Islamic Revivalist Movements in the Modern World
An Analysis of Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun, Tabligh Jama’at, and Hizb ut-Tahrir
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.35051Keywords:
Revivalism, Orthodoxy, Ummah (Community), Reform, MovementAbstract
Since the demise of the last great Muslim Empire, the Ottoman Empire, a plethora of Islamic revivalist movements has emerged in response to the gradual decline of numerous Islamic institutions, the threat to the Muslim identity, and the disintegration of the Muslim world through the damaging processes of colonialism and imperialism. Muslim revivalist movements have consequently emerged to inculcate Islamic orthodoxy in the masses in the Muslim world as well as in diaspora communities through institutional developments, socio-political activities, missionary preaching, and propagation. Movements such as Hasan Al-Banna's Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun, Ilyas's Tabligh Jama'at, and Taquiddin an-Nabhani's Hizb ut-Tahrir share a common core commitment and objective to revive Islam and restore a lasting Islamic glory. In this article we propose to compare and contrast these movements and argue that they act as agents of change and reform, seeking a reconstruction of Muslim ummah (community).
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Ali, Hashim. 1970. The Meos of Mewat: Old Neighbours of New Delhi. Oxford and I.B.H. Publishing, New Delhi.
Ali, Jan. 2010. Tablighi Jama‘at and the ‘Remaking’ of the Muslim. Australian Religion Studies Review 23(2): 148-72. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1558/arsr.v23i2.148.. 2012. Islamic Revivalism Encounters the Modern World: A Study of the Tabligh Jama‘at. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.
Al-Ikhwan Of?cial English Website. 2018. Online: http://www.ikhwanweb.com/index.php (accessed 11 May 2018).
?Anani, Khalil. 2016. Inside the Muslim Brotherhood: Religion, Identity, and Politics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
An-Nabhani, Taqiuddin. 1998. The Islamic State. Al-Khilafah Publications, London.. 2001. Structuring of a Party, Attakattul el-Hizbi [English translation]. Al-Khilafah Publications, London.. 2002. The System of Islam, Nidham ul Islam [English translation]. Al-Khilafah Publications, London.. 2007. Concepts of Hizb ut-Tahrir, Mafahim Hizb ut-Tahrir [English translation]. Khilafah Publications, London.
Amghar, Samir. 2007. Sala?sm and Radicalisation of Young European Muslims. In European Islam: Challenges for Society and Public Policy, edited by Samir Amghar, Amel Boubekeur and Michael Emerson, 38-51. Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Brussels.
?Anani, Khalil. 2016. Inside the Muslim Brotherhood: Religion, Identity, and Politics. Oxford University Press, New York.
Armborst, Andreas. 2014. Radicalisation and De-radicalisation of Social Movements: The Comeback of Political Islam? Crime, Law & Social Change 62(3): 235-55. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9464-8.
Ataman, Kemal. 2015. Forerunners of ‘Political Islam’: An Inquiry into the Ideologies of Al-Banna and Al-Mawdudi. Review of the Faculty of Theology of Uludag University 24(2): 45-69.
Baran, Zeyno. 2005. Fighting the War of Ideas. Foreign Affairs 84(6): 68-78. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/20031777.
BBC News. 2018. ‘Israel-Palestinian Con?ict: Life in the Gaza Strip’. 15 May. Online: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20415675 (accessed 25 August).
Burton, Fred, and Stewart Scott. 2008. Tablighi Jamaat: An Indirect Line to Terrorism. StratforWorldview. Online: https://www.stratfor.com/weekly/tablighi-jamaat-indirect-line-terrorism/ (accessed 20 May 2017).
Calvert, John. 2008. Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, CT and London.
Cesari, Jocelyne. 2002. Islam in France: The Shaping of a Religious Minority. In Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens, edited by Yvonne Haddad-Yazbek, 36-51. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148053.003.0003.
Cole, Nicki. 2017. Agency: A Social De?nition. Thought Co. Social Sciences. Online: https://www.thoughtco.com/agency-de?nition-3026036 (accessed 20 May 2017).
Esposito, John. 1992. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? Oxford University Press, Oxford.. 2005. Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 3rd edn.
Friedland, Elliot. 2015. The Muslim Brotherhood Special Report. Clarion Project, Washington, D.C.
Gaborieau, Marc. 1999. Transnational Islamic Movements: Tablighi Jama’at in Politics? ISIM Newsletter, 3: 21.
Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Hamid, Sadek. 2016. Su?s, Sala?s and Islamists: The Contested Ground of British Islamic Activism. I.B.Tauris, London.
Hizb ut-Tahrir. 1996. Adopting Secularism in Government is Apostasy from Islam. Online: http://web.archive.org/web/20041011031341/http://www.khilafah.com/home/category_list.php?category=Lea?ets/ (accessed 20 January 2017).
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Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain. 2016. Dr Abdul Wahid, ‘Why I Joined Hizb ut-Tahrir’. Online: http://www.hizb.org.uk/videos/dr-abdul-wahid-why-i-joined-hizb-ut-tahrir (accessed 24 August 2018).. 2017. The Will of the Ummah for Khilafah Cannot be Broken. Online: http://www.hizb.org.uk/viewpoint/the-will-of-the-ummah-for-khilafah-cannot-be-broken/ (accessed 27 July 2018).
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Høigilt, Jacob. 2014. Prophets in their Own Country? Hizb al-Tahrir in the Palestinian Context. Politics, Religion & Ideology 15(4): 504-20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2014.965692.
Horstmann, Alexander. 2007. The Tablighi Jama’at, Transnational Islam, and the Transformation of the Self between Southern Thailand and South Asia. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27(1): 26-40.
Hunter, Sherren. 1988. Introduction. In The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity, edited by Shereen Hunter, ix-xv. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07867-7_1.
Huq, Sha?ul. 2017. The Ideological Workings of Capitalist Society. Hizb ut-Tahrir Australia. N.p. Online: http://www.hizb-australia.org//?s=ideological+workings&x=0&y=0 (accessed 28 October 2018).
Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2018. Thinking Sociologically about Religion and Violence: The Case of ISIS. Sociology of Religion: A Quarterly Review 79(1): 20-34.
Karagiannis, Emmanuel. 2018. The New Political Islam: Human Rights, Democracy, and Justice. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Doi: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812294576.
Karagiannis, Emmanuel, and McCauley Clark. 2006. Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami: Evaluating the Threat Posed by a Radical Islamic Group That Remains Nonviolent. Terrorism and Political Violence 18(2): 315-34. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550600570168.
Khan, Wahiduddin. 1988. Mewat Ka Safar. Al-Risala, Delhi.
Kurth, James. 2003. Western Civilization, Our Tradition. Intercollegiate Review 39(1/2): 5-13.
Lambat, S.. 1998. Tablighi Jamaat in the Words of the Founder Maulana Muhammad Ilyas. Time Publication, Leicester.
Lapidus, Ira. 2002. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2nd edn.
Mandaville, Peter. 2014. Islam and Politics. Routledge, London. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315814773.
Masud, Muhammad. 2000. Travellers in Faith: Studies of the Tablighi Jama’at as a Transnational Islamic Movement for Faith Renewal. Brill, Leiden.
Mawdudi, Syed. 1985. Islam Today. International Islamic Federation of Student Organisations, Beirut.
Metcalf, Barbara. 1996. New Medinas: The Tablighi Jamaat in America and Europe. In In Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe, edited by Barbara Metcalf, 110-27. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Munson, Ziad. 2001. Islamic Mobilization: Social Movement Theory and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. The Sociological Quarterly 42(4): 487-510. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2001.tb01777.x.
Nasr, Seyyed. 1999. European Colonialism and the Emergence of Modern Muslim States. In The Oxford History of Islam, edited by John Esposito, 549-600. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Nasution, Hasan. 2017. Ikhwanul Muslimin and the Future of Islamic Movement. Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22(11): 67-75.
Nazih, Ayubi. 1991. Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World. Routledge, London.
Oro?no, Elisa. 2015. Intellectual Radicals Challenging the State: The Case of Hizb ut-Tahrir in the West. Contemporary Social Science 10(4): 401-12. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2016.1236212.
Parsons, Talcott. 1949. The Structure of Social Action. Free Press, New York.
Qureshi, Nabeel. 2016. No God but One: Allah or Jesus? A Former Muslim Investigates the Evidence for Islam and Christianity. Zondervan, Grand Rapids.
Rahnema, Saeed. 2008. Radical Islamism and Failed Developmentalism. Third World Quarterly 29(3): 483-96. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590801931462.
Shamuq, Ahmad. 1981. Kaifa Yufakkir Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimun [How Do the Muslim Brothers Think?]. Dar al-Jil and Dar al-Fikr, Beirut.
Siddiqui, Ghayas. 1976. An Approach to the Study of Jamaat-I-Islami Experiment in Pakistan. The Muslim Institute, London.
Sikand, Yoginder. 2002. The Origins and Development of the Tablighi Jam’aat (1920–2000): A Cross-Country Comparative Study. Orient Longman, New Delhi.
Sinclair, Kirstine. 2010. The Caliphate as Homeland: Hizb ut-Tahrir in Denmark and Britain. University of Southern Denmark, Odense.
Suarez-Murias, Adiel. 2013. ‘Jihad is the Way and the Death for the Sake of Allah is our Highest Aspiration’: A Narrative Analysis of Sayyid Qutb’s Milestones. MA diss., Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, NC.
Sweid, Reem. 2014. Muslims Are Speaking Out but No One Is Listening [News Comment]. The Age. Online: http://www.theage.com.au/comment/muslims-are-speaking-out-but-no-one-is-listening-20140930-10nktr.html (accessed 26 August 2018).
Swick, Sarah. 2005. From London to Andijan: The Rising Global In?uence of Hizb-Ut-Tahrir among Muslim Youth. Minaret of Freedom Institute, Bethesda.
Tahhan, Zena. 2017. Hamas and Fatah: How Are the Two Groups Different? Despite the Differences between the Two Palestinian Parties, They Have Managed to Reach a Deal to End their Divide. Al Jazeera. Online: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/10/hamas-fatah-goal-approaches-171012064342008.html (accessed 29 August 2018).
Taji-Farouki, Suha. 1996. A Fundamental Quest: Hizb al-Tahrir and the Search for the Islamic Caliphate. Grey Seal, London.
Thompson, Sara, and Sandra Bucerius. 2017. Transnational Radicalization, Diaspora Groups, and within-group Sentiment Pools: Young Tamil and Somali Canadians on the LTTE and al Shabaab. Terrorism and Political Violence 29(4): 1-18. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1264938.
Vahed, Goolam. 2003. Contesting ‘Orthodoxy’: The Tablighi–Sunni Con?ict among South African Muslims in the 1970s and 1980s. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 23(2): 315-36... Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360200032000139956.
Vikor, Knut. 2005. Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law. Hurst & Co., London.
Waines, David. 2005. An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Wali, Farhaan. 2013. Radicalism Unveiled. Ashgate Publishing, Farnham.
Published
2018-11-21
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Equinox Publishing Ltd.
How to Cite
Ali, J. A., & Orofino, E. (2018). Islamic Revivalist Movements in the Modern World: An Analysis of Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun, Tabligh Jama’at, and Hizb ut-Tahrir. Journal for the Academic Study of Religion, 31(1), 27-54. https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.35051
