The parallax of art and commerce
UK jazz musicians on marketing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jazz.v1i2.225Keywords:
Marketing, Jazz, Parallax, art, commerceAbstract
This article adds to art versus commerce debate by introducing the thoughts of eight professional jazz musicians. Our article suggests that other studies of marketing in music are flawed either methodologically (e.g. Kubacki and Croft, 2004) or, more crucially, conceptually (e.g. Holbrook, 2005). We feel that too many discussions have misconceived of the debate by positing art and commerce at opposite ends of a spectrum, allowing for some degree of (theoretical or actual) concord in between. As such musicians are classified as artists, who “sell out” to commerce, or else mere commercial players who have no business calling themselves artists. We argue that the debate of art versus commerce is misconceived: it is not a spectrum but rather a parallax, a space between opposites that cannot be bridged and remains forever apart. The parallax shift is therefore one of perspective, which enables two opposites to co-exist without meeting in the middle. This paper therefore offers fresh insight into current problems identified in arts marketing theory by outlining the thoughts of leading artists themselves. In addition, the paper argues that marketing is an extremely important tool to ensure a sustainable UK jazz scene.
References
Carsen, D., Gilmore, A., Perry, C. and Gronhaug, K. (2001) Qualitative Marketing Research. London: Sage.
Cooke, M., and Horn, D. (2003) Cambridge Companion to Jazz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dennis, N., and Macaulay, M. (2007) ‘Miles Ahead: Using Jazz to Investigate Market Orientation’. European Journal of Marketing, 41(5/6), 608–23. doi: 10.1108/03090560710737642
Fillis, I. (2006) ‘Art for Art’s Sake or Art for Business Sake: An Exploration of Artistic Product Orientation’. The Marketing Review, 6(1), 29–40. doi:10.1362/ 146934706776861573
Gabbard, K. (1995) Representing Jazz. North Carolina: Duke University Press.
Gainer, B., and Padanyi, P. (2002) ‘Applying the Marketing Concept to Cultural Organisations: An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Market Orientation and Performance’. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing Theory, 7(2), 182–98. doi:10.1002/nvsm.178
Gridley, M., Maxham, R. and Hoff, R. (1989) ‘Three Approaches to Defining Jazz’. Musical Quarterly, 73, 513–31. doi:10.1093/mq/73.4.513
Hodgkins, C. (2001) Jazz in the UK. London: Jazz Services. http://www.jazzservices. org.uk/
——(2004) Jazz Services Business Plan, 2005–2006. London: Jazz Services. http:// www.jazzservices.org.uk/
Holbrook, M. (2005) ‘Art versus Commerce as a Macromarketing Theme in Three Films from the Young-Man-with-a-Horn-Genre’. Journal of Macromarketing, 25.1, 22–31. doi:10.1177/0276146705274989
Holbrook, M., and Zirlin, R. (1985) ‘Artistic Creation, Artworks, and Aesthetic Appreciation: Some Philosophical Contributions to Nonprofit Marketing’. Advances in Nonprofit Marketing, 1.1, 1–54.
Kubacki, K., and Croft, R. (2004) ‘Mass Marketing, Music, and Morality’. Journal of Marketing Management, 20, 577–90. doi:10.1362/0267257041324025
——(2005) ‘Paying the Piper: A Study of Musicians and the Music Business’. International Journal for Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing Theory, 10.3, 225–37. doi:10.1002/nvsm.27
LeCocq, J. (2002) ‘Commercial Art Music’. Economic Affairs, 22(2), 8–13. doi:10.1111/1468-0270.00351
Macaulay M., and Dennis N. (2006) ‘Jazz—A Philosophical Problem for Marketing?’ The Marketing Review, 6(2), 137–48.
Oakes, S. (2003) 'Demographic and Sponsorship Considerations for Jazz and Classical Music Festivals’. Service Industries Journal, 23(3), 165–78. doi: 10.1080/714005121
Raynor, H. (1972) A Social History of Music from the Middle Ages to Beethoven. London: Barrie and Jenkins.
Shipton, A. (2001) A New History of Jazz. London: Continuum.
——(2006) Out of the Long Dark. London: Equinox Press.
Silverman, D. (2002). Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide. London: Sage.
Taylor, Y. (2000) The Future of Jazz. New York: A Capella Books.
Zizek, S. (2006) The Parallax View. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press