Changing Patterns of Religious Practice and Belief among Church-attending Catholic Women in Australia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.37574Keywords:
Catholic Church, women and religion, generations, church attenders, religious identityAbstract
In Australia, women currently outnumber men in both Catholic congregations and the Catholic workforce. However, for complex reasons, the Mass attendance rates of women are declining. In opposition to this general shift away from church participation, a small yet significant group of Catholic women are still engaging in parish life. Using quantitative analysis to examine data collected in the 2006, 2011 and 2016 National Church Life Survey (NCLS), this article will explore the private and public practices, orthodoxy, and religious salience of Catholic church-attending women in Australia. It will consider reasons for an overall reduction in these measures of religiosity in successive generations and investigate apparent anomalies that find younger Catholic church-attending women possessing measures of religious practice that contest the notion of a uniform generational decline in Catholic women's religiosity.
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Leon, Gabriel, and Charles Van Liew. 2017. Intergenerational Religious Transmission and Conversion in the United States: Are the Effects of Parental Religion Moderated by Parental Religion Concordance, Education, Geography, and Generation? Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion 28: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004348936_002
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McEwan, Tracy, and Kathleen McPhillips. 2017. Re-framing Religious Identity and Belief: Gen X Women and the Catholic Church. Journal for the Academic Study of Religion 30(3): 205–26. Online: https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/33612 (accessed June 22, 2018).
McGuire, Meredith B. 2008. Lived Religion: Faith and Practice in Everyday Life. Oxford University Press, New York.
McPhillips, Kathleen. 2006. Believing in Post-modernity: Technologies of Enchantment in Contemporary Marian Devotion. In Popular Spiritualities: The Politics of Contemporary Enchantment, edited by Lynne Hume and Kathleen McPhillips, 147–58. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK; Burlington, VT.
—2017. Royal Commission Hearings Show Catholic Church Faces a Massive Reform Task. The Conversation, February 13. Online: https://theconversation.com/royal-commission-hearings-show-catholic-church-faces-a-massive-reform-task-72809 (accessed April 20, 2017).
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Powell, Ruth, Miriam Pepper, Sam Sterland, Nicole Hancock, Kathy Jacka and Chris Ehler. 2016. 2016 NCLS Church Life Profile: Catholic Church Attenders in 2016, 2011 and 2006. NCLS Research, Sydney, NSW.
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Rose, Gerald, Philip Hughes and Gary D. Bouma. 2014. Re-imagining Church: Positive Ministry Responses to the Age of Experience. Christian Research Association, Nunawading, VIC.
Ross, Susan A. 2013. Joys and Hopes, Griefs and Anxieties: Catholic Women since Vatican II. New Theology Review 25(2): 30–38.
Rymarz, Richard. 2007. The Impact of World Youth Day: A Twelve Month Follow-up of Under 18 Australian WYD 2005 Participants. Australasian Catholic Record 84(4): 387–400.
—2009. Who Will Labor in the Vineyard? The New Catholic Mentality and Religious Commitment. Journal of Religion and Society 11: 1–17.
Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth. 2016. Congress of Women: Religion, Gender, and Kyriarchal Power. FSR Books, Indianapolis, IN.
Smith, Christian, Kyle Longest, Jonathon Hill and Kari Christoffersen. 2014. Young Catholic America: Emerging Adults In, Out of, and Gone from the Church. Oxford University Press, New York.
Taylor, Charles. 2012. The Church Speaks—to Whom? In Church and People: Disjunctions in a Secular Age, edited by Charles Taylor, José Casanova and George F. McLean, 17–24. The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, Washington, DC.
Warner, Marina. 2016. Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Winter, Miriam Therese, Adair Lummis and Alison Stokes. 1995. Defecting in Place: Women Claiming Responsibility for their Own Spiritual Lives. Crossroad, New York.
Wuthnow, Robert. 2007. After the Baby Boomers: How Twenty- and Thirty-Somethings are Shaping the Future of American Religion. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400831227
Alwin, Duane F., and Ryan J. McCammon. 2003. Generations, Cohorts, and Social Change. In Handbook of the Life Course, edited by Jeylan T. Mortimer and Michael J. Shanahan, 23–50. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0099
Bengston, Vern L., Norella M. Putney and Susan Harris. 2013. Families and Faith: How Religion is Passed Down across Generations. Oxford University Press, New York.
Bouma, Gary D., and Michael Mason. 1995. Baby Boomers Downunder: The Case of Australia. In The Post-War Generation and the Establishment of Religion: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, edited by Wade Clark Roof, Jackson W. Carroll and David A. Roozen, chapter 2. Westview Press, Boulder, CO; Oxford, UK. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/37.4.909
Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1983. The Code of Canon Law in English Translation. Collins Liturgical Publications, London, UK.
Castle, Keith. 2006a. 2006 NCLS Attender Sample Survey AC [computer file]. NCLS Research, Sydney, NSW.
—2006b. 2006 NCLS Attender Sample Survey W [computer file]. NCLS Research, Sydney, NSW.
Catholic Church. 2000. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd ed. St Pauls, Strathfield, NSW.
Cleary, Anthony. 2013. World Youth Day: What Difference Does It Make? Pointers: Bulletin of the Christian Research Association 23(4): 9–12.
Dillon, Michele. 1999. Catholic Identity: Balancing Reason, Faith, and Power. Cambridge University Press, New York. 2018. Postsecular Catholicism: Relevance and Renewal. Oxford University Press, New York.
Dillon, Michele, and Paul Wink. 2007. In the Course of a Lifetime: Tracing Religious Belief, Practice, and Change. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Dixon, Robert. 2005. The Catholic Community in Australia. Openbook Publishers, Adelaide, SA.
—2006. Variation by Age in Parish Involvement Scores of Catholic Church Attenders in Australia, New Zealand and the United States: Age Effect or Generational Effect? Journal of Beliefs & Values 27(1): 81–93. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13617670600594509 (accessed October 6, 2018).
—2013. What Do Mass Attenders Believe? Australasian Catholic Record 90(4): 439–58.
—2014. The Changing Face of the Catholic Community in Australia: Challenges for Catholic Social Service Organisations. In Listening, Learning and Leading: The Impact of Catholic Identity and Mission, edited by Gabrielle McMullen and John Warhurst, 123–39. Connor Court, Ballarat, VIC.
—2018. Generational Analysis of Responses by Women to Selected Items in Selected NCLS Attender Questionnaires, 2001–2016. Commissioned Results Report, ACBC National Centre for Pastoral Research, Canberra, ACT.
Dixon, Robert, Trudy Dantis and Stephen Reid. 2015. Social Profile of the Catholic Community in Australia based on the 2011 Australian Census. ACBC Pastoral Research Office, Fitzroy, VIC.
Dixon, Robert, Jane McMahon, Stephen Reid, George Keryk and Annemarie Atapattu. 2017. Our Work Matters: Catholic Church Employers and Employees in Australia. ACBC Pastoral Research Office; ACCR, Fitzroy, VIC.
Everingham, Christine, Deborah Stevenson and Penny Warner-Smith. 2007. ‘Things are Getting Better all the Time’? Challenging the Narrative of Women’s Progress from a Generational Perspective. Sociology 41(3): 419–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038507076615
Faggioli, Massimo. 2012. Vatican II: The Battle for Meaning, Kindle edn. Paulist Press, New York.
—2015. A Council for the Global Church: Receiving Vatican II in History. Fortress Press, Minneapolis, MN.
—2017. Catholicism and Citizenship: Political Cultures of the Church in the Twenty-First Century. Liturgical Press, Collegeville, MN.
Gibson, Diane. 2003. Getting Better Will Take Some Time: The Effects of Social Policy on Four Generations of Older Women. Australian Feminist Studies 18(41): 173–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164640301731
Hervieu-Léger, Danièle. 2012. Mapping the Contemporary Forms of Catholic Religiosity (Some Suggestions to Make Things More Confused…). In Church and People: Disjunctions in a Secular Age, edited by Charles Taylor, José Casanova and George F. McLean, 17–24. The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, Washington, DC.
Hilliard, David. 1997. The Religious Crisis of the 1960s: The Experience of Australian Churches. Journal of Religious History 21(2): 209–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.00035
Hinsdale, Mary Ann. 2015. A Feminist Reflection on Postconciliar Catholic Ecclesiology. In A Church with Open Doors: Catholic Ecclesiology for the Third Millennium, epub edn, edited by Richard R. Gaillardetz and Edward P. Hahnenberg. Liturgical Press, Collegeville, MN. https://doi.org/10.1017/hor.2016.74
Hughes, Philip. 2017. Immigration and its Continuing Impact on Religion in Australia. Pointers: Bulletin of the Christian Research Association 27(4): 1–6.
Johnson, Elizabeth A. 2002. Imaging God, Embodying Christ: Women as a Sign of the Times. In The Church Women Want: Catholic Women in Dialogue, edited by Elizabeth A. Johnson, 45–59. Crossroad, New York.
—2015. Jesus and Women: ‘You are Set Free’. In Catholic Women Speak: Bringing Our Gifts to the Table, edited by the Catholic Women Speak Network, 19–22. Paulist Press, New York; Mahwah, NJ.
Leon, Gabriel, and Charles Van Liew. 2017. Intergenerational Religious Transmission and Conversion in the United States: Are the Effects of Parental Religion Moderated by Parental Religion Concordance, Education, Geography, and Generation? Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion 28: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004348936_002
Mackay, Hugh. 1997. Generations: Baby Boomers, their Parents and their Children. Pan Macmillan, Sydney, NSW.
—1998. Three Generations: The Changing Values and Political Outlook of Australians. Parliament of Australia, Canberra, ACT. Online: https://www.aph.gov.au/senate/~/~/link.aspx?_id=55EBCBDD06BE48DD83503B1956A7366B&_z=z (accessed June 1, 2018).
Macdonald, Marie, Peter Carpenter, Sandie Cornish, Michael Costigan, Robert Dixon, Margaret Malone, Kevin Manning and Sonia Wagner. 1999. Woman and Man: One in Christ Jesus. Harper Collins, Sydney, NSW.
Mannheim, Karl. 2007. The Problem of Generations. In Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge: Collected Works Volume 5, edited by Paul Kecskemeti, 276–320. Routledge, New York.
Mason, Michael, Andrew Singleton and Ruth Webber. 2007. The Spirit of Generation Y: Young People’s Spirituality in a Changing Australia. John Garratt Publishing, Mulgrave, VIC.
Massam, Katharine. 2014. The Catholic Church. In The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia. Online: http://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0440b.htm (accessed April 20, 2017).
McEwan, Tracy, and Kathleen McPhillips. 2017. Re-framing Religious Identity and Belief: Gen X Women and the Catholic Church. Journal for the Academic Study of Religion 30(3): 205–26. Online: https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/33612 (accessed June 22, 2018).
McGuire, Meredith B. 2008. Lived Religion: Faith and Practice in Everyday Life. Oxford University Press, New York.
McPhillips, Kathleen. 2006. Believing in Post-modernity: Technologies of Enchantment in Contemporary Marian Devotion. In Popular Spiritualities: The Politics of Contemporary Enchantment, edited by Lynne Hume and Kathleen McPhillips, 147–58. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK; Burlington, VT.
—2017. Royal Commission Hearings Show Catholic Church Faces a Massive Reform Task. The Conversation, February 13. Online: https://theconversation.com/royal-commission-hearings-show-catholic-church-faces-a-massive-reform-task-72809 (accessed April 20, 2017).
Miller, Donald E., and Arpi Misha Miller. 2000. Understanding Generation X: Values, Politics and Religious Commitments. In GenX Religion, edited by Richard W. Flory and Donald E. Miller, 1–14. Routledge, London and New York.
O’Malley, John W. 2008. What Happened at Vatican II. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and London.
Pepper, Miriam, Ruth Powell, Sam Sterland and Nicole Hancock. 2018. Twenty-five Years of Data on Australian Churches: Strengths and Limitations. In Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 29, edited by Andrew Village and Ralph W. Hood, 189–203. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004382640_011
Pope Paul VI. 1964. Ecclesiam suam. Online: http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam.html (accessed September 21, 2018).
Possamai, Adam. 2009. Sociology of Religion for Generations X and Y. Acumen, Durham, UK.
Powell, Ruth. 2011a. 2011 NCLS Attender Sample Survey AC [computer file]. NCLS Research, Sydney, NSW.
—2011b. 2011 NCLS Attender Sample Survey S3 [computer file]. NCLS Research, Sydney, NSW.
Powell, Ruth, Miriam Pepper, Nicole Hancock, Sam Sterland and Robert Dixon. 2016a. 2016 NCLS Attender Sample Survey AC [computer file]. NCLS Research, Sydney, NSW. 2016b. 2016 NCLS Attender Sample Survey S3 [computer file]. NCLS Research, Sydney, NSW.
Powell, Ruth, Miriam Pepper, Sam Sterland, Nicole Hancock, Kathy Jacka and Chris Ehler. 2016. 2016 NCLS Church Life Profile: Catholic Church Attenders in 2016, 2011 and 2006. NCLS Research, Sydney, NSW.
Roberts, Ellouise. 2013. Women in the Australian Workforce: A 2013 Update. Online: http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2013/March/Women_in_the_Australian_workforce_A_2013_update (accessed April 1, 2017).
Rose, Gerald, Philip Hughes and Gary D. Bouma. 2014. Re-imagining Church: Positive Ministry Responses to the Age of Experience. Christian Research Association, Nunawading, VIC.
Ross, Susan A. 2013. Joys and Hopes, Griefs and Anxieties: Catholic Women since Vatican II. New Theology Review 25(2): 30–38.
Rymarz, Richard. 2007. The Impact of World Youth Day: A Twelve Month Follow-up of Under 18 Australian WYD 2005 Participants. Australasian Catholic Record 84(4): 387–400.
—2009. Who Will Labor in the Vineyard? The New Catholic Mentality and Religious Commitment. Journal of Religion and Society 11: 1–17.
Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth. 2016. Congress of Women: Religion, Gender, and Kyriarchal Power. FSR Books, Indianapolis, IN.
Smith, Christian, Kyle Longest, Jonathon Hill and Kari Christoffersen. 2014. Young Catholic America: Emerging Adults In, Out of, and Gone from the Church. Oxford University Press, New York.
Taylor, Charles. 2012. The Church Speaks—to Whom? In Church and People: Disjunctions in a Secular Age, edited by Charles Taylor, José Casanova and George F. McLean, 17–24. The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, Washington, DC.
Warner, Marina. 2016. Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Winter, Miriam Therese, Adair Lummis and Alison Stokes. 1995. Defecting in Place: Women Claiming Responsibility for their Own Spiritual Lives. Crossroad, New York.
Wuthnow, Robert. 2007. After the Baby Boomers: How Twenty- and Thirty-Somethings are Shaping the Future of American Religion. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400831227
Published
2019-06-25
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Articles
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Equinox Publishing Ltd.
How to Cite
McEwan, T. (2019). Changing Patterns of Religious Practice and Belief among Church-attending Catholic Women in Australia. Journal for the Academic Study of Religion, 31(3), 186-215. https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.37574
