The Resources of Religious Humanitarianism
The Case of Migrants on Lampedusa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.36453Keywords:
humanitarianism, Catholic Church, Religion, Lampedusa, Migration, Pope FrancisAbstract
In the contemporary flow of irregular migrants worldwide, the predicaments of humanitarian work have become a source of public controversy and political disputation. Situated in the discourse of religion in international relations (IR), this introductory article considers conduct available to religious actors in response to the humanitarian challenge. Drawing on the case of refugees reaching the Italian territory of Lampedusa, the article offers a consideration of Pope Francis' visit to the island in 2013 via two interpretive modes of IR postsecularism. This approach, we argue, highlights the value of postsecular IR frameworks to interpret different dimensions of religious agency and to understand the unique resources available to religious actors in humanitarian advocacy.
References
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Catania, R. Tina. 2015. Making Immigrants Visible in Lampedusa: Pope Francis, Migration and the State. Italian Studies 70(4): 465-86. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00751634.2015.1120951.
Chandler, David. 2001. The Road of Military Humanitarianism. Human Rights Quarterly 23(3): 678-700. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2001.0031.
Cooper, Melinda. 2015. The Theology of Emergency: Welfare Reform, US Foreign Aid and the Faith-Based Initiative. Theory, Culture & Society 32(2): 53-77. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276413508448.
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Hutchings, Kimberly. 2018. Global Ethics: An Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.
Ignatieff, Michael. 2001. Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry, edited by Amy Gutman. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
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Kennedy, David. 2002. The International Human Rights Movement: Part of the Problem? Harvard Human Rights Journal 15: 101-26.
Maddox, Marion. 2015. Finding God in Global Politics. International Political Science Review 36(2): 185-96. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512113509419.
Marshall, Katherine. 2013. Revisiting the Religious Revival in Development: A Critique of Philip Fountain. International Development Policy 4: 41-52. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137329387_3.
Mavelli, Luca, and Fabio Petito. 2012. The Postsecular in International Relations: An Overview. Review of International Studies 38(5): 931-42. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026021051200040X.
McDermott, Gerald. 2017. Is Pope Francis a Liberal Protestant? First Things, November. Online: https://www.?rstthings.com/web-exclusives/2017/11/is-pope-francis-a-liberal-protestant (accessed 10 March 2018).
McDuie-Ra, Duncan, and John Rees. 2010. Religious Actors, Civil Society and the Development Agenda: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion. Journal of International Development 22(1): 20-36. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1537.
Omer, Atalia. 2018. When ‘Good Religion’ Is Good. Journal of Religious & Political Practice 4(1): 122-36. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20566093.2017.1396089.
Pattison, James. 2010. Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect: Who Should Intervene? Oxford University Press, Oxford. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561049.001.0001.
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Radoki, Carole. 2014. A Framework for Analysing the Links between Religion and Development. In Religion, Religious Organisations and Development, edited by Carole Radoki, 14-30. Routledge: Abingdon, Oxon.
Rawson, Stefania Varnero. 2017. Pope Francis’ Af?rmative Ecology for Paci?c Islands Indigenous Community. Philippiniana Sacra 52(157): 877-94.
Rees, John A. 2011. Religion in International Politics and Development: The World Bank and Faith Institutions. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2017.1304849.
Rees, John A. 2014. Religion in the Syntax of Power: A Postsecular Perspective on International Relations. Politics, Religion and Ideology 15(3): 456-72.
Rees, John A.. 2017. Intersectionality, International Relations and the Possibility of Religion Policy. Politics, Religion and Ideology 18(1): 100-103.
Rowlands, Anna. 2017. After Lesvos and Lampedusa: The European ‘Crisis’ and Its Challenge to Catholic Social Thought. Journal of Catholic Social Thought 14(1): 63-85. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5840/jcathsoc20171416.
Samuel, Vinay. 2001. The World Bank and the Churches: Re?ections at the Outset of a New Partnership. In Faith in Development: Partnership Between the World Bank and the Churches of Africa, edited by D. Belshaw, R. Calderisi, and C. Sugden, 237-44. Regnum, Oxford.
Shah, Timothy, Alfred Stepan, and Monica Toft (eds.). 2012. Rethinking Religion and World Affairs. Routledge, Milton Park, UK. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199827978.001.0001.
Snyder, Susanna. 2012. Asylum-Seeking, Migration and Church. Ashgate, Farnham, UK.
Sweas, Megan. 2015. Could Pope Francis Change Hearts and Minds on Immigration on a Global Scale? The Washington Post, 11 June. Online: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2015/06/11/could-pope-francis-change-hearts-and-minds-on-immigration-on-a-global-scale/?utm_term=.d847c3cfbfa0 (accessed 10 January 2019).
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United Nations. 1958. United Nations Convention on the Continental Shelf. Treaty Services 499: 311.
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Wheeler, Nicholas J.. 2000. Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Wilson, Erin K., and Luca Mavelli. 2017. The Refugee Crisis and Religion: Beyond Conceptual and Physical Boundaries. In The Refugee Crisis and Religion: Secularism, Security and Hospitality in Question, edited by Erin K. Wilson and Luca Mavelli, 1-22. Rowman & Little?eld, London.
Woodhead, Linda. 2011. Five Concepts of Religion. International Review of Sociology 21(1): 121-43. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2011.544192.
Zigon, Jarrett. 2014. Maintaining the ‘Truth’: Performativity, Human Rights, and the Limitations on Politics. Theory and Event 17(3). Online: muse.jhu.edu/article/553385 (accessed 26 February 2019).
Zolo, Danilo. 2002. Invoking Humanity: War, Law and Global Order. Translated by Frederico Poole and Gordon Poole. Continuum, London.
Agamben, Giorgio. 1998. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Translated by D. Heller-Roazen. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
Agamben, Giorgio. 2005. State of Exception. Translated by K. Attell. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Ager, A., and J. Ager. 2017. Challenging the Discourse on Religion, Secularism and Displacement. In The Refugee Crisis and Religion: Secularism, Security and Hospitality in Question, edited by Luca Mavelli and Erin K. Wilson, 37-52. Rowman & Little?eld, London.
Appleby, Scott. 2003. Retrieving the Missing Dimension of Statecraft: Religious Faith in the Service of Peacebuilding. In Faith-Based Diplomacy, edited by D. Johnston, 231-58. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York.
Balibar, Etienne. 2010. Europe: Final Crisis? Some Theses. Theory & Event 13(2). Online: https://muse.jhu.edu/ (accessed 19 January 2019).
Barbato, Mariano. 2017. Pilgrim City or Belonging beyond the State: St. Augustine, Pope Francis and the Refugee Crisis. In The Refugee Crisis and Religion: Secularism, Security and Hospitality in Question, edited by Luca Mavelli and Erin K. Wilson, 131-44. Rowman & Little?eld, London.
Benhabib, Seyla. 2002. The Claims of Culture. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Boomgaarden, Haio G., and André Friere. 2009. Religion and Euroscepticism: Direct, Indirect or No Effects? West European Politics 32(6): 1240-65. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380903230686.
Bosco, Robert M. 2009. Persistent Orientalisms: The Concept of Religion in International Relations. Journal of International Relations and Development 12(1): 90-111. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2008.27.
Catania, R. Tina. 2015. Making Immigrants Visible in Lampedusa: Pope Francis, Migration and the State. Italian Studies 70(4): 465-86. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00751634.2015.1120951.
Chandler, David. 2001. The Road of Military Humanitarianism. Human Rights Quarterly 23(3): 678-700. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2001.0031.
Cooper, Melinda. 2015. The Theology of Emergency: Welfare Reform, US Foreign Aid and the Faith-Based Initiative. Theory, Culture & Society 32(2): 53-77. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276413508448.
Dixon, Tim, Stephen Hawkins, Laurence Heijbroek, Miriam Juan-Torres, and François-Xavier Demoures. 2018. Attitudes Towards National Identity, Immigration and Refugees in Italy. More in Common, New York. Online: https://www.moreincommon.com/italy-report1 (accessed 10 January 2019).
Douzinas, Costas. 2013. The Paradoxes of Human Rights. Constellations 20(1): 51-67. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cons.12021.
Dunn, Elizabeth C., and Jason Conns. 2014. Aleatory Sovereignty and the Rule of Sensitive Spaces. Antipode 46(1): 92-109. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12028.
Etzioni, Amitai. 2007. Security First: For a Muscular, Moral Foreign Policy. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Ferris, Elizabeth. 2005. Faith-Based and Secular Humanitarian Organisations. International Review of the Red Cross 87(858): 311-25. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383100181366.
Fountain, Philip. 2013. The Myth of Religious NGOs: Development Studies and the Return of Religion. International Development Policy: Religion and Development 4: 9-30. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137329387_2.
Friese, Heidrun. 2010. The Limits of Hospitality: Political Philosophy, Undocumented Migration and the Local Arena. European Journal of Social Theory 13(3): 323-41. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431010371755.
Frontex: European Border and Coast Guard Agency. 2014. People Smugglers: The Latter Day Slave Merchants. Online: https://frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/focus/people-smugglers-the-latter-day-slave-merchants-UArKn1 (accessed 12 January 2019).
Groody, Daniel G. 2017. Cup of Suffering, Chalice of Salvation: Refugees, Lampedusa, and the Eucharist. Theological Studies 78 (4): 960-87. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0040563917731745.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1998. The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Habermas, Jürgen. 2008. Between Naturalism and Religion. Translated by Ciaran Cronin. Polity, Malden, MA.
Heyer, Kristin. 2018. Internalized Borders: Immigration Ethics in the Age of Trump. Theological Studies 79(1): 146-64. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0040563917744396.
Hoffman, Peter J., and Thomas G. Weiss. 2017. Humanitarianism, War, and Politics: Solferino to Syria and Beyond. Rowman & Little?eld, Lanham, MD.
Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman. 2015. Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Hutchings, Kimberly. 2018. Global Ethics: An Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.
Ignatieff, Michael. 2001. Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry, edited by Amy Gutman. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
IOM (International Organisation for Migration). 2014. IOM Applauds Italy’s Life-Saving Mare Nostrum Operation: ‘Not a Migrant Pull Factor’. Online: https://www.iom.int/news/iom-applauds-italys-life-saving-mare-nostrum-operation-not-migrant-pull-factor (accessed 12 January 2019).
IOM (International Organisation for Migration). 2015. Migrant Arrivals by Sea in Italy Top 170,000 in 2014. Online: https://www.iom.int/news/migrant-arrivals-sea-italy-top-170000-2014 (accessed 12 January 2019).
IOM (International Organisation for Migration). 2017. Press Release: Mediterranean Migrant Arrivals Reach 138,232 in 2017; Deaths Reach 2,658. Online: https://www.iom.int/news/mediterranean-migrant-arrivals-reach-138232-2017-deaths-reach-2658 (accessed 12 January 2019).
IOM (International Organisation for Migration). 2019. Key Migration Terms. Online: https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms (accessed 23 January 2019).
Jaspers, Karl. 1999. [1963] Philosophy and the World: Selected Essays. Regnery, Washington, DC.
Kennedy, David. 2002. The International Human Rights Movement: Part of the Problem? Harvard Human Rights Journal 15: 101-26.
Maddox, Marion. 2015. Finding God in Global Politics. International Political Science Review 36(2): 185-96. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512113509419.
Marshall, Katherine. 2013. Revisiting the Religious Revival in Development: A Critique of Philip Fountain. International Development Policy 4: 41-52. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137329387_3.
Mavelli, Luca, and Fabio Petito. 2012. The Postsecular in International Relations: An Overview. Review of International Studies 38(5): 931-42. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026021051200040X.
McDermott, Gerald. 2017. Is Pope Francis a Liberal Protestant? First Things, November. Online: https://www.?rstthings.com/web-exclusives/2017/11/is-pope-francis-a-liberal-protestant (accessed 10 March 2018).
McDuie-Ra, Duncan, and John Rees. 2010. Religious Actors, Civil Society and the Development Agenda: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion. Journal of International Development 22(1): 20-36. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1537.
Omer, Atalia. 2018. When ‘Good Religion’ Is Good. Journal of Religious & Political Practice 4(1): 122-36. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20566093.2017.1396089.
Pattison, James. 2010. Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect: Who Should Intervene? Oxford University Press, Oxford. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561049.001.0001.
Petito, Fabio, and Pavlos Hatzopoulos (eds.). 2003. Religion in International Relations: The Return From Exile. Palgrave, London.
Pfanner, Toni. 2005. Editorial. International Review of the Red Cross 87(858): 237-41. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383100181305.
Pollack, Detlef, and Gergely Rosta. 2017. Religion and Modernity: An International Comparison. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801665.001.0001.
Pope Francis. 2013. Visit to Lampedusa: Homily of Holy Father Francis. 8 July. Online: http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/homilies/2013/documents/papa-francesco_20130708_omelia-lampedusa.html (accessed 10 July 2018).
Pope Francis. 2014. Address of Pope Francis to the European Parliament. Presented at the Visit of His Holiness Pope Francis to the European Parliament and to the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France, 25 November. Online: http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2014/november/documents/papa-francesco_20141125_strasburgo-parlamento-europeo.pdf (accessed 4 January 2019).
Pope Francis. 2015a. Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ of the Holy Father Francis On Care For Our Common Home. Online: http://w2.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf (accessed 20 March 2018).
Pope Francis. 2015b. Message of his Holiness Pope Francis for the 101st World Day of Migrants and Refugees. Online: http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/messages/migration/documents/papa-francesco_20140903_world-migrants-day-2015.html.
Radoki, Carole. 2014. A Framework for Analysing the Links between Religion and Development. In Religion, Religious Organisations and Development, edited by Carole Radoki, 14-30. Routledge: Abingdon, Oxon.
Rawson, Stefania Varnero. 2017. Pope Francis’ Af?rmative Ecology for Paci?c Islands Indigenous Community. Philippiniana Sacra 52(157): 877-94.
Rees, John A. 2011. Religion in International Politics and Development: The World Bank and Faith Institutions. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2017.1304849.
Rees, John A. 2014. Religion in the Syntax of Power: A Postsecular Perspective on International Relations. Politics, Religion and Ideology 15(3): 456-72.
Rees, John A.. 2017. Intersectionality, International Relations and the Possibility of Religion Policy. Politics, Religion and Ideology 18(1): 100-103.
Rowlands, Anna. 2017. After Lesvos and Lampedusa: The European ‘Crisis’ and Its Challenge to Catholic Social Thought. Journal of Catholic Social Thought 14(1): 63-85. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5840/jcathsoc20171416.
Samuel, Vinay. 2001. The World Bank and the Churches: Re?ections at the Outset of a New Partnership. In Faith in Development: Partnership Between the World Bank and the Churches of Africa, edited by D. Belshaw, R. Calderisi, and C. Sugden, 237-44. Regnum, Oxford.
Shah, Timothy, Alfred Stepan, and Monica Toft (eds.). 2012. Rethinking Religion and World Affairs. Routledge, Milton Park, UK. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199827978.001.0001.
Snyder, Susanna. 2012. Asylum-Seeking, Migration and Church. Ashgate, Farnham, UK.
Sweas, Megan. 2015. Could Pope Francis Change Hearts and Minds on Immigration on a Global Scale? The Washington Post, 11 June. Online: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2015/06/11/could-pope-francis-change-hearts-and-minds-on-immigration-on-a-global-scale/?utm_term=.d847c3cfbfa0 (accessed 10 January 2019).
Thomas, Scott. 2004. Building Communities of Character: Foreign Aid Policy and Faith-Based Institutions. SAIS Review of International Affairs 24(2): 133-48. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2004.0045.
Tyndale, Wendy. 2006. Visions of Development: Faith-Based Initiatives. Ashgate, Hampshire, UK.
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). 2014. Rescue at Sea: A Guide to Principles and Practice as Applied to Migrants and Refugees. Online: https://www.unhcr.org/en-au/450037d34.pdf (accessed 10 January 2019).
United Nations. 1958. United Nations Convention on the Continental Shelf. Treaty Services 499: 311.
Warner, Daniel. 2013. Henry Dunant’s Imagined Community: Humanitarianism and the Tragic. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 38(1): 3-28. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0304375412469315.
Wheeler, Nicholas J.. 2000. Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Wilson, Erin K., and Luca Mavelli. 2017. The Refugee Crisis and Religion: Beyond Conceptual and Physical Boundaries. In The Refugee Crisis and Religion: Secularism, Security and Hospitality in Question, edited by Erin K. Wilson and Luca Mavelli, 1-22. Rowman & Little?eld, London.
Woodhead, Linda. 2011. Five Concepts of Religion. International Review of Sociology 21(1): 121-43. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2011.544192.
Zigon, Jarrett. 2014. Maintaining the ‘Truth’: Performativity, Human Rights, and the Limitations on Politics. Theory and Event 17(3). Online: muse.jhu.edu/article/553385 (accessed 26 February 2019).
Zolo, Danilo. 2002. Invoking Humanity: War, Law and Global Order. Translated by Frederico Poole and Gordon Poole. Continuum, London.
Published
2019-04-05
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Section
Articles
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Equinox Publishing Ltd.
How to Cite
Rees, J. A., & Rawson, S. (2019). The Resources of Religious Humanitarianism: The Case of Migrants on Lampedusa. Journal for the Academic Study of Religion, 31(2), 172-191. https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.36453
