Respect on Social Media:
A Case Study on Young Adults’ Engagement Behaviour within an Online Buddhist Community during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.26617Keywords:
online behaviour, online engagement, Buddhism, COVID-19Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the world to a halt with lockdowns and restricted public gatherings. This has resulted in religious organizations relying on social media to reach out to and stay in touch with their members. The current gauge of success of a social media community is based on the engagement and participation of its members—in liking, sharing, and generating content for the group. This article examines the online behaviour, through the use of online intensive interviews, of twenty-one young adults aged between 18–30 who were members of an online Buddhist Facebook group (BLIA YAD) during the pandemic. This article attempts to provide insight into the role of respect and effect on the online participation and engagement of its members. Respect being a crucial part of the belief system of the faithful has led to low levels of engagement and participation on the organization’s social media. This study examines the role that respect plays amongst the participants in the context of Malaysia where religion conservatism is at odds with the freedom of expression that is prevalent on most social media platforms.
References
Abu Bakar, Ibrahim 2013 The Religious Tolerance in Malaysia: An Exposition. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 7(1): 90–97.
Baker, Joseph O., Gerardo Marti, Ruth Braunstein, Andrew L. Whitehead and Grace Yukich 2020 Religion in the Age of Social Distancing: How COVID-19 Presents New Directions for Research. Sociology of Religion: A Quarterly Review 2020 81(4): 357–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa039
Barker, Eileen 2005 Crossing the Boundary: New Challenges to Religious Authority and Control as a Consequence of Access to the Internet. In Religion and Cyberspace, edited by M. Hojsgaard and M. Warburg, 67–85. London: Routledge.
Bernama 2021 Ministry Sets New SOP for Non-Muslim Houses of Worship. Online: https://www.bernama.com/en/general/news_covid-19.php?id=1961131 (accessed 11 May 2021).
BLIA-YAD 2021 About YAD. Online: https://sites.google.com/blia.org/yad/about (accessed 11 May 2021).
Boyd, Danah M., and Nicole B. Ellison 2008 Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13: 210–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
Campbell, Heidi 2007 Who’s Got the Power? Religious Authority and the Internet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12: 1043–1062. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00362.x
Campbell, Heidi 2012 Understanding the Relationship between Religion Online and Offline in a Networked Society. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 80(1): 64–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfr074
Campbell, Heidi, and Alessandra Vitullo 2016 Assessing Changes in the Study of Religious Communities in Digital Religion Studies. Church, Communication and Culture 1(1): 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/23753234.2016.1181301
Cheong, Pauline, Shirlena Huang and Jessie Poon 2011 Cultivating Online and Offline Pathways to Enlightenment: Religious Authority in Wired Buddhist Organizations. Information, Communication and Society 14(8): 1160–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.579139
Dimsdale, Connie 2020 How Have Broadcast and Social Media Been Used to Support Faith during the COVID-19 Pandemic? The Standfort St Martin Trust. Online: https://sandfordawards.org.uk/how-has-broadcasting-to-support-faith-during-covid-19/ (accessed 12 January 2021).
Gunduz, Ugur 2017 The Effect of Social Media on Identity Construction. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8(5): 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1515/mjss-2017-0026
Hood, Ralph W. J., Peter C. Hill and Bernard Splika 2018 The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, 5th edn. New York: Guilford Press.
Jakobsh, Doris 2006 Authority in the Virtual Sangat: Sikhism, Ritual and Identity in the Twenty-First Century. Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet 2(1): 24–40.
Kgatle, Mookgo S. 2018 Social Media and Religion: Missiological Perspective on the Link between Facebook and the Emergence of Prophetic Churches in Southern Africa. Verbum et Ecclesia 39(1): 1–6.
Kowalczyk, Oliwia, Krzystof Roszkowski, Xavier Montane, Wojciech Pawliszak, Bartosz Tylkowshi and Anna Bajek 2020 Religion and Faith Perception in a Pandemic of COVID-19. Journal of Religion and Health 59: 2671–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01088-3
Malaysia Communications and Multimedia Commission 2020 Internet Users Survey 2020. Online: https://www.mcmc.gov.my/en/resources/statistics/internet-users-survey (accessed 23 June 2021).
Mohd, Roslan M. N. 2011 Religious Tolerance in Malaysia: An Overview. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research 9(1): 23–27.
Munnukka, Juha, Heikki Karjaluoto and Anna Tikkanen 2015 Are Facebook Brand Community Members Truly Loyal to the Brand? Computers in Human Behavior 51: 429–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.031
Nahon, Karine, and Gad Barzilai 2005 Cultured Technology: The Internet and Religious Fundamentalism. The Information Society 21(1): 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240590895892
Nguyen, Dat Manh 2021 Social Media, Vernacularity, and Pedagogy: Youth and the Reinvention of Contemporary Vietnamese Buddhism. Journal of Global Buddhism 22(2): 306–321.
Noordin, Khairani Afifi 2020 Seniors Becoming Digitally Savvy during Pandemic. TheEdge Markets. Online: https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/seniors-becoming-digitally-savvy-during-pandemic (accessed 15 June 2020).
Pfeil, Ulrike, Rajiv Arjan and Panayiotis Zaphiris 2009 Age Differences in Online Social Networking: A Study of User Profiles and the Social Capital Divide among Teenagers and Older Users in MySpace. Computers in Human Behavior 25: 643–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.08.015
Possamai, Adam, and Bryan Turner 2012 Authority and Liquid Religion in Cyber-Space: The New Territories of Religious Communication. International Social Science Journal 63: 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12021
Sabri, Ahmad Zaharuddin, Roziya Abu, Shamshuritawati Sharif and Rozira Abu 2021 Accepting Other Religion and Live Harmoniously: A Study on Malaysian Youth. Online Journal Research in Islamic Studies 8(2): 1–10.
Sessions, Lauren F. 2010 How Offline Gatherings Affect Online Communities. Information, Communication, and Society 13(3): 375–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180903468954
Tan, Min M., Ahmad Farouk Musa and Tin T. Su 2022 The Role of Religion in Mitigating the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Malaysian Multi-Faith Perspectives. Health Promotion International 37(1): 1–13.
Waterloo, Sophie F., Susanne E. Baumgartner, Jochen Peter and Patti M. Valkenburg 2018 Norms of Online Expressions of Emotions: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp. New Media and Society 20(5): 1813–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817707349
Williams-Oerberg, Elizabeth 2021 Youth Buddhism: The Centrality of ‘Youth’ in Modern Buddhism. Journal of Global Buddhism 22(2): 322–40.
World Health Organization 2021 Avoid Crowded and Enclosed Spaces When Going Out. Online: https://www.who.int/westernpacific/news-room/multimedia/overview/item/avoid-crowded-and-enclosed-spaces-when-going-out (accessed 20 December 2021).
Zhang, Jing, Heang Sotheara and Mom Virak 2016 Virtual Community Engagement on Facebook Brand Page. Journal of International Business Research Marketing 2(1): 7–13. https://doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.21.3001
Published
Issue
Section
License
Equinox Publishing Ltd.