Grievance and Shame in the Modern Age of Entitlement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/eph.31168Keywords:
grievance, shame, bullshit, rent seeking, entitlement, ngramsAbstract
Philosophers since Plato have questioned whether might makes right, and whether the weak are condemned perforce to suffer at the hands of strong, cunning, and ruthless elites and majorities. This essay argues that communicative and strategic uses of grievance, shame, “bullshit,” collective action, and economic rent seeking (“entitlement seeking”) mitigate conventional forms of social might, thereby helping the weak and the few (that is, modern social minorities) to prosper and flourish despite their inferior strength, numbers, and social status. The argument is supported empirically by macroeconomic and ngram (“word frequency”) data.
References
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———. 1994. Knowledge and Persuasion in Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511599347
———. 2006. The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226556673.001.0001
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———. 2002. “Review of ‘The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering’.” The Independent Review 6(3): 469–474. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=156
———. 2003. “On Rent Thinking and the Corruption of Republican Government.” The Independent Review 7(4):519–535. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=69
———. 2005. “Rhetoric and Economic Policy.” The Independent Review 9(3): 325–338. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=499
———. 2006. “Entrepreneurship.” The Independent Review 10(4): 547–569. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=574
———. 2008. “Review of ‘The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy’.” The Independent Review 13(1): 119–123. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=694
———. 2009. “Civilization Without Romance.” Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism 17(2): 103–128.
———. 2010. “Merdecracy.” The Independent Review 15(2): 295–299. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=807
———. 2011. “Property Rights and the Limits of Religious Liberty.” The Independent Review 16(1): 27–52. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=837
———. 2012. “Morality, Altruism, and Religion in Economics Perspective.” Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism 20(2): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/eph.v20i2.19
———. 2015. “A Theory of the ‘Rights’ Concept.” Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism 23(1): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/eph.v23i1.28988
Mueller, Dennis. 2009. Reason, Religion, Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511814266
Nelson, Robert. 1991. Reaching for Heaven on Earth: The Theological Meaning of Economics. Lanham, MA: Littlefield Adams Quality paperbacks.
———. 2001. Economics as Religion: From Samuelson to Chicago and Beyond. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Nietzsche, F. 1968 [1901]. The Will to Power, translated by W. Kaufman. New York: Random House.
Novick, Peter. 1999. The Holocaust in American Life. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Olson, Mancur. 1971 [1965]. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pearce, David, ed. 1992. “Rent Seeking.” In The MIT Dictionary of Modern Economics. Fourth Edition, 372–373. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Phelps, Edmund. 2013. Mass Flourishing: How Grassroots Innovation Created Jobs, Challenge, and Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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———. 1997b [n.d]. “Republic.” In Plato: Complete Works, edited by J. Cooper, 971–1223. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
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Richman, Barak. 2006. “How Community Institutions Create Economic
Advantage: Jewish Diamond Merchants in New York.” Law & Social Inquiry 31(2): 383–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2006.00015.x
Rorty, Richard. 1982. Consequences of Pragmatism: Essays: 1972–1980. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
———. 1989. Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804397
———. 1999. Philosophy and Social Hope. New York: Penguin Books.
Sarna, Jonathan. 2012. When General Grant Expelled the Jews. New York: Nextbook and Schoken.
Scammell, Michael. 2014. “The CIA’s ‘Zhivago’.” The New York Review of Books 61(12): 39–42.
Smith, Adam. 1976 [1776]. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations, edited by E. Cannan. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Sokal, Alain, and Jean Bricmont. 1998: Fashionable Nonsense: Post Modern Intellectuals Abuse of Science. New York: Picador.
Sowell, Thomas. 1981. Markets and Minorities. New York: Basic Books.
———. 2009. Intellectuals and Society. New York: Basic Books.
Steele, Shelby. 2015. Shame: How America’s Past Sins Have Polarized Our Country. New York: Basic Books.
Timmerman, Kenneth. 2002. Shakedown: Exposing the Real Jesse Jackson. Washington, DC: Regnery.
Thucydites. 1876 [431 BCE]. The History of the Peloponnesean War. Volume 2, translated by R. Crawley. Available at: http//:classics.mit.edu/thucydites/pelopwar.html
———.1894 [431 BCE]. The History of the Peloponnesean War. Volume 2, edited by H. Dale. London: Henry G. Bohn.
Tullock, Gordon. 1991 [1987]. “Rent Seeking.” In The New Palgrave: The World of Economics, edited by J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman, 591–597. New York: W.W. Norton. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21315-3_81
———. 1989. The Economics of Special Privilege and Rent Seeking. Boston, MA: Klewer Academic Publishers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7813-4
Twitchell, James. 1998. For Shame: The Loss of Common Decency in American Culture. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.
Voegeli, William. 2014. The Pity Party: A Mean Spirited Diatribe Against Liberal Compassion. New York: Broadside.
———. 2016. “Unsafe Spaces.” Claremont Review of Books 16(1): 8–14.
Washington, Booker. 1972. The Autobiographical Writings: The Booker T. Washington Papers, vol. 1, edited by L. Harlan. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press.
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Alchian, Armen. 1991 [1987]. “Rent.” In The New Palgrave: The World of Economics, edited by J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman, 591–597. New York: W.W. Norton. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21315-3_79
American Dialectic Society. 2006. “Truthiness Voted 2005 Word of the Year by the American Dialectic Society.” Available at: http://www.americandialect.org/Words-of-the-Year/2005.pdf
Becker, Gary. 1972 [1957]. The Economics of Discrimination. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
———. 1976. The Economic Approach to Human Behavior. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Bell, Daniel. 1996 [1976]. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism: Twentieth Anniversary Edition. New York: Basic Books.
Bernstein, Lisa. 1992. “Opting Out of the Legal System: Extralegal Contractual Relations in the Diamond Industry.” Journal of Legal Studies 21(1): 115–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/467902
Carter, Jimmy. 2006. Palestine: Peace not Apartheid. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Dawkins, Richard. 1989 [1976]. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2006. The God Delusion. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
DeLong, J. Bradford. 1998. “Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C.–Present.” Available at: http://holtz.org/Library/Social_Science/Economics/Estimating_World_GDP_by_DeLong/Estimating_World_GDP.htm.
Dennett, Daniel. 2006. Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon. New York: Viking.
Duhem, Pierre. 1991 [1906]. The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, translated by P. Wiener. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Farber, Daniel, and Suzanna Sherry. 1997. Beyond All Reason: The Radical Assault on Truth in American Law. New York: Oxford University Press.
Feyerabend, Paul. 2010 [1975]. Against Method. Fourth Edition. New York: Verso.
Finkelstein, Norman. 2002. The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering. New York: Verso.
Frank, Robert. 2011. The Darwin Economy: Liberty, Competition, and the Common Good. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Frankfurt, Harry. 2005. On Bullshit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
———. 2006. On Truth. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Friedman, Milton. 1962. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Gilbert, W.S. 1932 [1885]. “The Mikado.” In W.S. Gilbert – Complete Works, 343–400. London: Dorset.
Goldberg, Jonah. 2007. Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left from Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning. New York: Doubleday.
Google. 2014. Google Books Ngram Viewer. Available at: https://books.google.com/ngrams
Gordon, Robert. 2016. The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400873302
Greenawalt, Kent. 2006. Religion and the Constitution. Volume 1: Free Exercise and Fairness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Haley, Alex. 1976. Roots. New York: Doubleday.
Hayek, F.A. 1976. Law, Legislation and Liberty. Volume 2: The Mirage of Social Justice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Kafka, Franz. 1995 [1937]. The Trial. New York: Schocken.
Kierkegaard, Søren. 1998 [1859]. “The Point of View for My Work as an Author.” In The Point of View, edited and translated by H. Hong and E. Hong, 21–126. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kuhn, Thomas. [1975] 1996. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Third Edition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226458106.001.0001
Lilienthal, Alfred. 1982. The Zionist Connection II: What Price Peace? New Brunswick, NJ: North American.
Lott, John. 1990. “An Explanation for Public Provision of Schooling: The Importance of Indoctrination.” Journal of Law and Economics 33(1): 199–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/467204
Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and John Jay. 1961 [1787]. The Federalist Papers. New York: New American Library. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674332133
Mamet, David. 2011. The Secret Knowledge: On the Dismantling of American Culture. New York: Sentinal.
Marc, David. 2003. “Pioneering Spirit.” Syracuse University Magazine 20(3): 26–31.
McClay, Wilfred. 2016. “The Higher Shamelessness.” Claremont Review of Books 16(1): 16–19.
McCloskey, D.N. 1985. The Rhetoric of Economics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
———. 1991 [1987]. “Rhetoric.” In The New Palgrave: The World of Economics, edited by J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman, 610–612. New York: W.W. Norton. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21315-3_82
———. 1994. Knowledge and Persuasion in Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511599347
———. 2006. The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226556673.001.0001
Mearsheimer, John and Stephen Walt. 2007. The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Montanye, James. 1999. “Freedom of Speech: Constitutional Protection Reconsidered.” The Independent Review 3(3): 327–354. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=329
———. 2002. “Review of ‘The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering’.” The Independent Review 6(3): 469–474. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=156
———. 2003. “On Rent Thinking and the Corruption of Republican Government.” The Independent Review 7(4):519–535. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=69
———. 2005. “Rhetoric and Economic Policy.” The Independent Review 9(3): 325–338. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=499
———. 2006. “Entrepreneurship.” The Independent Review 10(4): 547–569. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=574
———. 2008. “Review of ‘The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy’.” The Independent Review 13(1): 119–123. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=694
———. 2009. “Civilization Without Romance.” Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism 17(2): 103–128.
———. 2010. “Merdecracy.” The Independent Review 15(2): 295–299. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=807
———. 2011. “Property Rights and the Limits of Religious Liberty.” The Independent Review 16(1): 27–52. Available at: http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=837
———. 2012. “Morality, Altruism, and Religion in Economics Perspective.” Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism 20(2): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/eph.v20i2.19
———. 2015. “A Theory of the ‘Rights’ Concept.” Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism 23(1): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/eph.v23i1.28988
Mueller, Dennis. 2009. Reason, Religion, Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511814266
Nelson, Robert. 1991. Reaching for Heaven on Earth: The Theological Meaning of Economics. Lanham, MA: Littlefield Adams Quality paperbacks.
———. 2001. Economics as Religion: From Samuelson to Chicago and Beyond. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Nietzsche, F. 1968 [1901]. The Will to Power, translated by W. Kaufman. New York: Random House.
Novick, Peter. 1999. The Holocaust in American Life. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Olson, Mancur. 1971 [1965]. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pearce, David, ed. 1992. “Rent Seeking.” In The MIT Dictionary of Modern Economics. Fourth Edition, 372–373. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Phelps, Edmund. 2013. Mass Flourishing: How Grassroots Innovation Created Jobs, Challenge, and Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Plato. 1997a [n.d]. “Gorgias.” In Plato: Complete Works, edited by J. Cooper, 791–869. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
———. 1997b [n.d]. “Republic.” In Plato: Complete Works, edited by J. Cooper, 971–1223. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rand, Ayn. [1957] 1999. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Plume.
Reich, Charles. 1964. “The New Property.” Yale Law Journal 73(5): 733–787. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/794645
Richman, Barak. 2006. “How Community Institutions Create Economic
Advantage: Jewish Diamond Merchants in New York.” Law & Social Inquiry 31(2): 383–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2006.00015.x
Rorty, Richard. 1982. Consequences of Pragmatism: Essays: 1972–1980. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
———. 1989. Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804397
———. 1999. Philosophy and Social Hope. New York: Penguin Books.
Sarna, Jonathan. 2012. When General Grant Expelled the Jews. New York: Nextbook and Schoken.
Scammell, Michael. 2014. “The CIA’s ‘Zhivago’.” The New York Review of Books 61(12): 39–42.
Smith, Adam. 1976 [1776]. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations, edited by E. Cannan. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Sokal, Alain, and Jean Bricmont. 1998: Fashionable Nonsense: Post Modern Intellectuals Abuse of Science. New York: Picador.
Sowell, Thomas. 1981. Markets and Minorities. New York: Basic Books.
———. 2009. Intellectuals and Society. New York: Basic Books.
Steele, Shelby. 2015. Shame: How America’s Past Sins Have Polarized Our Country. New York: Basic Books.
Timmerman, Kenneth. 2002. Shakedown: Exposing the Real Jesse Jackson. Washington, DC: Regnery.
Thucydites. 1876 [431 BCE]. The History of the Peloponnesean War. Volume 2, translated by R. Crawley. Available at: http//:classics.mit.edu/thucydites/pelopwar.html
———.1894 [431 BCE]. The History of the Peloponnesean War. Volume 2, edited by H. Dale. London: Henry G. Bohn.
Tullock, Gordon. 1991 [1987]. “Rent Seeking.” In The New Palgrave: The World of Economics, edited by J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman, 591–597. New York: W.W. Norton. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21315-3_81
———. 1989. The Economics of Special Privilege and Rent Seeking. Boston, MA: Klewer Academic Publishers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7813-4
Twitchell, James. 1998. For Shame: The Loss of Common Decency in American Culture. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.
Voegeli, William. 2014. The Pity Party: A Mean Spirited Diatribe Against Liberal Compassion. New York: Broadside.
———. 2016. “Unsafe Spaces.” Claremont Review of Books 16(1): 8–14.
Washington, Booker. 1972. The Autobiographical Writings: The Booker T. Washington Papers, vol. 1, edited by L. Harlan. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press.
Wenar, Leif. 2011. “Rights.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by E. Zalta. Fall Edition. Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu
Published
2016-09-20
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Montanye, J. (2016). Grievance and Shame in the Modern Age of Entitlement. Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism, 24(1), 59-85. https://doi.org/10.1558/eph.31168
