesias, I. (2005) ‘La hibridación musical en España como proyección de identidad nacional orientada al mercado: El jazz-flamenco’. Revista de Musicología 28: 826–38. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2035478. https://doi.org/10.2307/20798104
Iglesias, I. (2010) ‘(Re)construyendo la identidad musical española: el jazz y el discurso cultural del franquismo durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial’. Historia Actual Online 23: 119–35. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3671074
Iglesias, I. (2013) ‘Hechicero de las pasiones del alma: El jazz y la subversión de la biopolítica franquista (1939–1959)’. Trans. Revista Transcultural de Música 17. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5925397
Iglesias, I. (2016) ‘Performing the “Anti-Spanish” Body: Jazz and Biopolitics in the Early Franco Regime (1939–1957)’. In Jazz and Totalitarianism, ed. B. Johnson, 177–93. New York: Routledge.
Iglesias, I. (2017) La modernidad elusiva: jazz, baile y política en la guerra civil española y el franquismo (1936–1968). Madrid: CSIC.
Iniesta, R. (2011) Mujer versus Música. Itinerancias, incertidumbres y lunas. Valencia: Rivera Mota.
Jago, M. (2018) Live at the Cellar: Vancouver’s Iconic Jazz Club and the Canadian Co-operative Jazz Scene in the 1950s and ’60s. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Jiménez, T. (2017) ‘Y la flauta se hizo flamenca. El lenguaje de Jorge Pardo: metodología y análisis (1975–1997)’. PhD diss., Universidad de Sevilla.
Johnson, B. (2020) Jazz Diaspora: Music and Globalisation. New York: Routledge.
Johnson, B., and Á. Havas (2022) ‘Western Bias, Canonicity, and Cultural Globalization: Introduction to “Jazz Diasporas”’. Popular Music and Society 45/4: 371–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007766.2022.2123458
Labajo, J. (2003) ‘Body and Voice: The Construction of Gender in Flamenco’. In Music and Gender: Perspectives from the Mediterranean, ed. Tullia Magrini, 67–87. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lewis, G. E. (2002) ‘Improvised Music after 1950: Afrological and Eurological Perspectives’. Black Music Research Journal 22: 215–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519950
Lombardo, E. (2008) ‘Framing Gender Inequality in Politics in Spain and in the European Union’. International Feminist Journal of Politics 10/1: 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616740701747709
López-Peláez, M. P. (2021) Músicas encontradas. Feminismo, género y queeridad. Jaén: Editorial Universidad de Jaén.
Lorenzo, J. (1998) Una Relación Disonante. Las mujeres y la música en la Edad Media hispana, siglos IV–XVI. Alcalá de Henares: Ayuntamiento de Alcalá de Henares, Centro Asesor de la Mujer.
Lorenzo, J. (2011) ‘¿Dónde están las tocaoras? Las mujeres y la guitarra, una omisión sospechosa en los estudios sobre el Flamenco’. Trans. Revista Transcultural de Música 15: 1–42. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5964094
Malone, J. (1996) Steppin’ on the Blues: The Visible Rhythms of African American Dance. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Manchado, M., ed. (1998) Mujeres y Música: Género y poder. Madrid: Horas y Horas.
Manuel, P. (2016) ‘Flamenco Jazz: An Analytical Study’. Journal of Jazz Studies 11/2: 29–77. https://doi.org/10.14713/jjs.v11i2.113
Martín, A. (2005) ‘Pasado, Presente y Futuro de la Musicología en la Universidad española’. RIFOP: Revista interuniversitaria de formación del profesorado: continuación de la antigua Revista de Escuelas Normales 52: 53–76.
Martínez, S. (2022) ‘A vueltas con el reggaeton: polémicas feministas en torno a las músicas latinas en España’. Trans. Revista Transcultural de Música 26. https://www.sibetrans.com/trans/articulo/625/a-vueltas-con-el-reggaeton-polemicas-feministas-en-torno-a-las-musicas-latinas-en-espana
Martínez, S., and H. Fouce, eds. (2013) Made in Spain: Studies in Popular Music. New York: Routledge.
McGee, K. (2019) Remixing European Jazz Culture. New York and London: Routledge.
Monson, I. (1995) ‘The Problem with White Hipness: Race, Gender, and Cultural Conceptions in Jazz Historical Discourse’. Journal of the American Musicological Society 48/3: 396–422. https://doi.org/10.2307/3519833
Munoz-Garcia, Rebeca (2022) ‘Breaking Down Barriers: Female Jazz Musicians in Spain’. In The Routledge Companion to Jazz and Gender, ed. J. Reddan, M. Herzig and M. Kahr, 435–47. New York: Routledge.
Muñoz Saavedra, J. (2019) ‘Una nueva ola feminista más allá de# MeToo. Irrupción, legado y desafíos’. In Políticas Públicas para la Equidad Social. Vol. II, ed. P. Rivera Vargas, J. Muñoz Saavedra, R. Morales Olivares and S. Butiendieck Hijerra, 177–88. Santiago de Chile: Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona.
Pallol, R., and C. De Pedro (2022) ‘Madrid Nightlife and Popular Leisure: Between Globalizing Cosmopolitanism and Social Transgression, 1900s to the 1930s’. In Urban Popular Culture and Entertainment, ed. A. Dietze and A. Vari, 169–99. New York: Routledge.
Pamíes, S. (2016) ‘The Controversial Identity of Flamenco Jazz: A New Historical and Analytical Approach’. PhD diss., University of North Texas.
Pedro, J. (2021) El blues en España. Hibridación y diversidad cultural desde los orígenes al auge de la escena madrileña. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.
Pedro, J., and B. Gutiérrez-Martínez (2020) ‘Mujeres artistas en la escena española de música afroamericana: identidades, discursos y emociones en la esfera pública’. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación/Mediterranean Journal of Communication 11/2: 169–83. https://doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM2020.11.2.20
Pellegrinelli, L. (2005) ‘The Song is Who? Locating Singers on the Jazz Scene’. PhD diss., Harvard University.
Pellegrinelli, L. (2008) ‘Separated at “Birth”: Singing and the History of Jazz’. In Big Ears: Listening for Gender in Jazz Studies, ed. N. Rustin and S. Tucker, 31–47. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Pereira, M. do M. (2012) ‘“Feminist theory is proper knowledge, but…”: The Status of Feminist Scholarship in the Academy’. Feminist Theory 13/3: 283–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700112456005
Placksin, S. (1982) American Women in Jazz; 1900 to the Present. New York: Wideview.
Raine, S. (2019) ‘Keychanges at Cheltenham Jazz Festival: Issues of Gender in the UK Jazz Scene’. In Towards Gender Equality in the Music Industry: Education, Practice and Strategies for Change, 187–200. London: Bloomsbury.
Raine, S. (2021) ‘Gender Politics, UK Jazz Festivals and COVID-19: Maintaining the Momentum of Change during a Time of Crisis’. Jazz Research Journal 14/2: 183–204. https://doi.org/10.1558/jazz.43395
Ramos, P. (2003) Feminismo y música: introducción crítica. Madrid: Narcea Ediciones.
Ramos, P. (2010) ‘Luces y sombras en los estudios sobre las mujeres y la música’. Revista musical chilena 64/213: 7–25. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-27902010000100002
Reddan, J., M. Herzig and M. Kahr (2022) The Routledge Companion to Jazz and Gender. New York: Routledge.
Rustin, N. T., and S. Tucker, eds. (2008) Big Ears: Listening for Gender in Jazz Studies. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.
Tucker, S. (1998) ‘Nobody’s Sweethearts: Gender, Race, Jazz, and the Darlings of Rhythm’. American Music 16/3: 255–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/3052637
Tucker, S. (2000) Swing Shift: “All-Girl” Bands of the 1940s. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Van Vleet, K. (2021) ‘Women in Jazz Music: A Hundred Years of Gender Disparity in Jazz Study and Performance (1920–2020)’. Jazz Education in Research and Practice 2/1: 211–27. https://doi.org/10.2979/jazzeducrese.2.1.16
Viñuela, E. (2011) ‘La subversión de roles de género en la música popular: Mónica Naranjo como artista inapropiada/ble’. Trans. Revista Transcultural de Música/Transcultural Musical Review 15. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5964100
Viñuela, E., and L. Viñuelau (2008) ‘Música popular y género’. In Género y cultura popular, ed. I. Clúa, 293–325. Barcelona: Edicions UAB.
Viñuela, L. (2003) ‘La construcción de las identidades de género en la música popular’. Dossiers feministes 7: 11–31.
Wehr, E. L. (2016) ‘Understanding the Experiences of Women in Jazz: A Suggested Model’. International Journal of Music Education 34/4: 472–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761415619392
Wells, C. J. (2021) ‘“Counter-Bopaganda” and “Torn Riffs”: Bebop as Popular Dance Music’. In C. J. Wells, Between Beats: The Jazz Tradition and Black Vernacular Dance, 109–49. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zagalaz, J. (2012) ‘The Jazz–Flamenco Connection: Chick Corea and Paco de Lucía between 1976 and 1982’. Journal of Jazz Studies 8/1: 33–54. https://doi.org/10.14713/jjs.v8i1.23
Zagalaz, J. (2019) ‘La relación jazz-flamenco: Una visión panorámica a través de su historia (1932–90)’. Revista Portuguesa de Musicología 6/2: 393–420.
Zagalaz, J., and A. M. Díaz (2012) ‘Distintos tipos de contacto entre jazz y flamenco: De la apropiación cultural a la fusión de géneros’. Arte y Movimiento 7: 9–19.
Zapata, M. A., J. J. Yelo and A. M. Botella, eds. (2020) Mujeres en la música: una aproximación desde los estudios de género. Murcia: Sociedad Española de Musicología.