Can Interreligious Dialogue Provide a New Space for Deliberative Democracy in the Public Sphere?
Philosophical Perspectives from the Examples of the UK and Singapore
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/35412Keywords:
interreligious dialogue, deliberative democracy, dialogue, Jurgen Habermas, deliberation theory, public sphereAbstract
This paper uses Singapore and the UK as two case studies to explore the concept of deliberative democracy with specific reference to the way that interreligious dialogue is and may be used in the public sphere. The two countries are chosen as representing differently located but broadly secular nations where, nevertheless, religious and interreligious activities have prominence. The differences and similarities of the notion of secular as well as the way that religion and interreligious activity relate to the state are noted. While both countries have promoted interreligious dialogue primarily as a tool for social cohesion it is noted that this activity does not tie easily or neatly into conceptions of deliberative democracy. Employing ideas from Jürgen Habermas and other theorists of deliberation, some central aspects of what deliberation may be in the context of deliberative democracy are explored. It is suggested that interreligious dialogue is far from a simple solution to promote harmonious relations within such a context, but nevertheless it is noted that what is often termed the “dialogue of action” has the potential to improve social cohesion. It is noted that much interreligious dialogue may actually go against some of the principles often sought within deliberative democracy but this is not seen as invalidating the practice within the public sphere.
References
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Billings, Dwight B. and Shaunna L. Scott. 1994. “Religion and Political Legitimation.” Annual Review of Sociology 201: 173–202. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.001133
Black, Laura. 2008. “Deliberation, Storytelling, and Dialogic Moments.” Communication Theory 18: 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00315.x
Bohman, James and William Rehg. 1997. “Introduction.” In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg, ix–xxx. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6327-3_1
Brecht, Mara. 2014. Virtue in Dialogue: Belief, Religious Diversity, and Women’s Interreligious Encounter. Princeton Theological Monograph Series. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock.
Bretherton, Luke. 2010. “A Postsecular Politics? Inter-faith Relations as a Civic Practice.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 79(2): 346–377. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfq084
Byrne, Cathy. 2014. “Religious Education, Social Inclusion and Interreligious Literacy in England and Australia.” Journal for the Academic Study of Religion 27(2): 153–177. https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.v27i2.153
Chan, Sek Keong. 2013. “Multiculturalism in Singapore: The Way to a Harmonious Society.” Singapore Academy of Law Journal 25: 84–109.
Chee, Tham Seong. 2008. “Religious Influences and Impulses Impacting Singapore.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 3–27. Singapore: ISEAS.
Christiano, Thomas. 1997. “The Significance of Public Deliberation.” In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg, 243–278. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Communities and Local Government. 2008. Face to Face and Side by Side. London: Department for Communities and Local Government.
Cohen, Joshua. 1997. “Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy.” In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg, 67–92. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dinham, Adam. 2012a. Faith and Social Capital after the Debt Crisis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137005687
———. 2012b. “The Multifaith Paradigm in Policy and Practice: Problems, Challenges, Directions.” Social Policy and Society 11(4): 577–587. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746412000255
Docherty, Thomas. 1994. “Postmodernism: An introduction.” In Postmodernism: A Reader, edited by Thomas Docherty, 1–31. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Egnell, Helene. 2011. “Scriptural Reasoning: A Feminist Response.” In Interreligious Hermeneutics in Pluralistic Europe: Between Texts and People, edited by David Cheetham, Ulrich Winkler, Oddbjørn Leirvik, and Judith Gruber, 79–82. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Egnell, Helene. 2006. Other Voices: A Study of Christian Feminist Approaches to Religious Plurality East and West. Uppsala: Studia Missionalia Svecana.
Eng, Lai Ah. 2008a. “The Inter-Religious Organization of Singapore.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 605–641. Singapore: ISEAS.
Eng, Lai Ah. 2008b. “Conclusion: Some Remarks on Religious Diversity in Singapore.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 689–694. Singapore: ISEAS.
Gaston, Ray. 2015. “Christian Responses to Islamophobia: A Practical Theological Reflection.” In Contemporary Muslim-Christian Encounters: Developments, Diversity, and Dialogues, edited by Paul Hedges, 135–150. London: Bloomsbury.
Gilliat-Ray, Sophie. 2004. “The Trouble with “Inclusion”: A Case Study of the Faith Zone at the Millennium Dome.” The Sociological Review 52(4): 459–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00491.x
Grung, Anne Hege. 2017. “Interreligious Dialogue in the Squeeze between Diplomacy and Contextual Practices.” The Journal of Interreligious Studies 21: 37–44.
———. 2015. “Gender and Christian-Muslim Dialogue.” In Contemporary Muslim-Christian Encounters: Developments, Diversity, and Dialogues, edited by Paul Hedges, 67–81. London: Bloomsbury.
Habermas, Jürgen. 2005. “Concluding Comments on Empirical Approaches to Deliberative Politics.” Acta Politica 40: 384–392.
Hedges, Paul. Forthcoming. “The British Government and Interfaith Dialogue: Perspectives on Deliberative Democracy, Secularity, and Faith.” In Dialogue Beyond Dialogue, edited by Lehman, Karsten and Patrice Brodeur. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Hedges, Paul. 2017b. “The Dialogue of Religion and Atheism in Common Space: Reasoning in the Public Sphere.” Interreligious Insight 15(2): 58–72.
———. 2017a. Towards Better Disagreement: Religion and Atheism in Dialogue. London: Jessica Kingsley.
———. 2016, “Setting the Scene: Interreligious Dialogue in Plural Societies.” RSIS Commentary CO16222. https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/co16222-setting-the-scene-interreligious-dialogue-in-pluralsocieties/#.Wk34N00w-M8
———. 2010. Controversies in Interreligious Dialogue and the Theology of Religions. London: SCM.
Hedges, Paul. 2008. “Concerns about the Global Ethic: A Sympathetic Critique and Suggestions for a New Direction.” Studies in Interreligious Dialogue 18(2): 153–168. https://doi.org/10.2143/SID.18.2.2033319
Hedges, Paul and Anna Halafoff. 2015. “Globalisation and Multifaith Societies.” Studies in Interreligious Dialogue 25(2): 135–161.
House of Lords. 2011. “House of Lords: Religious Representation.” November 25; amended December 23. www.parliament.uk/business/publications/resarch/briefing-papers/LLN-2011-036/house-of-lords-religious-representation
Hussain, Zakir. 2016. “A Year of Consultation, Consolidation for Singapore.” Straits Times. December 31. http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/a-year-of-consultation-consolidation
Kim, Joohan and Eun Joo Kim. 2008. “Theorizing Dialogic Deliberation: Everyday Political Talk as Communicative Action and Dialogue.” Communication Theory 18: 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00313.x
King, Sallie. 2011. “Inter-Religious Dialogue.” In The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity, edited by Chad Meister, 101–114. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Knitter, Paul F. 2002. Introducing Theologies of Religions. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis.
Kong, Lily. 2015. “Disrupting “Asian Religious Studies”: Knowledge (Re) production and the Co-construction of Religion in Singapore.” Numen 62: 100–118. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341357
Lee, Hsien-Loong. 2015. “Transcript of Speech by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at the 66th Anniversary of Inter-Religious Organisation on 12th May 2015 at Istana.” Prime Minister’s Office (Government of Singapore). http://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/transcript-speech-primeminister-lee-hsien-loong-66th-anniversary-inter-religious
Leirvik, Oddbjørn. 2014. Interreligious Studies: A Relational Approach to Religious Activism and the Study of Religion. London: Bloomsbury.
Liew, Ten Chin. 2008. “Religious Diversity, Toleration and Interaction.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 557–570. Singapore: ISEAS.
Lewis-Jones, Janet. 1999. Reforming the Lords: The Role of Bishops. London: University College. www.ucl.ac.uk/spp/publications/unitpublications/41.pdf
Lim, Jason and Terence Lee, eds. 2016. Singapore: Negotiating State and Society, 1965–2015. Abingdon: Routledge.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 2007. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. Third Edition. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
MRH. 1989. “Maintenance of Religious Harmony.” White Paper Presented to Parliament of Singapore. December 26.
Mathews, Mathew. 2008. “Negotiating Christianity with Other Religions: The Views of Christian Clergymen in Singapore.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 571–604. Singapore: ISEAS.
Mathews, Mathew, Mohammad Khamsya Bin Khidzer, and Teo Kay Key. 2014. Religiosity and the Management of Religious Harmony: Responses from the IPS Survey on Race, Religion, and Language. IPS Working Papers. No. 21. Singapore: Institute of Policy Studies.
Mendelberg, Tali. 2002. “The Deliberative Citizen: Theory and Evidence.” Political Decision Making, Deliberation and Participation 6: 151–193.
PMO (Prime Minister”s Office, Singapore). 2015. “Excerpted Transcript of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong’s Interview with Süddeutsche Zeitung. 3 February.” Prime Minister”s Office, Singapore. February 10. http://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/excerpted-transcript-prime-ministerlee-hsien-loong%E2%80%99s-interview-s%C3%BCddeutschezeitung-3
Poulos, Christopher. 2008. “Accidental Dialogue.” Communication Theory 18: 117–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00316.x
Race, Alan. 2008. “Interfaith Dialogue: Religious Accountability between Strangeness and Resonance.” In Christian Approaches to Other Faiths, edited by Paul Hedges and Alan Race, 155–172. London: SCM.
Sleap, Frances and Omer Sener. 2013. Dialogue Theories, edited by Paul Weller. London: Dialogue Society.
Straits Times. 2015. “Latest World Press Freedom Index Shows ‘Drastic Decline,’ Singapore ranked at No. 153.” Straits Times. February 12. http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/latest-world-pressfreedom-index-shows-drastic-decline-singapore-ranked-at-no-153
Tan, Charlene. 2008. “From Moral Values to Citizenship Education: The Teaching of Religion in Singapore Schools.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 321–341. Singapore: ISEAS.
Tan, Eugene K. B. 2008. “Keeping God in Place: The Management of Religion in Singapore.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 55–82. Singapore: ISEAS.
Tennent, Timothy C. 2004. Christianity at the Religious Roundtable: Evangelicalism in Conversation with Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker.
Tremeritus, 2015. “The Thaipusam Fracas—Real Answers Needed.” TR Emeritus: The Voice of Singaporeans for Singapore.” February 5. https://maskedcrusader.blogspot.sg/2015/02/the-thaipusamfracas-real-answers-needed.html?view=classic#!/2015/02/thethaipusam-fracas-real-answers-needed.html
Weller, Paul. 2008. Religious Diversity in the UK: Contours and Issues. London: Continuum.
Young Iris Marion. 1997. “Difference as a Resource for Democratic Communication.” In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg, 383–406. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Anderson, Leona M. and Pamela Dickey Young (eds). 2004. Women and Religious Traditions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2015. “Explaining Religious Secularisation and Religious Resurgence, with Reference to Singapore.” In Race, Religion and Language, edited by Mathew Mathews, 1–19. Singapore: NUS.
Billings, Alan. 2009. God and Community Cohesion: Help or Hindrance? London: SPCK.
Billings, Dwight B. and Shaunna L. Scott. 1994. “Religion and Political Legitimation.” Annual Review of Sociology 201: 173–202. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.001133
Black, Laura. 2008. “Deliberation, Storytelling, and Dialogic Moments.” Communication Theory 18: 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00315.x
Bohman, James and William Rehg. 1997. “Introduction.” In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg, ix–xxx. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6327-3_1
Brecht, Mara. 2014. Virtue in Dialogue: Belief, Religious Diversity, and Women’s Interreligious Encounter. Princeton Theological Monograph Series. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock.
Bretherton, Luke. 2010. “A Postsecular Politics? Inter-faith Relations as a Civic Practice.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 79(2): 346–377. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfq084
Byrne, Cathy. 2014. “Religious Education, Social Inclusion and Interreligious Literacy in England and Australia.” Journal for the Academic Study of Religion 27(2): 153–177. https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.v27i2.153
Chan, Sek Keong. 2013. “Multiculturalism in Singapore: The Way to a Harmonious Society.” Singapore Academy of Law Journal 25: 84–109.
Chee, Tham Seong. 2008. “Religious Influences and Impulses Impacting Singapore.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 3–27. Singapore: ISEAS.
Christiano, Thomas. 1997. “The Significance of Public Deliberation.” In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg, 243–278. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Communities and Local Government. 2008. Face to Face and Side by Side. London: Department for Communities and Local Government.
Cohen, Joshua. 1997. “Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy.” In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg, 67–92. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dinham, Adam. 2012a. Faith and Social Capital after the Debt Crisis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137005687
———. 2012b. “The Multifaith Paradigm in Policy and Practice: Problems, Challenges, Directions.” Social Policy and Society 11(4): 577–587. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746412000255
Docherty, Thomas. 1994. “Postmodernism: An introduction.” In Postmodernism: A Reader, edited by Thomas Docherty, 1–31. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Egnell, Helene. 2011. “Scriptural Reasoning: A Feminist Response.” In Interreligious Hermeneutics in Pluralistic Europe: Between Texts and People, edited by David Cheetham, Ulrich Winkler, Oddbjørn Leirvik, and Judith Gruber, 79–82. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Egnell, Helene. 2006. Other Voices: A Study of Christian Feminist Approaches to Religious Plurality East and West. Uppsala: Studia Missionalia Svecana.
Eng, Lai Ah. 2008a. “The Inter-Religious Organization of Singapore.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 605–641. Singapore: ISEAS.
Eng, Lai Ah. 2008b. “Conclusion: Some Remarks on Religious Diversity in Singapore.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 689–694. Singapore: ISEAS.
Gaston, Ray. 2015. “Christian Responses to Islamophobia: A Practical Theological Reflection.” In Contemporary Muslim-Christian Encounters: Developments, Diversity, and Dialogues, edited by Paul Hedges, 135–150. London: Bloomsbury.
Gilliat-Ray, Sophie. 2004. “The Trouble with “Inclusion”: A Case Study of the Faith Zone at the Millennium Dome.” The Sociological Review 52(4): 459–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00491.x
Grung, Anne Hege. 2017. “Interreligious Dialogue in the Squeeze between Diplomacy and Contextual Practices.” The Journal of Interreligious Studies 21: 37–44.
———. 2015. “Gender and Christian-Muslim Dialogue.” In Contemporary Muslim-Christian Encounters: Developments, Diversity, and Dialogues, edited by Paul Hedges, 67–81. London: Bloomsbury.
Habermas, Jürgen. 2005. “Concluding Comments on Empirical Approaches to Deliberative Politics.” Acta Politica 40: 384–392.
Hedges, Paul. Forthcoming. “The British Government and Interfaith Dialogue: Perspectives on Deliberative Democracy, Secularity, and Faith.” In Dialogue Beyond Dialogue, edited by Lehman, Karsten and Patrice Brodeur. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Hedges, Paul. 2017b. “The Dialogue of Religion and Atheism in Common Space: Reasoning in the Public Sphere.” Interreligious Insight 15(2): 58–72.
———. 2017a. Towards Better Disagreement: Religion and Atheism in Dialogue. London: Jessica Kingsley.
———. 2016, “Setting the Scene: Interreligious Dialogue in Plural Societies.” RSIS Commentary CO16222. https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/co16222-setting-the-scene-interreligious-dialogue-in-pluralsocieties/#.Wk34N00w-M8
———. 2010. Controversies in Interreligious Dialogue and the Theology of Religions. London: SCM.
Hedges, Paul. 2008. “Concerns about the Global Ethic: A Sympathetic Critique and Suggestions for a New Direction.” Studies in Interreligious Dialogue 18(2): 153–168. https://doi.org/10.2143/SID.18.2.2033319
Hedges, Paul and Anna Halafoff. 2015. “Globalisation and Multifaith Societies.” Studies in Interreligious Dialogue 25(2): 135–161.
House of Lords. 2011. “House of Lords: Religious Representation.” November 25; amended December 23. www.parliament.uk/business/publications/resarch/briefing-papers/LLN-2011-036/house-of-lords-religious-representation
Hussain, Zakir. 2016. “A Year of Consultation, Consolidation for Singapore.” Straits Times. December 31. http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/a-year-of-consultation-consolidation
Kim, Joohan and Eun Joo Kim. 2008. “Theorizing Dialogic Deliberation: Everyday Political Talk as Communicative Action and Dialogue.” Communication Theory 18: 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00313.x
King, Sallie. 2011. “Inter-Religious Dialogue.” In The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity, edited by Chad Meister, 101–114. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Knitter, Paul F. 2002. Introducing Theologies of Religions. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis.
Kong, Lily. 2015. “Disrupting “Asian Religious Studies”: Knowledge (Re) production and the Co-construction of Religion in Singapore.” Numen 62: 100–118. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341357
Lee, Hsien-Loong. 2015. “Transcript of Speech by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at the 66th Anniversary of Inter-Religious Organisation on 12th May 2015 at Istana.” Prime Minister’s Office (Government of Singapore). http://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/transcript-speech-primeminister-lee-hsien-loong-66th-anniversary-inter-religious
Leirvik, Oddbjørn. 2014. Interreligious Studies: A Relational Approach to Religious Activism and the Study of Religion. London: Bloomsbury.
Liew, Ten Chin. 2008. “Religious Diversity, Toleration and Interaction.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 557–570. Singapore: ISEAS.
Lewis-Jones, Janet. 1999. Reforming the Lords: The Role of Bishops. London: University College. www.ucl.ac.uk/spp/publications/unitpublications/41.pdf
Lim, Jason and Terence Lee, eds. 2016. Singapore: Negotiating State and Society, 1965–2015. Abingdon: Routledge.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 2007. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. Third Edition. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
MRH. 1989. “Maintenance of Religious Harmony.” White Paper Presented to Parliament of Singapore. December 26.
Mathews, Mathew. 2008. “Negotiating Christianity with Other Religions: The Views of Christian Clergymen in Singapore.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 571–604. Singapore: ISEAS.
Mathews, Mathew, Mohammad Khamsya Bin Khidzer, and Teo Kay Key. 2014. Religiosity and the Management of Religious Harmony: Responses from the IPS Survey on Race, Religion, and Language. IPS Working Papers. No. 21. Singapore: Institute of Policy Studies.
Mendelberg, Tali. 2002. “The Deliberative Citizen: Theory and Evidence.” Political Decision Making, Deliberation and Participation 6: 151–193.
PMO (Prime Minister”s Office, Singapore). 2015. “Excerpted Transcript of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong’s Interview with Süddeutsche Zeitung. 3 February.” Prime Minister”s Office, Singapore. February 10. http://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/excerpted-transcript-prime-ministerlee-hsien-loong%E2%80%99s-interview-s%C3%BCddeutschezeitung-3
Poulos, Christopher. 2008. “Accidental Dialogue.” Communication Theory 18: 117–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00316.x
Race, Alan. 2008. “Interfaith Dialogue: Religious Accountability between Strangeness and Resonance.” In Christian Approaches to Other Faiths, edited by Paul Hedges and Alan Race, 155–172. London: SCM.
Sleap, Frances and Omer Sener. 2013. Dialogue Theories, edited by Paul Weller. London: Dialogue Society.
Straits Times. 2015. “Latest World Press Freedom Index Shows ‘Drastic Decline,’ Singapore ranked at No. 153.” Straits Times. February 12. http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/latest-world-pressfreedom-index-shows-drastic-decline-singapore-ranked-at-no-153
Tan, Charlene. 2008. “From Moral Values to Citizenship Education: The Teaching of Religion in Singapore Schools.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 321–341. Singapore: ISEAS.
Tan, Eugene K. B. 2008. “Keeping God in Place: The Management of Religion in Singapore.” In Religious Diversity in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 55–82. Singapore: ISEAS.
Tennent, Timothy C. 2004. Christianity at the Religious Roundtable: Evangelicalism in Conversation with Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker.
Tremeritus, 2015. “The Thaipusam Fracas—Real Answers Needed.” TR Emeritus: The Voice of Singaporeans for Singapore.” February 5. https://maskedcrusader.blogspot.sg/2015/02/the-thaipusamfracas-real-answers-needed.html?view=classic#!/2015/02/thethaipusam-fracas-real-answers-needed.html
Weller, Paul. 2008. Religious Diversity in the UK: Contours and Issues. London: Continuum.
Young Iris Marion. 1997. “Difference as a Resource for Democratic Communication.” In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, edited by James Bohman and William Rehg, 383–406. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Published
2018-03-26
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Hedges, P. (2018). Can Interreligious Dialogue Provide a New Space for Deliberative Democracy in the Public Sphere? Philosophical Perspectives from the Examples of the UK and Singapore. Interreligious Studies and Intercultural Theology, 2(1), 5-25. https://doi.org/10.1558/35412
