Satanic Tourism
Theodicy, Suffering, and Evil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/arsr.v24i2.194Keywords:
Satanism, cultural repertoires, theodicy, youth rebellion, teenage religionAbstract
This article argues that some Satanic theodicies used by Christians to explain experiences of suffering can also encourage young people to engage in Satanic tourism. Popular and religious explanations often blame Satan, and Satanic cults, for the rebellious behaviour of teenage Satanists. A number of sociological studies have suggested that Satanic symbols and imagery are secondary overlays and that poverty and social exclusion are the primary sources of adolescent Satanism. I argue that Satanic theodicies are a significant influence on the choice of some rebellious youth to engage in Satanic practices. The argument is illustrated with a long extract from an interview with a teenage Satanic tourist who experienced significant childhood trauma. This paper places a young woman’s Satanic tourism in the context of a more general analysis of theodicies of good and evil. It focuses on the use of Satanic symbols by the young woman and her family, and their role in her interpretation of, and response to, an experience of significant childhood suffering.
References
Alexander, Jeffrey 2001 Toward a Sociology of Evil: Getting beyond Modernist Common Sense about the Alternative to ‘the Good’. In Rethinking Evil, edited by M. Lara, 153-72. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Alford, C. Fred 1997 What Evil Means to Us. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Aloi, Peg 2007 A Charming Spell: The Intentional and Unintentional Influence of Popular Media upon Teenage Witchcraft in America. In The New Generation of Witches: Teenage Witchcraft in Contemporary Culture, edited by H. Johnston and P. Aloi, 13-128. Ashgate, London.
Arnett, Jeffrey 1996 Metal Heads: Heavy Metal Music and Adolescent Alienation. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
Bauman, Zygmunt 1989 Modernity and the Holocaust. Polity Press, Oxford.
Belitz, Jerald, and Anita Schacht 1992 Satanism as a Response to Abuse. Adolescence 27(108): 855-72.
Berger, Peter 1967 The Social Reality of Religion. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Berger, Helen, and Douglas Ezzy 2007 Teenage Witches. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
Brewer, James, and Gareth Higgins 1999 Understanding Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland. Sociology 33(2): 235-55.
Clarke, Stuart 1999 Splitting Difference: Psychoanalysis, Hatred and Exclusion. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 29(1): 21-35.
Connolly, William 2005 Pluralism. Duke University Press, Durham, NC.
Douglas, Mary 1966 Purity and Danger. Routledge, London.
Ellis, Bill 1992 Satanic Ritual Abuse and Legend Ostension. Psychology and Theology 20(3): 274-78.
Emerson, Shirley, and Yvonne Syron 1995 Adolescent Satanism: Rebellion Masquerading as Religion. Counseling and Values 39(2): 145-59.
Fine, Gary, and Jeffrey Victor 1994 Satanic Tourism: Adolescent Dabblers and Identity Work. Phi Delta Kappan 76(1): 70-72.
Greenwood, Susuan 2000 Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld: An Anthropology. Berg, Oxford.
Hanegraaff, Wouter 1996 New Age Religion and Western Culture. E.J. Brill, Leiden.
Harvey, Graham 1995 Satanism in Britain Today. Journal of Contemporary Religion 10(3): 283-96.
Satanism: Performing Alterity and Othering. Syzygy: Journal of Alternative Religion and Culture 11(1): 53-68.
Hermonen, Merja 2006 Satanism in Finnish Youth Culture of the 1990s. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Helskinki, Finland.
Hunsberger, Bruce 1995 Religion and Prejudice: The Role of Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Right-wing Authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues 51(2): 113-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01326.x.
Kahn-Harris, Keith 2007 Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge. Berg, Oxford.
Kearney, Richard 2003 Strangers, Gods and Monsters: Interpreting Otherness. Routledge, London.
Kellehear, Allan 1996 Experiences Near Death: Beyond Medicine and Religion. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford.
Kramer, Heinrich, and Jacob Sprenger 1996 Malleus Maleficarum, translated by M. Summers. Bracken Books, London.
La Fontaine, Jean 1998 The Extent and Nature of Organized Ritual Abuse: Research Findings. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
Lanning, Kenneth 1992 Investigator’s Guide to Allegations of ‘Ritual’ Child Abuse. National Centre for the Analysis of Violent crime, FBI Academy, Quantico, VA.
Lewis, James 2001 Who Serves Satan? A Demographic and Ideological Profile. Marburg Journal of Religion 6(2): 1-10.
Diabolical Authority: Anton LaVey, The Satanic Bible and the Satanist ‘Tradition’. Marburg Journal of Religion 7(1): 1-13.
Lowney, Katherine 1995 Teenage Satanism as Oppositional Youth Subculture. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 23(4): 453-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124195023004003.
Luhrmann, Tanya 1989 Persuasions of the Witch’s Craft. Blackwell, Oxford.
Nussbaum, Martha 2004 Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Phillipov, Michelle 2006 ‘None So Vile’? Towards an Ethics of Death Metal. Southern Review 38(2): 74-85.
Richardson, James, Joel Best, and David Bromley (eds.) 1991 The Satanism Scare. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.
Singleton, Andrew 2001 No Sympathy for the Devil: Narratives about Evil. Journal of Contemporary Religion 16(2):177-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537900120040654.
Staub, Ervin 1999 The Roots of Evil: Social Conditions, Culture, Personality, and Basic Human Needs. Personality and Social Psychology Review 3(3): 179-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_2.
Steck, Gary, Stephen Anderson, and William Boylin 1992 Satanism among Adolescents. Adolescence 27(108): 901-14.
Swatos, William 1992 Adolescent Satanism: A Research Note on Exploratory Survey Data. Review of Religious Research 34(2): 161-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3511132.
Swidler, Ann 1986 Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies. American Sociological Review 51(2): 273-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2095521.
Victor, Jeffrey 1994 Fundamentalist Religion and the Moral Crusade against Satanism. Deviant Behaviour 15(1): 305-34. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/01639625.1994.9967975.
Woodman, Justin 1997 Psychologising Satan: Contemporary Satanism, Satanic-Abuse Allegations, and the Secularisation of Evil. Scottish Journal of Religious Studies 18(2): 129-45.
Worth, Valerie 1971 The Crone’s Book of Words. Llewellyn, St Paul, MN.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Equinox Publishing Ltd.