Socio-Cultural Aspects of the Development of Contemporary Clinical Pastoral Care in Estonia
A Systematic Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/hscc.v4i1.28461Keywords:
chaplaincy, Estonia, holistic care, pastoral care, patient-centred, spiritual careAbstract
The current paper addresses the societal context of clinical pastoral care in Estonia, aiming to provide proposals for organizing the practice and education of clinical pastoral caregivers. The purpose is to identify the societal factors and to analyse the corresponding aspects of the development of contemporary clinical pastoral care in Estonia. Data originates from the Statistics Estonia database (2010–2015), related studies of the Estonian population and public information about Estonian health care institutions. Societal factors are identified as follows: (a) issues connected to patients’ psychosocial and material coping, (b) ethnic groups, spoken languages, (c) secularism and religious diversity. The proposed development of clinical pastoral care in Estonia would concentrate on: (a) interdisciplinarity in education and practice, (b) knowledge in cultural traditions, language skills, (c) finding the common ground for supporting the patients in secularism and religious diversity. Suggestions may also apply and contribute to the discussion in other countries with similar societal characteristics.
References
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Rannut, M., E. Küün and L. Kasemets (2009) Eesti meditsiinitöötajate eesti keele ja teiste keelte oskus [Estonian and Foreign Language Skills of Medical Staff in Estonia]. Tallinn: MindPark OÜ and Tallinn University.
Ringvee, R. (2012) “Ristiusu kohtumine teiste vaimsete praktikatega – Eestimaa kogemus” [“Meeting of Christianity and Other Spiritual Practices – Estonian Experience”]. In Astu alla rahva hulka [Step Down among the People], ed. E. Jõks, 271–82. Tallinn: Eesti Kirikute Nõukogu [Estonian Council of Churches].
Ringvee, R. (2011) Riik ja religioon nõukogudejärgses Eestis 1991–2008 [State and Religion in Post-Soviet Estonia]. Tartu: Tartu University.
Rump, S. (2013) Hingehoid Eesti hospiitsides [Pastoral Counselling in Estonian Hospices]. Tartu: Tartu Teoloogia Akadeemia.
Tammur, A., K. Meres and M. Plakk (2014) “Population”. In K. Põder, Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2014 [Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2014], 49–66. Tallinn: Eesti Statistika [Statistics Estonia].
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Tanyi, R. A. (2002) “Towards Clari?cation of the Meaning of Spirituality”. Journal of Advanced Nursing 39(5): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02315.x
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Tartu University Hospital, Internal Trainings Calendar (2015) URL: http://www.kliinikum.ee/attachments/article/1027/2015_koolitusplaan_16.12.14.pdf (last accessed 22 September 2015).
The Institute of Theology of the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church, Curriculum of Pastoral Care. URL: http://ui.eelk.ee/index.php/et/usuteaduskond/oppekavad/oppekava1#hingehoid (last accessed 22 September 2015).
Saame, I., A. Reino and M. Vadi (2011) “Organizational Culture Based on the Example of An Estonian Hospital”. Journal of Health Organization and Management 25(5): 526–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777261111161879
Speck, P., I. Higginson and J. Addington-Hall (2004) “Spiritual Needs in Health Care”. BMJ (Clinical Research Edition) 329(7458): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7458.12
Titov, E. (2015) Management Paradigm Values in Real and Propagated Level as Prerequisites of Organisational Success. Tallinn: Tallinn University of Technology.
WHO Definition of Palliative Care. URL: http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/ (last accessed 22 September 2015).
Bueckert, L. D., and D. S. Schipani (2011) “New Directions in Interfaith Spiritual Care”. In Religion, Diversity and Conflict, ed. E. Foley, 149–62. London and New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, Rutgers University.
Coward, D. D. (1991) “Self-transcendence and Emotional Well-being in Women with Advanced Breast Cancer”. Oncology Nursing Forum 18(5) : 857–63.
Culliford, L. (2002) “Spirituality and Clinical Care”. BMJ (December 21) 325(7378): 1434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7378.1434
Cunningham, M. M. (1993) “Consultation, Collaboration and Referral”. In Clinical Handbook of Pastoral Counseling, Volume 1, ed. R. J. Wicks, R. D. Parsons, D. Capps, 162–70. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
Elust, usust ja usuelust (2010) [Results of the Sociological Survey on “Life, Religion and Religious Life”]. In: E. Jõks (ed). Astu Alla Rahva Hulka [Step Down among the People]. Tallinn: Ltd. Saar Poll & Estonian Council of Churches (2012). 283–317.
Elust, usust ja usuelust (2015) [Provisional overview of the results of sociological survey on ‘Life, Religion and Religious Life’ conducted by Ltd. Saar Poll & Estonian Council of Churches, 2015]. URL: http://www.saarpoll.ee/UserFiles/File/Elus,%20usust%20ja%20usuelust_2015_ESITLUS_FINAL.pdf (accessed 22 September 2015).
European Network of Health Care Chaplaincy (2014a) Statement – Healthcare Chaplaincy in the Midst of Transition URL: http://enhcc.eu/2014_salzburg_statement.pdf (accessed 22 September 2015).
European Network of Health Care Chaplaincy (2014b) “Open for the Future: Envisioning Chaplaincy in the Midst of Transition”, Salzburg, Austria 28 May – 1 June. Available at: http://enhcc.eu/salzburg14.htm (accessed 22 September 2015).
Furniss, G. M. (1994) The Social Context of Pastoral Care: Defining the Life Situation. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press.
Health Services Organisation Act. Riigi Teataja. URL: https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/126022015015 (accessed 22 September 2015).
Hay, D., and K. Hunt (2000) Understanding the Spirituality of People Who Don’t Go To Church. Nottingham: University of Nottingham. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/hscc.v1i1.35
Härm, K. (2013) Arstide, õdede ja hooldajate teadmised, arvamused ning ettekujutused hingehoiust ja selle rollist ravitöös AS Järvamaa Haigla personali näitel [Doctors’, Nurses’ and Assistants’ Knowledge and Opinions of Pastoral Care. Järvamaa County Hospital case study]. Tartu: Tartu Teoloogia Akadeemia.
Karelson, K. (2013) “Health Status and Quality of Life”. In Sotsiaaltrendid 6 [Social Trends 6], ed. K. Põder and E. Saar, 51–72. Tallinn: Eesti Statistika [Statistics Estonia].
Koehne Wintz, S. (2004) “The Chaplain’s Path in Cultural and Spiritual Sensitivity: A Response to Anderson, Fukuyama, and Sevig”. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy 13(2): 71–82.
Kõivupuu, M. (2010) “Surmakultuuri suundumustest tänapäeval” [“Modern Tendencies in Death Culture”]. Usuteaduslik Ajakiri 60: 105–29. URL: http://usuteadus.ee/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010%20(60)/Koivupuu.pdf (last accessed 23 September 2015).
Krusell, S., and R. Müürsepp (2014) “Economic and Social Review”. In K. Põder, Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2014 [Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2014], 25–34. Tallinn: Eesti Statistika [Statistics Estonia].
Krusell, S., and R. Müürsepp (2015) “Economic and Social Review”. In K. Põder, Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2015 [Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2015], 25–36. Tallinn: Eesti Statistika [Statistics Estonia].
Laes, T. L. (2014) Social Exclusion and Poverty. In K. Põder, Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2014 [Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2014], 103–16. Tallinn: Eesti Statistika [Statistics Estonia].
—(2015) “Social Exclusion and Poverty”. In K. Põder, Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2015 [Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2015], 111–24. Tallinn: Eesti Statistika [Statistics Estonia].
Lartey, E. Y. (2003) In Living Color: An Intercultural Approach to Pastoral Care and Counseling. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd.
Latvala, M. (2012) Koguduslik hingehoid Eesti nelja konfessiooni näitel [Congregational Pastoral Care According to the Example of Four Estonian Denominations]. Tartu: Tartu University.
Leppik, M. (2014) “Social Protection”. In K. Põder, Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2014 [Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2014],129–46. Tallinn: Eesti Statistika [Statistics Estonia].
Leppik, M. (2015) “Social Protection”. In K. Põder, Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2015 [Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2015], 137–54. Tallinn: Eesti Statistika [Statistics Estonia].
Meel, L. (2015) Implementing Spiritual Care at the End of Life: Estonia. EJPC 22(1): 36–7.
North Estonia Medical Centre, Palliatiivravi töörühm [Palliative Care Team]. URL: http://perh.wiseman.ee/sites/default/files/documents/palliatiivravi_trhm.pdf (last accessed 22 September 2015).
Occupational standard, Chaplain level 7. URL: http://www.kutsekoda.ee/et/kutseregister/kutsestandardid/10491283/pdf/kaplan-tase-7.3.et.pdf (last accessed 22 September 2015).
Occupational standard, Chaplain level 6. URL: http://www.kutsekoda.ee/et/kutseregister/kutsestandardid/10491198/pdf/kaplan-tase-6.3.et.pdf (last accessed 22 September 2015).
Occupational standard, Pastoral counsellor level 7. URL: http://www.kutsekoda.ee/et/kutseregister/kutsestandardid/10491361/pdf/hingehoidja-tase-7.3.et.pdf (last accessed 22 September 2015).
Occupational standard, Pastoral counsellor level 6. URL: http://www.kutsekoda.ee/et/kutseregister/kutsestandardid/10491333/pdf/hingehoidja-tase-6.3.et.pdf (last accessed 22 September 2015).
Paal, P., C. Leget and A. Goodhead (2015) “Spiritual Care Education: Results from an EAPC Survey”. EJPC 22(2): 91–95. URL: http://www.eapcnet.eu/Portals/0/Clinical/Publications/EJPC22%282%29Paal.pdf (last accessed 23 September 2015).
Patel, S. S., V. S. Shah, R. A. Peterson and P. L. Kimmel (2002) “Psychosocial Variables, Quality of Life, and Religious Beliefs in ESRD Patients Treated with Hemodialysis”. American Journal of Kidney Disease 40(5): 1013–22.
Pierce, G. R., B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason and H. J. Joseph (1996) “Conceptualizing and Assessing Social Support in the Context of the Family”. In Handbook of Social Support and the Family, ed. G. R. Pierce, B. R. Sarason and I. G. Sarason, 3–22. New York: Plenum Press.
Police and Border Guard Board, International Protection Statistics (2015) URL: https://www.politsei.ee/dotAsset/218156.pdf (last accessed 22 September 2015).
Pollack, D., and O. Müller (2006) “Religiousness in Central and Eastern Europe: Towards Individualization?” In Religions, Churches and Religiosity in Post-Communist Europe, ed. I. Borowik, 22–36. Krakow: Nomos.
Population and Housing Census (2011) “Eesti Statistika” [“Statistics Estonia”]. URL: http://www.stat.ee/phc2011 (last accessed 22 September 2015).
Rannut, M., E. Küün and L. Kasemets (2009) Eesti meditsiinitöötajate eesti keele ja teiste keelte oskus [Estonian and Foreign Language Skills of Medical Staff in Estonia]. Tallinn: MindPark OÜ and Tallinn University.
Ringvee, R. (2012) “Ristiusu kohtumine teiste vaimsete praktikatega – Eestimaa kogemus” [“Meeting of Christianity and Other Spiritual Practices – Estonian Experience”]. In Astu alla rahva hulka [Step Down among the People], ed. E. Jõks, 271–82. Tallinn: Eesti Kirikute Nõukogu [Estonian Council of Churches].
Ringvee, R. (2011) Riik ja religioon nõukogudejärgses Eestis 1991–2008 [State and Religion in Post-Soviet Estonia]. Tartu: Tartu University.
Rump, S. (2013) Hingehoid Eesti hospiitsides [Pastoral Counselling in Estonian Hospices]. Tartu: Tartu Teoloogia Akadeemia.
Tammur, A., K. Meres and M. Plakk (2014) “Population”. In K. Põder, Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2014 [Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2014], 49–66. Tallinn: Eesti Statistika [Statistics Estonia].
Tammur, A., H. Äär and K. Meres (2015) “Population”. In K. Põder, Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2015 [Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2015], 55–72. Tallinn: Eesti Statistika [Statistics Estonia] .
Tanyi, R. A. (2002) “Towards Clari?cation of the Meaning of Spirituality”. Journal of Advanced Nursing 39(5): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02315.x
Tartu Academy of Theology website. URL: http://teoloogia.ee/wb/pages/ee/pealeht/ajalugu.php?lang=ET (last accessed 22 September 2015).
Tartu University Hospital, Internal Trainings Calendar (2015) URL: http://www.kliinikum.ee/attachments/article/1027/2015_koolitusplaan_16.12.14.pdf (last accessed 22 September 2015).
The Institute of Theology of the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church, Curriculum of Pastoral Care. URL: http://ui.eelk.ee/index.php/et/usuteaduskond/oppekavad/oppekava1#hingehoid (last accessed 22 September 2015).
Saame, I., A. Reino and M. Vadi (2011) “Organizational Culture Based on the Example of An Estonian Hospital”. Journal of Health Organization and Management 25(5): 526–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777261111161879
Speck, P., I. Higginson and J. Addington-Hall (2004) “Spiritual Needs in Health Care”. BMJ (Clinical Research Edition) 329(7458): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7458.12
Titov, E. (2015) Management Paradigm Values in Real and Propagated Level as Prerequisites of Organisational Success. Tallinn: Tallinn University of Technology.
WHO Definition of Palliative Care. URL: http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/ (last accessed 22 September 2015).
Published
2016-06-16
Issue
Section
Research Articles
How to Cite
Meel, L. (2016). Socio-Cultural Aspects of the Development of Contemporary Clinical Pastoral Care in Estonia: A Systematic Review. Health and Social Care Chaplaincy, 4(1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1558/hscc.v4i1.28461
