The Case of Non-religious Asylum Seekers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.36227Keywords:
Non-religion, Atheism, Refugees, Asylum SeekersAbstract
In the last ten years there has been increasing focus on the plight of nonreligious and atheist peoples being persecuted in various countries. Some of this focus has come from cases brought to the attention of atheist/humanist organisations such as Atheist Alliance International (AAI), the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) and local groups. Cases are being reported by the non-religious themselves, from within countries where their views are not acceptable, potentially ending in imprisonment or death. For example, cases have been reported within Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Morocco and Indonesia. There have been general concerns over the status of non-religious and atheist refugees due to the wording of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. The UN has recently (2016) confirmed the inclusion of non-religious and atheist refugees under the 'religion' criteria, and some countries, such as the UK, Australia and Canada, have accepted refugees based on persecution due to atheism. However, atheism as a criteria is not clearly accepted by all countries of asylum. This article will look at atheist asylum cases, the need for asylum and the structural difficulties faced by atheist/non-religious asylum seekers.
References
Atheology.ca 2016 Letter from AAI to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Online: https://www.atheology.ca/pdf/aai/reply_unhrc_2016_10_07.pdf (accessed April 7, 2018).
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017 2016 Census Data Reveals ‘No Religion’ Is Rising Fast. Online: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/7E65A144540551D7CA258148000E2B85?OpenDocument (accessed April 2, 2018).
Bagg, Samuel, and David Voas 2010 The Triumph of Indifference: Irreligion in British Society. In Atheism and Secularity. Volume 2, Global Expressions, edited by Phil Zuckerman, 91–112. Praeger, Santa Barbara.
BBC 2014 Atheist Afghan Granted Religious Asylum. Online: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25715736 (accessed April 2, 2018).
Berlit, Uwe, Harald Doerig and Hugo Storey 2015 Credibility Assessment in Claims based on Persecution for Reasons of Religious Conversion and Homosexuality: A Practitioners Approach. International Journal of Refugee Law 27(4): 649-66. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eev053.
Bullivant, Stephen 2018 Europe’s Young Adults and Religion Findings from the European Social Survey (2014–16) to Inform the 2018 Synod of Bishops. Online: https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/research/centres/benedict-xvi/docs/2018-mar-europe-young-people-report-eng.pdf (accessed April 2, 2018).
Bullivant, Stephen, and Lois Lee 2016 Oxford Dictionary of Atheism. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780191816819.001.0001.
Church of the New Faith v. Commissioner of Pay-Roll. 1983 HCA 40; (1983) 154 CLR 120. Australia.
Churgin, Michael J. 2016 Is Religion Different? Is There a Thumb on the Scale in Refugee Convention Appellate Court Adjudication in the United States? Some Preliminary Thoughts. Texas International Law Journal 51(2/3): 213-28.
Cimino, Richard, and Christopher Smith 2014 Atheist Awakening: Secular Activism and Community in America. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199986323.001.0001.
Colaiacovo, Innessa2013 Not Just the Facts: Adjudicator Bias and Decisions of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (2006–2011). Journal of Migration and Human Security 1(4): 122-47.
Cotter, Christopher R. 2011 Toward a Typology of ‘Nonreligion’: A Qualitative Analysis of Everyday Narratives of Scottish University Students. Master of Science by Research in Religious Studies, University of Edinburgh.
Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain 2017 Details on the Cases of Ayaz Nizami and Rana Noman. Online: https://www.ex-muslim.org.uk/2017/03/details-on-the-cases-of-ayaznizami-and-rana-noman/ (accessed November 22, 2018).
CJEU (Court of Justice of the European Union) 2012 PRESS RELEASE No 108/12 Luxembourg, 5 September Judgment in Joined Cases C-71/11 and C-99/11 Bundesrepublik Deutschland v Y and Z.
Craddock, Murray Neumann 2013 Afghan Hazara from Jaghori Converts to Atheism; Granted Refugee Status. Online: http://www.immigrationlaw.com.au/document-401/afghan-hazara-from-jaghori-converts-to-atheism-granted-refugee-status (accessed April 2, 2018).
Cragun, Ryan T. 2015 Who Are the New Atheists? In Atheist Identities: Spaces and Social Contexts, edited by Lori Beaman and Steven Tomlins, 195-211. Springer, New York. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09602-5_12.
2016 Nonreligion and Atheism. In Handbook of Religion and Society, edited by David Yamane, 301-20. Springer, New York.
Cragun, Ryan T., Barry Kosmin, Ariela Keysar, Joseph H. Hammer and Michael Nielsen
2012 On the Receiving End: Discrimination Towards the Non-Religious in the United States. Journal of Contemporary Religion 27(1): 105-27. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2012.642741.
Davis, Comfort, Ayodele Jegede, Robert Leurs, Adegbenga Sunmola and Ukoha Ukiwo 2011 Comparing Religious and Secular NGOs in Nigeria: Are Faith-Based Organizations Distinctive? Working Paper 56, Religions and Development Research Programme, 1-184. University of Birmingham: Birmingham.
Dein, Simon 2016 Attitudes Towards Spirituality and Other Worldly Experiences: An Online Survey of British Humanists. Secularism and Nonreligion 5(1): 1-8.
Demerath, Nicholas J., III 2001 Crossing the Gods: World Religions and Worldly Politics. Rutgers University Press, New York.
Democracy Live Scot 2016 Abuse, Fear & Manipulation: Saudi Arabia’s Hold Inside the UK. YouTube. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtMwV3DCkz0 (accessed November 22, 2018).
Edgell, Penny, Douglas Hartmann, Evan Stewart and Joseph Gerteis 2016 Atheists and Other Cultural Outsiders: Moral Boundaries and the Non-Religious in the United States. Social Forces 95(2): 607-38. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow063.
Ferrari, Silvio (ed.) 2015 Routledge Handbook of Law and Religion. Routledge, London. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203694268.
Ferris, E. 2005 Faith Based and Secular Humanitarian Organisations. International Review of the Red Cross 87(858): 311-25. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383100181366.
Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena, and Alastair Ager 2013 Local Faith Communities and the Promotion of Resilience in Humanitarian Situations. RSC/JLI Working Paper 90. Refugee Studies Centre. University of Oxford, Oxford.
Gervais, Will M., Azim F. Shariff and Ara Norenzayan 2011 Do You Believe in Atheists? Distrust Is Central to Anti-Atheist Prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101(6): 1189–206. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025882.
Gervais, Will M., and Ara Norenzayan 2012 Reminders of Secular Authority Reduce Believers' Distrust of Atheists. Psychological Science 23(5): 1-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611429711.
Gervais, Will M., Dimitris Xygalatas, Ryan T. McKay, Michiel van Elk, Emma E. Buchtel, Mark Aveyard, Sarah R. Schiavone, Ilan Dar-Nimrod, Annika M. Svedholm-Häkkinen, Tapani Riekki, Eva Kundtová Klocová, Jonathan E. Ramsay and Joseph Bulbulia 2017 Global Evidence of Extreme Intuitive Moral Prejudice against Atheists. Nature Human Behaviour 1(0151).
Giddings, Leah, and Thomas J. Dunn 2015 The Robustness of Anti-Atheist Prejudice as Measured by Way of Cognitive Error. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 26(2): 124-35. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2015.1006487.
Goodall, Christine 2015 Shouting Towards the Sky: The Role of Religious Individuals, Communities, Organisations and Institutions in Support of Refugees and Asylum Seekers. Policy Development and Evaluation Service, UNHCR.
The Guardian 2018 You Don’t Need to Know Plato and Aristotle to Be a Humanist. Online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/26/you-dont-need-toknow-plato-and-aristotle-to-be-a-humanist (accessed November 22, 2018).
Hammer, J.H., Ryan T. Cragun, Karen Hwang and Jesse M. Smith 2012 Forms, Frequency, and Correlates of Perceived Anti-Atheist Discrimination. Secularism and Nonreligion 1: 43–67. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/snr.ad.
The Herald 2016 MP Steps in to Help Family Fleeing Saudi Persecution. Online: https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/homenews/14463117.MP_steps_in_to_help_family_fleeing_Saudi_persecution___/ (accessed November 22, 2018).
Hodgart, Kenny 2017 #HangAyazNizami Is What Comes of Caving in to Clerical Rule. Online: http://www.atimes.com/article/hangayaznizami-comes-cavingclerical-rule/ (accessed November 22, 2018).
Honig, Bonnie 2009 Emergency Politics: Paradox, Law, Democracy. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400830961.
Humanists UK 2018 Home Office Tells Humanist He’ll Be Deported for Not Identifying Plato or Aristotle. Online: https://humanism.org.uk/2018/01/17/homeoffice-tells-humanist-hell-be-deported-for-not-identifying-plato-oraristotle/ (accessed November 22, 2018).
Human Rights Committee 1993 General Comment No. 22: The Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion (Art. 18). 48th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4 (27 September 1993), [1].
Human Rights Watch 2015 World Report 2015: Malaysia Events of 2014. Online: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/malaysia (accessed April 2, 2018).
Hurd, Elizabeth S. 2015 Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Hyman, Gavin 2007 Atheism in Modern History. In The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, edited by Michael Martin, 27-46. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
IHEU (International Humanist and Ethical Union) 2014 UK Atheist Asylum Case Should ‘Point the Way for the World’. Online: https://iheu.org/uk-atheist-asylum-case-should-point-the-way-for-theworld/ (accessed November 22, 2018).
2017a The Freedom of Thought Report 2017. Online: http://freethoughtreport.com/download-the-report/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
2017b ‘Bangladesh’. The Freedom of Thought Report. Online: http://freethoughtreport.com/countries/asia-southern-asia/bangladesh/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
2017c ‘Egypt’. The Freedom of Thought Report. Online: http://freethoughtreport.com/countries/africa-northern-africa/egypt/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
2017d ‘Indonesia’. The Freedom of Thought Report. Online: http://freethoughtreport.com/countries/asia-south-easternasia/indonesia/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
2017e ‘Pakistan’. The Freedom of Thought Report. Online: http://freethoughtreport.com/countries/asia-southern-asia/pakistan/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
2017f ‘Saudi Arabia’. The Freedom of Thought Report. Online: http://freethoughtreport.com/countries/asia-western-asia/saudi-arabia/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
2017g ‘Turkey’. The Freedom of Thought Report. Online: http://freethoughtreport.com/countries/asia-western-asia/turkey/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
2017h ‘United States of America’. The Freedom of Thought Report. Online: http://freethoughtreport.com/countries/americas-northernamerica/united-states-of-america/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
2017i Atheism ‘Very Dangerous’ and ‘Unconstitutional’ Says Government Minister in Malaysia, again, Wrongly. Online: https://iheu.org/atheismdangerous-unconstitutional-says-government-minister-malaysiawrongly/ (accessed November 22, 2018).
2017j ‘Afghanistan’. The Freedom of Thought Report. Online: https://freethoughtreport.com/countries/asia-southern-asia/afghanistan/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
2017k ‘Malaysia’. The Freedom of Thought Report. Online: https://freethoughtreport.com/countries/asia-south-easternasia/malaysia/ (accessed November 22, 2018).
2018a The Freedom of Thought Report 2018: Key Countries Edition. Online: https://freethoughtreport.com/download-the-report/ (accessed November 20, 2018).
2018b The Freedom of Thought Report 2018: Open Data. Online: https://freethoughtreport.com/data/ (accessed November 20, 2018).
The Jakarta Post 2014 Atheist Alexander Aan Gets of [sic] Prison. Online: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/01/31/atheist-alexander-aan-getsprison.html (accessed 22 November, 2018).
Jamal, Arif A. 2015 The Impact of Definitional Issues on the Right to Freedom of Religion and Belief. In Routledge Handbook of Law and Religion, edited by Silvio Ferrari, 93-99. Routledge, London.
Kalin, Walter 1986 Troubled Communication: Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings in the Asylum Hearing. International Migration Review 20: 230-34.
Kettell, Steven 2012 Thematic Review: Religion and the Big Society: A Match Made in Heaven? Policy & Politics 40(2): 281-96. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1332/030557312X640004.
Keysar, Ariela, and Juhem Navarro-Rivera 2017 A World of Atheism: Global Demographics. In The Oxford Handbook of Atheism, edited by Stephen Bullivant and Michael Ruse. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kosmin, Barry A. 2007 Contemporary Secularity and Secularism. In Secularism and Secularity: Contemporary International Perspectives, edited by Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar, 1-13. Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society, Hartford, CT.
LeDrew, Stephen 2016 The Evolution of Atheism: The Politics of a Modern Movement. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190225179.001.0001.
Lee, Lois 2012 Research Note: Talking about a Revolution: Terminology for the New Field of Non-religion Studies. Journal of Contemporary Religion 27(1): 129-39.
2015 Recognising the Non-religious: Reimagining the Secular. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Lena, M. 2017 Update: Malaysian Persecution of Atheists. Online: http://www.atheistrepublic.com/blog/lena-m/update-malaysian-persecution-atheists (accessed November 22, 2018).
LoRusso, James Dennis 2017 Everyone Has a Faith. In Stereotyping Religion, edited by Brad Stoddard and Craig Martin, 131-45. Bloomsbury Academic, London.
Lüchau, Peter 2010 Atheism and Secularity: The Scandinavian Paradox. In Atheism and Secularity. Volume 2, Global Expressions, edited by Phil Zuckerman, 177-96. Praeger, Santa Barbara, CA.
Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1997 E/C.12/2000/13 at para. 15 (f) and Parts IV and V.
Makar, Johannes A. 2014 In Egypt, Religion Remains a Vital Political Tool. Online: http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/in-egypt-religion-remains-a-vitalpolitical-
tool (accessed November 22, 2018).
Makdisi, Ussama 2000 The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Mann, Marcus 2015 Triangle Atheists: Stigma, Identity, and Community among Atheists in North Carolina’s Triangle Region. Secularism and Nonreligion 4(1): 1-12.
McDonald-Norman, Douglas 2014 Simply Impossible: Plausibility Assessment in Refugee Status Determination. Alternative Law Journal 39(4): 451-55.
McKernan, Bethan 2017 Man ‘Sentenced to Death for Atheism’ in Saudi Arabia. Online: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabiaman-sentenced-death-atheism-ahmad-al-shamri-hafar-al-batin-appealdenied-a7703161.html (accessed November 22, 2018).
Mehta, Hemant 2017 With #HangAyazNizami, It’s Clear the Anti-Atheist Sentiment in South Asia Is Getting Worse. Online: https://friendlyatheist.patheos.com/2017/03/26/with-hangayaznizami-its-clear-the-anti-atheist-sentiment-in-southasia-is-getting-worse/ (accessed November 22, 2018).
Nappali Peter Williams v. Institute of Technical Education 1999 2 SLR 529. Singapore.
National Secular Society 2017 Pakistani Twitter Users Call for Hanging of ‘Blasphemer’. Online: https://www.secularism.org.uk/news/2017/03/pakistani-twitter-users-callfor-hanging-of-blasphemer (accessed November 22, 2018).
Nawyn, Stephanie J. 2006 Faith, Ethnicity, and Culture in Refugee Resettlement. American Behavioral Scientist 49(11): 1509-27. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764206288462.
Nichols, J. Bruce 1988 The Uneasy Alliance: Religion, Refugee Work, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press, New York.
Nixon, Alan G. 2012 Contemporary Atheism as Hyper-real Irreligion: The Enchantment of Science and Atheism in this Cosmos. In The Handbook of Hyper-Real Religions, edited by Adam Possamai, 375-97. Brill, Leiden.
2014 New Atheism as a Case of Competitive Postsecular Worldviews. PhD dissertation, Western Sydney University.
2016 Australia: Conflict, Not Competition. In The Atheist Bus Campaign: Global Manifestations and Responses, edited by Steven Tomlins and Spencer Bullivant, 24-50. Brill, Leiden.
NOLO.com 2018 Can Atheists Get Asylum based on Persecution on Religious Grounds? Online: https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/canatheists-get-asylum-based-persecution-religious-grounds.html (accessed November 22, 2018).
Ong, Aihwa 2003 Buddha Is hiding: Refugees, Citizenship, the New America. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Pasquale, Frank, Luke Galen and Phil Zuckerman 2016 The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies. Oxford University Press, New York.
Pew Research Center 2012 Pew Forum on Religion; Public Life. ‘The Global Religious Landscape’. Online: http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religiouslandscape-exec/ (accessed November 22, 2018).
2016a The Factors Driving the Growth of Religious ‘Nones’ in the U.S. Online: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/14/the-factors-drivingthe-growth-of-religious-nones-in-the-u-s/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
2016b Why America’s ‘Nones’ Left Religion Behind. Online: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/24/why-americas-nones-leftreligion-behind/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
2016c Which Countries Still Outlaw Apostasy and Blasphemy? Online: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/29/which-countries-stilloutlaw-apostasy-and-blasphemy/ (accessed November 22, 2018).
R (on the application of Hodkin and another) v. Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages 2013 UKSC 77. UK.
raifbadawi.org 2017 About Raif Badawi. Online: https://www.raifbadawi.org/about-raifbadawi/all-about-raif-badawi.html (accessed November 22, 2018).
Re South Place Ethical Society 1980 1 WLR 1565, [1980] 3 All ER 981. England.
Robertson, Lloyd H. 2017 Secular Weddings in Canada: An Examination of a Humanist Response to the Evolution of Marriage. Secularism and Nonreligion 6: 9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/snr.76.
Rosen, Ina2009 I’m a Believer—But I’ll Be Damned if I’m Religious: Belief and Religion in the Greater Copenhagen Area: A Focus Group Study. Lund Studies in Sociology of Religion 8. University of Lund, Lund.
Sanderson, Sertan 2018 A Question of Faith: Atheism as Grounds for Asylum. Online: http://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/9024/a-question-of-faith-atheismas-grounds-for-asylum (accessed November 22, 2018).
Sherwood, Harriet 2018a Philosophers Urge Rethink of Pakistani Humanist's Asylum. Online: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/26/philosophers-urgerethink-of-pakistani-humanist-hamza-bin-walayat-asylum (accessed November 22, 2018).
2018b Pakistani Humanist Denied UK Asylum after Failing to Identify Plato. Online: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/17/pakistanihumanist-denied-uk-asylum-after-failing-to-identify-plato (accessed November 22, 2018).
Slotte, Pamela 2010 The Religious and the Secular in European Human Rights Discourse. Finish Yearbook of International Law 21 (2010): 54.
Speed, David, Thomas J. Coleman III, and Joseph Langston 2018 What Does It All Mean? Atheism, Non-Religion and Life Meaning. Sage Open. January–March: 1-13.
Stamatopoulou, Elsa 2014 Cultural Rights in International Law: Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Beyond. Brill, Leiden.
Stoddard, Brad, and Craig Martin (eds.) 2017 Stereotyping Religion: Critiquing Clichés. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Stringer, Martin 2013 Discourses on Religious Diversity: Explorations in Urban Ecology. Ashgate, Farnham.
Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers 2018 [2005] The Impossibility of Religious Freedom. New edn. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Doi: https://doi.org/10.23943/9781400890330.
Swan, Lawton K., and Martin Heesacker 2012 Anti-Atheist Bias in the United States: Testing Two Critical Assumptions. Secularism and Nonreligion 1: 32-42. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/snr.ac.
Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem 2004 2 S.C.R. 551, 2004 SCC 47. Canada.
Taylor, Jillian 2016 Gay, Atheist Student from Malaysia Has Refugee Claim Accepted. Online: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-hazimismail-refugee-hearing-malaysia-1.3521172 (accessed April 10, 2018).
Toft, Monica Duffy 2016 Is Religious Freedom a Western Imposition? Current History 115 (777): 32-35.
Trzebiatowska, Marta 2018 Sovereign of Herself: Women’s Narratives of ‘Lived Atheism’. Secularism and Nonreligion 7(1): 2. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/snr.88.
Turner, Bryan S., Jack Barbalet and Adam Possamai (eds.) 2011 Religion and the State: A Comparative Sociology. Anthem Press, London.
USCIRF 2018 Annual Report 2018—Tier 2—Malaysia. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom.
UNHCR 1992 Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees. HCR/IP/4/Eng/REV.1. UNHCR. Online: http://www.unhcr.org/4d93528a9.pdf (accessed April 2, 2018).
Wibawa, Tasha 2018 Indonesian Buddhist Woman Imprisoned after Complaining Mosque Is too Loud. Online: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-22/buddhistwoman-charged-under-indonesia-blasphemy-laws/10151702 (accessed November 22, 2018).
Wikipedia 2018 Asia Bibi Blasphemy Case. Online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Bibi_blasphemy_case (accessed November 22, 2018).
Win-Gallup International 2012 Global Index of Religion and Atheism. Press Release.
Wootson Jr., Cleve R. 2017 A Saudi Man Has Been Sentenced to Death after Insulting the Prophet Muhammad on Twitter. Online: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/04/27/a-saudi-arabian-man-has-been-sentencedto-death-after-insulting-muhammad-ontwitter/?utm_term=.5c8fe4844ec1 (accessed November 22, 2018).
Zaman, Tahir 2014 What’s Faith Got To Do With It? Forced Migration Review 48 (November): 84.
Zuckerman, Phil 2007 Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, edited by Michael Martin, 47-66. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
2008 Society without God: What the Least Religious Nations Can Tell Us about Contentment. New York University Press, New York. Zurairi, A.R.
2017 Targeting Atheists Will Ruin Moderate Image, Malaysia Told. Online: https://www.malaymail.com/s/1437259/targeting-atheists-will-ruinmoderate-image-malaysia-told (accessed November 22, 2018).
Published
Issue
Section
License
Equinox Publishing Ltd.