The Relationship between Seeker and Spiritual Guide as portrayed in contemporary Western Sufi Autobiographies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/cis.v5i2.297Keywords:
Sufism, autobiography, shaykh/pir, murid/discipleAbstract
This article aims to explore the Shaykh-murid (disciple) or teacher-pupil relationship as portrayed in Western Sufi life writing in recent decades, observing elements of continuity and discontinuity with classical Sufism. Additionally, it traces the influence on the texts of certain developments in religiosity in contemporary Western societies, especially New Age understandings of religious authority. Studying these works will provide an insight into the diversity of expressions of contemporary Sufism, while shedding light on a phenomenon which seems to fly in the face of contemporary social and religious trends which deemphasize external authority and promote the authority of the self or individual autonomy.
References
Bancroft, Anne. Weavers of Wisdom: Women Mystics of the Twentieth Century. London: Penguin, 1989.
Banner, Lois W. Finding Fran: History and Memory in the lives of Two Women. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
Castaneda, Carlos. The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.
Dominguez Diaz, Marta. “Revisiting Moroccan Sufism and Re-Islamicising Secular Audiences: Female Religious Narratives in the Tariqa Qadiriyya Budshishiyya in Morocco and Western Europe Today.” Unpublished Phd thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, 2010.
Eakin, Paul John. How our Lives become Stories: Making Selves. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.
Evans, Mary. Missing Persons: The Impossibility of Auto/Biography. London: Routledge, 1999.
Faye, Maryam Kabeer. Journey through Ten Thousand Veils: The Alchemy of Transformation on the Sufi Path. Somerset, NJ: Tughra Books, 2009.
Feild, Reshad. Going Home: The Journey of a Travelling Man. Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books, 1996.
———. Here to Heal. Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books, 1985.
———. The Invisible Way: A Time to Live—a Time to Die. Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books, 1979.
———. The Last Barrier: A Journey into the Essence of Sufi Teachings, 2nd ed. Great Barrington, MA: Lindisfarne Books, 2002.
———. The Last Barrier: A Sufi Journey. Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books, 1976.
Feuerstein, Georg. Holy Madness: Spirituality, Crazy-Wise Teachers, and Enlightenment, 2nd ed. Prescott, AZ: Hohm Press, 2006.
Franks, Myfanwy. Women and Revivalism in the West: Choosing “Fundamentalism” in a Liberal Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001.
Gardet, Louis. “Karama.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed, edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth et al. http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-0445> (accessed 03/31/2010).
Geaves, Ron. The Sufis of Britain: An Exploration of Muslim Identity. Cardiff: Cardiff Academic Press, 2000.
Gilmore, Leigh. The Limits of Autobiography: Trauma and Testimony. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.
Gudmundsdottir, Gunnthorunn. Borderlines: Autobiography and Fiction in Postmodern Life Writing. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2003.
Haar, Johan G. J. ter. “The Importance of the Spiritual Guide in the Naqshbandi Order.” In The Legacy of Mediaeval Persian Sufism, edited by Leonard Lewisohn, 311–321. London and New York: Khaniqahi Nimatullahi Publications, 1992.
Hanegraaff, Wouter J. New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
Heelas, Paul. The New Age Movement: The Celebration of the Self and the Sacralization of Modernity. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.
Hermansen, Marcia. “Hybrid Identity Formations in Muslim America: The Case of American Sufi Movements.” Muslim World 90 (2000): 158–197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2000.tb03686.x
———. “Rewriting Sufi Identity in the 20th Century: The Biographical Approaches of Maulana Ashraf ‘Ali Thanvi and Khwajah Hasan Nizama.” Islamic Studies 46 (2007): 15–39.
———. “Roads to Mecca: Conversion Narratives of European and Euro- American Muslims.” Muslim World 89 (1999): 56–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1999.tb03669.x
———. “What’s American about American Sufi Movements?”. In Sufism in Europe and North America, edited by David Westerlund, 36–63. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.
Hussanini, A. S. “Uways al-Qarani and the Uwaysi Sufis.” Muslim World 57 (1967): 103–113.
Köse, Ali. Conversion to Islam: A Study of Native British Converts. London: Kegan Paul International, 1996.
Leigh, David J. Circuitous Journeys: Modern Spiritual Autobiography. New York: Fordham University Press, 2000.
Malamud, Margaret. “Gender and Spiritual Self-Fashioning: The Master-Disciple Relationship in Classical Sufism.” In Sufism: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies, edited by Lloyd Ridgeon, vol. 2, 316–342. New York: Routledge, 2008.
Metcalf, Barbara D. “The Past in the Present: Instruction, Pleasure, and Blessing in Maulana Muhammad Zakariyya’s Aap Bitii.” In Telling Lives in India: Biography, Autobiography, and Life History, edited by David Arnold and Stuart Blackburn, 116–143. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004.
Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. Bawa. The Tree that Fell to the West: Autobiography of a Sufi. Philadelphia, PA: The Fellowship Press, 2003.
Nanda, Bikram M. and Mohammad Taleb. “Soul of the Soulless: An Analysis of Pir-Murid Relationships in Sufi Discourse.” In Muslim Shrines in India: Their Character, History and Significance, edited by Christian W. Troll. 125–144. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Rawlinson, Andrew. The Book of Enlightened Masters: Western Teachers in Eastern Traditions. Chicago and La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing Company, 1997.
Reynolds, Dwight F. (ed.) Interpreting the Self: Autobiography in the Arabic Literary Tradition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001.
Shakoor, Muhyiddin. The Writing on the Water: Chronicles of a Seeker on the Islamic Sufi Path. Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books, 1987.
Silvers-Alario, Laury. “The Teaching Relationship in Early Sufism: A Reassessment of Fritz Meier’s Definition of the shaykh al-tarbiya and the shaykh al-ta‘lim.” Muslim World 93 (2003): 69–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1478-1913.00015
Sutcliffe, Steven J. Children of the New Age: A History of Spiritual Practices. London: Routledge, 2003.
Sviri, Sara. “Daughter of Fire by Irina Tweedie: Documentation and Experiences of a Modern Naqshbandi Sufi.” In Women as Teachers and Disciples in Traditional and New Religions, edited by Elizabeth Puttick and Peter B. Clarke, 77–89. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1993.
Taji-Farouki, Suha. Beshara and Ibn ‘Arabi: A Movement of Sufi Spirituality in the Modern World. Oxford: Anqa Publishing, 2007.
Tweedie, Irina. Daughter of Fire: A Diary of a Spiritual Training with a Sufi Master. Inverness, CA: The Golden Sufi Center, 1986.
Vaughan-Lee, Llewellyn. The Face Before I was Born: A Spiritual Autobiography. Inverness, CA: The Golden Sufi Center, 1998.
Webb, Gisela. “Third-wave Sufism in America and the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship”. In Sufism in the West, edited by Jamal Malik and John Hinnells, 86–102. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.
Werbner, Pnina and Helene Basu. “The Embodiment of Charisma.” In Embodying Charisma: Modernity, Locality and the Performance of Emotion in Sufi Cults, edited by Pnina Werbner and Helene Basu, 3–27. London: Routledge, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203278550
Werbner, Pnina. Pilgrims of Love: The Anthropology of a Global Sufi Cult. London: Hurst, 2003.
Westerlund, David. “The Contextualisation of Sufism in Europe.” In Sufism in Europe and North America, edited by David Westerlund, 13–35. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.
Wilson, Peter. “The Strange Fate of Sufism in the New Age.” In New Trends and Developments in the World of Islam, edited by Peter B. Clarke, 179–210. London: Luzac Oriental, 1997.