Six or Eleven Theses on “Islamic” and “Christian” Terrorism in America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.19918Keywords:
Christian, Islamic, terrorism, the Muslim Question, America, Trump, Marx, identityAbstract
The term “Christian terrorism” began to appear in U.S. media narratives following a shooting outside of a Planned Parenthood clinic in 2015. Reflecting on a blog post I wrote from this time nearly six-years later, where I had proposed six theses on “Islamic” versus “Christian” terrorism in America, I consider how this rhetoric has developed in the interim. Adding five additional theses, I argue that the relative absence of terror attacks on U.S. soil throughout the Trump era, and the preoccupation with a variety of culture wars issues, has complicated the ways in which Muslims/Islam are constructed in the contemporary United States. I also consider the “Muslim question” and how it relates to Marx’s “On the Jewish Question.” Despite certain parallels between these issues, I propose that the “question” for Western Muslims today is less about achieving basic rights as it is a battle over the definition of Islam itself.
References
Ahmed, Sara. 2004. “Affective Economies.” Social Text, 79 (Vol. 22 No. 2): 117-139.
Alsultany, Evelyn. 2012. Arabs and Muslims in the Media: Race and Representation After 9/11. New York: NYU Press.
Anti-Defamation League. 2018. Murder and Extremism in the United States in 2018. January 2019. https://www.adl.org/media/12480/download. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Associated Press. 2015. “Robert Lewis Dear, Colorado Shooting Suspect, Said ‘No More Baby Parts’ After Arrest: Official.” The Huffington Post. November 28, 2015. https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/11/28/robert-lewis-dear-colorad_n_8674392.html. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Beck, Glenn. 2006. “What Should be Done with Iran? First Muslim Congressmen Speaks Out.” CNN Transcripts. November 14, 2006. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0611/14/gb.01.html. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Brantley, Max. 2015. “The latest face of terrorism in America: Robert Lewis Dear.” Arkansas Times. November 28, 2015. https://arktimes.com/arkansas-blog/2015/11/28/the-latest-face-of-terrorism-in-america-robert-lewis-dear. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Bridge Initiative Team. 2019. “Factsheet: Soldiers of Odin.” Bridge: A Georgetown University Initiative. March 9, 2019. https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-soldiers-of-odin/. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Brown, Wendy. 2019. In the Ruins of Neoliberalism: The Rise of Antidemocratic Politics in the West. New York: Columbia University Press.
Brown, Wendy, 1997. “Rights and Identity in Late Modernity: Revisiting the ‘Jewish Question.’” Identities, Politics and Rights, 85-132. Austin Sarat and Thomas Kearns eds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2016. trans: Gender and Race in an Age of Unsettled Identities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bruckner, Pascal. 2017. An Imaginary Racism: Islamophobia and Guilt. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Cavanaugh, William T. 2009. The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dalton, Jane and Gemma Fox. 2019. “Donald Trump tells AOC and Ilhan Omar to ‘go back’ to their ‘original’ countries.” The Independent. July 14, 2020. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-rashida-tlaib-pelosi-migrant-centres-a9004246.html. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Eiynah. 2019. “Are Campus SJWs Destroying Western Civilization?” Polite Conversations podcast. January 7, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eR00L_pg6iQ&t=135s. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Ellison, Keith. 2014. “End the Gaza Blockade to Achieve Peace.” Washington Post. July 29, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/keith-ellison-end-the-gaza-blockade-to-achieve-peace/2014/07/29/e5e707c4-16a1-11e4-85b6-c1451e622637_story.html. Last Accseed October 1, 2020.
Falconer, Rebecca and Marisa Fernandez. 2019. “Coroner finds suspected Dayton Shooter ahd drugs in his system during attack.” Axios. August 15, 2019. https://www.axios.com/dayton-ohio-shooting-what-we-know-so-far-6434b518-70aa-418c-901a-01c6494dbc5d.html. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Fanon, Frantz. 2008. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Richard Philcox. New York: Grove Press, Revised Edition.
Fernando, Mayanthi. 2014. The Republic Unsettled: Muslim French and the Contradictions of Secularism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
FBI. 2021. “What We Investigate: Terrorism.” https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism. Last Accessed March 9, 2021.
Fieldstadt, Julie. 2015. “Who Is Robert Dear? Planned Parenthood Shooting Suspect Seemed Strange, Not Dangerous Neighbors Say.” NBS News. November 30, 2015. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/who-robert-dear-planned-parenthood-shooting-suspect-seemed-strange-not-n470896. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Halberstam, Jack. 2018. Trans*: A Quick and Quirky Account of Gender Variability. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Hasan, Mehdi. 2019. “When Ilhan Omar is Accused of Anti-Semitism, It’s News. When a Republican Smears Muslims, There’s Silence.” The Intercept. August 28, 2019. https://theintercept.com/2019/08/28/when-ilhan-omar-is-accused-of-anti-semitism-its-news-when-a-republican-smears-muslims-theres-silence/. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Hassan, Mehdi, and Jonathan Freedland. 2019. Muslims and Jews Face a Common Threat from White Supremacists. We Must Fight it Together. The Intercept. April 3, 2019. https://theintercept.com/2019/04/03/muslims-and-jews-face-a-common-threat-from-white-supremacists-we-must-fight-it-together/. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Higgins, Tucker. 2018. “Trump declares without evidence that ‘Criminals and Unknown Middle Easterners are mixed in’ with migrant caravan making its way from Honduras.” CNBC News. October 22, 2018. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/22/trump-says-unknown-middle-easterners-are-mixed-in-migrant-caravan.html. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Hughes, Aaron W. 2016. Islam and the Tyranny of Authenticity: An Inquiry into Disciplinary Apologetics. Sheffield, UK: Equinox Press.
Huntington, Samuel. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Jenkins, Jack. 2015. “Yes, the Planned Parenthood Shooter is a ‘Christian Terrorist.” Think Progress. December 1, 2015. https://thinkprogress.org/yes-the-planned-parenthood-shooter-is-a-christian-terrorist-7dd3ae6b4611/. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2003. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, 3rd Edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Kundani, Arun. 2014. The Muslims Are Coming! Islamophobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror. London, UK: Verso.
Lacy, Akela. 2019. “Ilhan Omar Explains Why She Endorsed Bernie Sanders—And Why She Blames Mark Zuckerberg For Enabling Threats Against Her.” The Intercept. October 24, 2019. https://theintercept.com/2019/10/24/ilhan-omar-bernie-sanders-endorsement-mark-zuckerberg/. Last Accessed October 25, 2020.
Lewis, Bernard. 1990. “The Roots of Muslim Rage.” The Atlantic (Sept 1990): 47-60.
Lincoln, Bruce. 1989. Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mamdani, Mahmood. 2004. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror. New York: Pantheon Book.
March, Andrew. 2015. “Andrew March Responds to Islamism and the Left.” Dissent. Winter 2015. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/islamism-and-left-exchange. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Martin, Craig. 2017. A Critical Introduction to the Study of Religion, 2nd Edition. New York: Routledge.
Massad. Joseph. 2016. “Forget Semitism.” Islam in Liberalism, 312-41. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Maynard, Robyn. 2017. Policing Black Lives: State Violence in Canada from Slavery to the Present. Halifax, NS: Fernwood Publishing.
Nagle, Angela. 2017. Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars from 4Chan and Tumblr to Trump and the Alt-Right. Croydon, UK: Zero Books.
New Thump. 2015. “Christian groups criticised for failing to condemn Colorado terrorist.” News Thump. November 28. 2019. https://newsthump.com/2015/11/28/christian-groups-criticised-for-failing-to-condemn-colorado-terrorist/. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
NPR. 2007. “Transcription: JFK’s Speech on His Religion.” National Public Radio. December 5, 2007. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16920600. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Omar, Ilhan. 2019. “Opinion: It’s Not Enough to Condemn Trump’s Racism.” The New York Times. July 25, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/opinion/ilhan-omar-trump-racism.html. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Parvini, Sarah. 2016. “Muslim group on helping San Bernardino shooters’ family: No one should suffer for the sins of others.” Los Angeles Times. May 22, 2016. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-cair-response-20160517-snap-story.html. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Paul, Kari. 2019. “Facebook and Google anitrust investigations: all you need to know.” The Guardian. September 7, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/sep/06/facebook-google-antitrust-investigations-explained. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Paul, Kari. 2020. “Far-right online forum 8Chan kicked offline after protection services are cut.” The Guardian. October 20, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/oct/19/far-right-online-forum-8chan-loses-internet. Last Accessed October 20, 2020.
Peterson, Jordan B. 2018. 12 Rules for Life: An Antidote for Chaos. Toronto, ON: Random House Canada.
Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. 2017. “Demographic Portrait of Muslim Americans. July 26, 2019. https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/demographic-portrait-of-muslim-americans/#how-many-muslims-are-there-in-the-united-states-and-how-do-we-know. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Prothero, Steven. 2015. Why Liberals Win the Culture Wars (Even When They Loose Elections). New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
Puar, Jasbir. 2017. Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Durham, NC: Duje University Press.
Rollens, Sarah. 2015. “#ParisIsBurning: On Recent Representations of Terror.” Marginalia: Los Angeles Review of Books. November 15, 2019. http://marginalia.lareviewofbooks.org/mrblog-parisisburning-on-recent-representations-of-terror/. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Rosenberg, Eli and Kayla Epstein. 2019. “President Trump targets Rep. Omar with a video of the twin towers burning.” The Washington Post. April 13. 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/13/president-trump-targets-rep-ilhan-omar-with-video-twin-towers-burning/. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Richards, Kimberley. 2019. “Ilhan Omar Says Trump Spreading False 9/11 Tweet About Her Puts Her Life At Risk.” The Huffington Post. September 18, 2019. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ilhan-omar-donald-trump-false-911-tweet_n_5d8286cae4b0957256b068be. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Saletan, William. 2015. “The Terrorists Among Us: Forget Syria. The most dangerous religious extremists are migrants from North and South Carolina.” Slate. November 30, 2015. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/11/robert-lewis-dear-is-one-of-many-religious-extremists-bred-in-north-carolina-domestic-terrorists-threaten-us-more-than-syrian-refugees.html. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Shaheen, Jack. 2014. Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People, 3rd Edition. Northampton, MA: Olive Branch Press.
Shakman, Elizabeth Hurd. 2016. Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Shakman, Elizabeth Hurd. 2008. The Politics of Secularism in International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sheedy, Matt. 2017. “Religions Are Intrinsically Violent.” Stereotyping Religion: Critiquing Clichés, 23-39. Craig Martin and Brad Stoddard Eds. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Shirazi, Nima and Adam Johnson. 2019. “‘Western Civilization’ and White Supremacy: The Right-Wing Co-optation of Antiquity.” July 10, 2019. Citations Needed podcast. https://citationsneeded.libsyn.com/episode-82-western-civilization-and-white-supremacy-the-right-wing-co-option-of-antiquity. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Spencer, Robert. 2017. Confessions of an Islamophobe. New York: Post Hill Press.
Stern, Alexandra Minna. 2019. Proud Boys and the White Ethnostate: How the Alt-Right is Warping the American Imagination. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Strømmen, Øyvind. 2018. “The Nordic far-right and the use of religious imagery.” The Routledge Handbook of Postsecularity. Edited by Justin Beaumont. New York: Routledge.
Taras. David. 2015. Digital Mosaic: Media, Power, and Identity in Canada. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
The Telegraph. 2011. “Norway shootings: Anders Behring Breivik’s YouTube video posted hours before killings.” The Telegraph. July 24, 2011. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8657669/Norway-shootings-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-YouTube-video-posted-hours-before-killings.html. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Tracy, Abigail. 2019. “‘The President of the United States Says It’s Ok’: The Rise of the Trump Defense.” Vanity Fair. August 8, 2019. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/08/donald-trump-domestic-terrorism-el-paso. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Turkewitz, Julie. 2015. Robert Dear, Suspect in Colorado Killings, ‘Preferred to Be Left Alone.” The New York Times. November 28, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/us/robert-dear-suspect-in-colorado-killings-preferred-to-be-left-alone.html. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Walzer, Michael. 2015. “Islamism and the Left.” Dissent. Winter 2015. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/islamism-and-the-left. Last Accessed October 1, 2020.
Warner, Michael. 2002. Publics and Counterpublics. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.