Birth as a Spiritual Initiation
Australian Women’s Experiences of Transformation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/arsr.v22i2.190Keywords:
birth, menstruation, spirituality, feminism, women's healthAbstract
In Western, industrialised culture, menstruation and birth are generally seen as medical concerns. Women learn to detach from their menstrual rhythms which become associated with shame, pathology and the profane. Obstetric medicine, which is widely accepted as the norm for our birth practices, does not regard spirituality as its remit. Yet pre-patriarchal and non-patriarchal cultures have revered both menstruation and childbirth as spiritual phenomena. My doctoral research examined the links between Western cultural attitudes to menstruation and spirituality, and women’s experiences of birth. Using the Organic Inquiry methodology, I conducted ten interviews and seven groups with Australian women to explore the spirituality of their female body experiences. My findings reveal that despite the presence of patriarchal constraints, some women transcended the cultural givens and discovered the ecstatic potential of their embodied spirituality. Menstruation was experienced as a sacred connection with the Divine and birth was a transformative opening to Spirit.References
Banks, Maggie 2001 Reclaiming Midwifery Care as a Foundation for Promoting Normal Birth. Birth International. Online: www.birthinternational.com/articles/maggie01.html (accessed April 25, 2001).
Bell, Hannah 1998 Men’s Business, Women’s Business: The Spiritual Role of Gender in the World’s Oldest Culture. Inner Traditions, Rochester, VT.
Brennan, Barbara 1987 Hands of Light: A Guide to Healing Through the Human Energy Field. Bantam Books, Toronto.
Buckley, Sarah 2003 Undisturbed Birth: Nature’s Blueprint for Ease and Ecstasy. Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health 17(4): 261-88.
The Safety and Logic of Normal Birth. Online webinar by Conscious Woman, May 2008. Online: www.consciouswoman.webex.com/consciouswoman/k2/j.php?ed=104485952&UID=1012827547 (accessed May 26, 2008).
Burkhardt, Margaret, and Mary Nagai-Jacobson 2002 Spirituality: Living Our Connectedness. Delmar, New York.
Clements, Jennifer 2002 Organic Inquiry: Research in Partnership with Spirit. Unpublished manuscript.
Organic Inquiry: Toward Research in Partnership with Spirit. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 36(1): 26-49.
Clements, Jennifer, et al. 1999 Organic Inquiry—If Research Were Sacred. Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, Serpentine Press, Palo Alto, CA.
Davis-Floyd, Robbie 1994 The Rituals of American Hospital Birth. In Conformity and Conflict: Readings in Cultural Anthropology, 8th ed., edited by David McCurdy, 324-41. HarperCollins, New York.
The Technocratic, Humanistic, and Holistic Paradigms of Childbirth. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 75(1): S5-S23. doi:10.1016/S0020-7292(01)00510-0.
Dick-Read, Grantly 1944 Childbirth without Fear: The Principles and Practice of Natural Childbirth. Harper & Brothers, London.
Eisler, Riane 1987 The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our Future. Harper, San Francisco.
England, Pam, and Rob Horowitz 1998 Birthing from Within: An Extra-ordinary Guide to Childbirth Preparation. Partera Press, Albuquerque, NM.
Fischer, Gunhild 1999 Women’s Socio-medical Representations of Maternity: Personal and Medical Transformations in Northeast Queensland. PhD thesis, James Cook University.
Fox, Bonnie, and Diana Worts 1999 Revisiting the Critique of Medicalized Childbirth. Gender and Society 13(3): 326-46. doi:10.1177/089124399013003004.
Gadon, Elinor 1989 The Once and Future Goddess: A Symbol for Our Time. Harper & Row, New York.
Gaskin, Ina May 1990 Spiritual Midwifery. The Book Publishing Co., Summertown, TN.
Ina May’s Guide to Childbirth. Bantam Books, New York.
George, Demetra 1992 Mysteries of the Dark Moon. Harper Books, San Francisco.
Gimbutas, Marija 1991 The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe. Harper Collins, New York.
Grahn, Judy 1993 Blood, Bread and Roses: How Menstruation Created the World. Beacon Press, Boston.
Hall, Jennifer 2001 Midwifery, Mind and Spirit. Books for Midwives, Oxford.
Hays, Sharon 1996 The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Hiles, Dave 1999 Paradigms Lost—Paradigms Regained. 18th International Human Science Research Conference, Sheffield, UK. Online: http://www.psy.dmu.ac.uk/drhiles/Paradigms%20Lost.htm (accessed April 14, 2008).
Horrigan, Bonnie 1996 Red Moon Passage: The Power and Wisdom of Menopause. Thorsons, London.
Knight, Chris 1988 Menstrual Synchrony and the Australian Rainbow Snake. In Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation, edited by Thomas Buckley and Alma Gottlieb, 232-55. University of California Press, Los Angeles.
Lienert, Tania 1996 On Who is Calling Radical Feminists ‘Cultural Feminists’ and Other Historical Sleights of Hand. In Radically Speaking: Feminism Reclaimed, edited by Diane Bell and Renate Klein, 155-68. Spinifex, Melbourne.
Linhares, Carmen 2005 Spirituality in Midwifery and Childbirth. Conference paper presented at the International Confederation of Midwives Triennial Conference, Brisbane.
Martin, Emily 1987 The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction. Open University Press, Buckingham, UK.
Martin, Karin 2003 Giving Birth Like a Girl. Gender and Society 17(1): 54-72. doi:10.1177/0891243202238978.
Martire, Ginger C. 2006 Menstrual Consciousness Development: An Organic Inquiry into the Development of a Psycho-spiritually Rewarding Menstrual Relationship. PhD thesis, Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, Palo Alto.
Maynard, Mary, and June Purvis 1994 Researching Women’s Lives from a Feminist Perspective. Taylor & Francis, London.
McKeever, Patricia 1984 The Perpetuation of Menstrual Shame: Implications and Directions. Women and Health 9(4): 33-47. doi:10.1300/J013v09n04_04.
Mongan, Marie 2005 HypnoBirthing: The Mongan Method, 3rd ed. Health Communications Inc, Deerfield Beach, FL.
Murphy-Lawless, Jo 1988 The Silencing of Women in Childbirth or Let’s Hear it from Bartholomew and the Boys. Women’s Studies International Forum 11(4): 293-98. doi:10.1016/0277-5395(88)90066-0.
Reading Birth and Death. Cork University Press, Cork.
Noble, Vicki 1991 Shakti Woman: Feeling Our Fire, Healing Our World. Harper, San Francisco, CA.
Blood Mysteries and Women’s Spirituality. Wisdom Talks, 14 December. Online: www.mosaradio.net/episodes/APWT061214no (accessed January 16, 2007).
Odent, Michel 1984 Birth Reborn. Souvenir Press, London.
Offerman-Zuckerberg, Joan (ed.) 1988 Critical Psychophysical Passages in the Life of a Woman: A Psycho-dynamic Perspective. Plenum Medical Book Co., New York.
O’Reilly, Andrea 2006 Mothering as Resistance, Activism and Social Change. Plenary Presentation at Locating Women’s Studies: Formations of Power and Resistance, National Women’s Studies Association (NWSA) 27th Annual Conference, Oakland, CA.
Owen, Lara 1998 Honoring Menstruation: A Time of Self-Renewal. The Crossing Press, Freedom, CA.
Rees, Colin 1997 Introduction to Research for Midwives. Books for Midwives, London.
Reilly, Patricia 1995 A God Who Looks Like Me: Discovering a Woman-affirming Spirituality. Ballantine Books, New York.
Rutter, Virginia B. 1993 Woman, Changing Woman. Harper Collins, New York.
Shuttle, Penelope, and Peter Redgrove 1978 The Wise Wound. Harper Collins, London.
Spretnak, Charlene 1991 States of Grace: The Recovery of Meaning in the Postmodern Age. Harper, San Francisco.
Stone, Merlin 1976 When God Was a Woman. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, New York.
Suzuki, Daisetz 1974 Introduction to Zen Buddhism. Causeway Books, New York.
Wagner, Marsden 2004 Welcoming Baby, or Not: Are Men, Machines, and Hospitals Really Necessary for a Healthy Childbirth? American Sexuality Magazine, National Sexuality Resource Center (NSRC), San Francisco State University. Online: http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/HTMLArticle.cfm?Article=661&Print=1&SID=E055DEA67DD1 (accessed June 14, 2007).
Wickham, Sara 2004 Sacred Cycles: The Spiral of Women’s Wellbeing. Free Association Books, London.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Equinox Publishing Ltd.