The Contemporary Influences of Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi in the West
The Beshara School and the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/cis.v1i1.43Keywords:
Beshara School, Muhyiddin Ibn ‘ArabiAbstract
In the past 150 years or so, there has been a notable expansion of influence and diffusion of Eastern religious ideas into a Western setting where they have been adopted and adapted to suit this new context. At the outset this happened principally with Hindu and Buddhist teachings but more recently there has been a subtle infusion of Islamic influence especially through Sufi belief and practices. A prime example of this has been through the teachings of the twelfth century Andalusian Muslim mystic, Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi. How his teachings have been filtering into and adapted for a Western audience through a selected group of admirers has been the focus of my recent doctoral thesis. This article will commence with a discussion of the broad contextual framework that was required for the study, followed by a summary of the highlights of the research and its outcomes.References
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Algar, Hamid. “Reflections of Ibn ‘Arabi in Early Naqshbandi Tradition.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 10 (1991): 45-56.
Asin-Palacios, M. El Islam critianzado. Madrid: Libros Hiperión, 1931.
Asin-Palacios, M.. La escatologia musulmana en la Divina Comedia. Madrid and Grenada: Libros Hiperión, 1943.
Austin, R.W.J. Sufis of Andalusia (The Ruh al-quds and al-Durrat al-fakhirah of Ibn ‘Arabi). London: Alan and Unwin (repr. Gloucestershire: Beshara Publications, 1988), 1971.
Austin, R.W.J., The Bezels of Wisdom a complete translation of the Fusus al-hikam. New York: Paulist Press, 1980.
Baba, Meher. God Speaks. North Myrtle Beach: Sheriar Books, 1973.
Benäissa, Omar. “The Diffusian of Akbarian Teaching in Iran During the 13th and 14th Centuries.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 26 (1999): 89-109.
Bennett, John G. Christian Mysticism and Subud. London: Institute for the Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences, 1961.
Bennett, John G. Intimations, Talks with J.G. Bennett at Beshara. Gloucestershire: Beshara Publications, 1975.
Bennett, John G. Witness, The Story of a Search. New Mexico: Bennett Books, 1997.
Burckhardt, Titus. Principes et methodes de L’art Sacré. Lyon: Paul Derain, 1958.
Burckhardt, Titus. Alchémie: Sinn und Weltbild. Olten: Walter, 1960.
Burckhardt, Titus. Mystical Astrology According to Ibn ‘Arabi. Trans. Gloucestershire: Beshara Publications, 1977.
Burckhardt, Titus. Introduction aux Doctrines Esoteriques de L’Islam. Lyon: Dervy-books, 1969, rprt. 1995.
Chittick, W. The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn ‘Arabi’s Metaphysics of the Imagination. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.
Chittick, W. Imaginal World’s. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
Chittick, W. The Self Disclosure of God. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.
Chodkiewicz, Michel. Épître sur L’unicité Absolue. Paris: Les Deux Océans, 1982.
Chodkiewicz, Michel. An Ocean Without Shore: Ibn ‘Arabi, the Book and the Law. trans. David Streight. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.
Chodkiewicz, Michel. “The Diffusion of Ibn ‘Arabi’s Doctrine.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 9 (1991): 36-57.
Chodkiewicz, Michel. The Seal of the Saints, Prophethood and Sainthood in the Doctrine of Ibn ‘Arabi. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1993.
Claude Addas. Quest for the Red Sulphur, the Life of Ibn ‘Arabi. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1993.
Corbin, Henry. Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: From Mazdean Iran to Shi‘ite Iran, trans. Nancy Pearson. London: I.B. Tauris and Co., 1990.
Corbin, Henry. Alone with the Alone: Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn ‘Arabi. trans. Ralph Manheim. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Frager R. and J. Fadiman ed. Essential Sufism. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1997.
Gurdjieff, Georgei Ivanovitch. Meetings with Remarkable Men. New York: Dutton, 1969.
Gurdjieff, Georgei Ivanovitch. Beelzebub’s Tales to His Grandson: An Objectively Impartial Criticism of the Life of Man. New York: Dutton, 1978.
Gurdjieff, Georgei Ivanovitch. Life is Real Only Then, When “I Am.” New York: Dutton, 1982.
Harris, R.T. Journey to the Lord of Power, A Sufi Manual on Retreat by Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi. Rochester: Inter Traditions International Ltd., 1990.
Hermansen, Marcia. “Hybrid Identity Formations in Muslim America; The Case for American Sufi Movements.” The Muslim World 90: 158-197, 2000.
Hermansen, Marcia. “In the Garden of American Sufi Movements: Hybrids and Perennials.” In New Trends and Developments in the World of Islam. Ed. Peter B. Clark, 155-178. London: Luzac Oriental Press, 1997.
Hirtenstein, Stephen. The Unlimited Mercifier, The Spiritual Life and Thought of Ibn ‘Arabi. Oxford: Anqa Publishing, 1999.
Holbrooke, Victoria. “Ibn ‘Arabi and the Ottoman Dervish Traditions: The Melami Supra Order, Part One.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 9 (1991): 18-35.
Holbrooke, Victoria. “Ibn ‘Arabi and the Ottoman Dervish Traditions: The Melami Supra Order, Part Two.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 12 (1992): 15-33.
Ibn ‘Arabi. The Wisdom of the Prophets (Fusus al-hikam). Trans. from Arabic to French by Titus Burckhardt, trans. from French to English by Angela Culme-Seymour. Gloucestershire: Beshara Publications, 1975.
Ibn ‘Arabi. The Seven Days of the Heart (Awrad al-usbu). Trans. Pablo Beneito and Stephen Hirtenstein. Oxford: Anqa Publishing, 2000.
Ibn ‘Arabi. Contemplation of the Holy Mysteries and the Rising of the Divine Lights (Mashadid al-asra). Trans. Pablo Beneito and Cecilia Twinch. Oxford: Anqa Publishing, 2001.
Iraqi, Fakhruddin. Divine Flashes. Trans. Peter Lamborne Wilson, J. Morris and William Chittick. New York: Paulist Press, 1982.
Iraqi, Fakhruddin. “The Continuing relevance of Qaysari’s Thought: Divine Imagination and the Foundation of Natural Spirituality.” In Papers of the International Symposium on Islamic Thought in the XIIIth and XIVth Centuries and Daud al-Qaysari. Ed. T. Koç, 161-171. Ankara, 1998.
Izutzu, Toshihiko. Sufism and Taoism, A Comparative Study of Key Philosophical Concepts. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
Jeffrey, Isobel. “The Contemporary Influences of Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi in the West: The Beshara School and the Ibn ‘Arabi Society.” Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Exeter, 2003.
Khan, Pir Vilayat Inayat. That Which Transpires Behind that Which Appears, The Experience of Sufism. New York: Omega Publications, 1994.
Kiliç, Mahmud Erol. “The Ibn ‘Arabi of the Ottomans: ‘Abdullah Salahaddin al-‘Ushshaqi (1705-82).” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 26 (1999): 110-120.
Knysh, Alexander. “Ibn ‘Arabi in Yemen, His Admirers and Detractors.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 11 (1992): 38-61.
Knysh, Alexander. Ibn ‘Arabi in the Later Islamic Tradition, the Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999.
Landau, Rom. The Philosophy of Ibn ‘Arabi. London: Allen and Unwin, 1959.
Lewisohn, Leonard. Classical Persian Sufism from its Origins to Rumi. New York: Khaniqahi Nimatullahi Publications, 1994.
Lewisohn, Leonard. The Heritage of Sufism, Vol. II. Oxford: One World Publications, 1999.
Lings, Martin. The Book of Certainty: Symbol and Archetype. London: Rider and Co, 1952.
Lings, Martin. A Sufi Saint of the Twentieth Century: Shaykh Ahmad al-‘Alawi. London: Allen and Unwin, 1971.
Lings, Martin. What is Sufism? London: Allen and Unwin, 1975.
Lings, Martin. A Study of the Meaning of Existence. Cambridge: Quinta Essentia, 1991.
Momen, Moojan. The Phenomenon of Religion, A Thematic Approach. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1999.
Morris, J.W. “Ibn ‘Arabi and His Interpreters, Part I.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 106 (1986): 539-551.
Morris, J.W. “Ibn ‘Arabi and His Interpreters, Part II.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 106 (1986): 733-756.
Morris, J.W. “Ibn ‘Arabi and His Interpreters, Part III.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 107 (1987): 101-109.
Morris, J.W. “ ‘…Except His Face,’ The Political and Aesthetic Dimensions of Ibn ‘Arabi’s Legacy.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 13 (1998): 19-31.
Morris, J.W. “Ibn ‘Arabi in the ‘Far West.’” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 29 (2001): 87-121.
Morris, J.W. Orientations: Islamic Thought in a World Civilisation. Sarajevo: El-Kalem Publishers, 2001.
Morris, J.W. The Master and the Disciple: An Early Spiritual Dialogue. London and New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2001.
Morris, J.W. Ibn ‘Arabi: The Meccan Revelations. New York: Pir Press, 2002.
Muhaiyaddeen, Bhawa. Islam and World Peace, Explanations of a Sufi. Bhawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship, 1987.
Murata, Sachiko. Chinese Gleams of Sufi Light, Wang Tai-yü’s Great Learning of the Pure and Real and Liu Chih’s Displaying the Concealment of the Real Realm. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000.
Nasr, S.H. Ibn ‘Arabi in the Persian Speaking World. Cairo: Publisher, 1969.
Nâzim, Shaykh. The Fruit of Perfect Practising and Real Belief is Peace. Birmingham: Zero Publications, 1988.
Nâzim, Shaykh. Don’t Waste. Sri Lanka: Zero Publications, 1989.
Nâzim, Shaykh. Power Oceans of Love. London: Zero Publications, 1993.
Nicholson, R.A. “The Lives of Umar Ibnul Farid and Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1906): Nicholson, R.A. Tarjuman al-ashwa. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1911.
Nicholson, R.A. The Mystics of Islam. London: Routledge, Kegan Paul, 1914.
Nicholson, R.A. Studies in Islamic Mysticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1921.
Nyberg, Henrik S. Kleinere Schriften des Ibn ‘Arabi nach Handschriften in Uppsala und Berlin zum ersten Mal hrsg. Und mit Einleitung und Kommentar von H.S. Nyberg. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1919.
Ouspensky, Peter. In Search of the Miraculous: Fragments of an Unknown Teaching. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1949.
Ouspensky, Peter. A New Model of the Universe. New York: Random House, 1971.
Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
Schuon, Frithjof. The Transcendent Unity of Religion. London: Faber and Faber, 1965.
Schuon, Frithjof. From the Divine to the Human, Survey of Metaphysics and Epistemology. Bloomington, Indiana: Library of Traditional Wisdom, 1983.
Schuon, Frithjof. The Play of Masks. Bloomington, Indiana: The Library of Traditional Wisdom, 1992.
Sedgwick, Mark. Against the Modern World, traditionalism and the Secret Intellectial History of the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Smith, Huston. The World’s Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions. San Francisco: Harper, 1991.
Tahrali, Mustafa. “A General Outline of the Influence of Ibn ‘Arabi on the Ottoman Era.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 26 (1999): 43-54.
Wasserstrom, S.M. Religion after Religion: Gershom Scholem, Mircea Eliade, and Henry Corbin at Eranos. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Weir, T.H. “Whoso Knoweth Himself.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1901): 809-825 (repr. Gloucestershire: Beshara Publications, 1976).
Yahia, Osman. Histoire et classification del’oeuvre d’Ibn ‘Arabi,: 2 Vols. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1964.
Young, Peter. Ibn ‘Arabi: “Towards a Universal Point of View.” Unpublished paper presented at the 1999 annual symposium of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society, 1999.
Algar, Hamid. “Reflections of Ibn ‘Arabi in Early Naqshbandi Tradition.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 10 (1991): 45-56.
Asin-Palacios, M. El Islam critianzado. Madrid: Libros Hiperión, 1931.
Asin-Palacios, M.. La escatologia musulmana en la Divina Comedia. Madrid and Grenada: Libros Hiperión, 1943.
Austin, R.W.J. Sufis of Andalusia (The Ruh al-quds and al-Durrat al-fakhirah of Ibn ‘Arabi). London: Alan and Unwin (repr. Gloucestershire: Beshara Publications, 1988), 1971.
Austin, R.W.J., The Bezels of Wisdom a complete translation of the Fusus al-hikam. New York: Paulist Press, 1980.
Baba, Meher. God Speaks. North Myrtle Beach: Sheriar Books, 1973.
Benäissa, Omar. “The Diffusian of Akbarian Teaching in Iran During the 13th and 14th Centuries.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 26 (1999): 89-109.
Bennett, John G. Christian Mysticism and Subud. London: Institute for the Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences, 1961.
Bennett, John G. Intimations, Talks with J.G. Bennett at Beshara. Gloucestershire: Beshara Publications, 1975.
Bennett, John G. Witness, The Story of a Search. New Mexico: Bennett Books, 1997.
Burckhardt, Titus. Principes et methodes de L’art Sacré. Lyon: Paul Derain, 1958.
Burckhardt, Titus. Alchémie: Sinn und Weltbild. Olten: Walter, 1960.
Burckhardt, Titus. Mystical Astrology According to Ibn ‘Arabi. Trans. Gloucestershire: Beshara Publications, 1977.
Burckhardt, Titus. Introduction aux Doctrines Esoteriques de L’Islam. Lyon: Dervy-books, 1969, rprt. 1995.
Chittick, W. The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn ‘Arabi’s Metaphysics of the Imagination. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.
Chittick, W. Imaginal World’s. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
Chittick, W. The Self Disclosure of God. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.
Chodkiewicz, Michel. Épître sur L’unicité Absolue. Paris: Les Deux Océans, 1982.
Chodkiewicz, Michel. An Ocean Without Shore: Ibn ‘Arabi, the Book and the Law. trans. David Streight. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.
Chodkiewicz, Michel. “The Diffusion of Ibn ‘Arabi’s Doctrine.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 9 (1991): 36-57.
Chodkiewicz, Michel. The Seal of the Saints, Prophethood and Sainthood in the Doctrine of Ibn ‘Arabi. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1993.
Claude Addas. Quest for the Red Sulphur, the Life of Ibn ‘Arabi. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1993.
Corbin, Henry. Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: From Mazdean Iran to Shi‘ite Iran, trans. Nancy Pearson. London: I.B. Tauris and Co., 1990.
Corbin, Henry. Alone with the Alone: Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn ‘Arabi. trans. Ralph Manheim. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Frager R. and J. Fadiman ed. Essential Sufism. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1997.
Gurdjieff, Georgei Ivanovitch. Meetings with Remarkable Men. New York: Dutton, 1969.
Gurdjieff, Georgei Ivanovitch. Beelzebub’s Tales to His Grandson: An Objectively Impartial Criticism of the Life of Man. New York: Dutton, 1978.
Gurdjieff, Georgei Ivanovitch. Life is Real Only Then, When “I Am.” New York: Dutton, 1982.
Harris, R.T. Journey to the Lord of Power, A Sufi Manual on Retreat by Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi. Rochester: Inter Traditions International Ltd., 1990.
Hermansen, Marcia. “Hybrid Identity Formations in Muslim America; The Case for American Sufi Movements.” The Muslim World 90: 158-197, 2000.
Hermansen, Marcia. “In the Garden of American Sufi Movements: Hybrids and Perennials.” In New Trends and Developments in the World of Islam. Ed. Peter B. Clark, 155-178. London: Luzac Oriental Press, 1997.
Hirtenstein, Stephen. The Unlimited Mercifier, The Spiritual Life and Thought of Ibn ‘Arabi. Oxford: Anqa Publishing, 1999.
Holbrooke, Victoria. “Ibn ‘Arabi and the Ottoman Dervish Traditions: The Melami Supra Order, Part One.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 9 (1991): 18-35.
Holbrooke, Victoria. “Ibn ‘Arabi and the Ottoman Dervish Traditions: The Melami Supra Order, Part Two.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 12 (1992): 15-33.
Ibn ‘Arabi. The Wisdom of the Prophets (Fusus al-hikam). Trans. from Arabic to French by Titus Burckhardt, trans. from French to English by Angela Culme-Seymour. Gloucestershire: Beshara Publications, 1975.
Ibn ‘Arabi. The Seven Days of the Heart (Awrad al-usbu). Trans. Pablo Beneito and Stephen Hirtenstein. Oxford: Anqa Publishing, 2000.
Ibn ‘Arabi. Contemplation of the Holy Mysteries and the Rising of the Divine Lights (Mashadid al-asra). Trans. Pablo Beneito and Cecilia Twinch. Oxford: Anqa Publishing, 2001.
Iraqi, Fakhruddin. Divine Flashes. Trans. Peter Lamborne Wilson, J. Morris and William Chittick. New York: Paulist Press, 1982.
Iraqi, Fakhruddin. “The Continuing relevance of Qaysari’s Thought: Divine Imagination and the Foundation of Natural Spirituality.” In Papers of the International Symposium on Islamic Thought in the XIIIth and XIVth Centuries and Daud al-Qaysari. Ed. T. Koç, 161-171. Ankara, 1998.
Izutzu, Toshihiko. Sufism and Taoism, A Comparative Study of Key Philosophical Concepts. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
Jeffrey, Isobel. “The Contemporary Influences of Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi in the West: The Beshara School and the Ibn ‘Arabi Society.” Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Exeter, 2003.
Khan, Pir Vilayat Inayat. That Which Transpires Behind that Which Appears, The Experience of Sufism. New York: Omega Publications, 1994.
Kiliç, Mahmud Erol. “The Ibn ‘Arabi of the Ottomans: ‘Abdullah Salahaddin al-‘Ushshaqi (1705-82).” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 26 (1999): 110-120.
Knysh, Alexander. “Ibn ‘Arabi in Yemen, His Admirers and Detractors.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 11 (1992): 38-61.
Knysh, Alexander. Ibn ‘Arabi in the Later Islamic Tradition, the Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999.
Landau, Rom. The Philosophy of Ibn ‘Arabi. London: Allen and Unwin, 1959.
Lewisohn, Leonard. Classical Persian Sufism from its Origins to Rumi. New York: Khaniqahi Nimatullahi Publications, 1994.
Lewisohn, Leonard. The Heritage of Sufism, Vol. II. Oxford: One World Publications, 1999.
Lings, Martin. The Book of Certainty: Symbol and Archetype. London: Rider and Co, 1952.
Lings, Martin. A Sufi Saint of the Twentieth Century: Shaykh Ahmad al-‘Alawi. London: Allen and Unwin, 1971.
Lings, Martin. What is Sufism? London: Allen and Unwin, 1975.
Lings, Martin. A Study of the Meaning of Existence. Cambridge: Quinta Essentia, 1991.
Momen, Moojan. The Phenomenon of Religion, A Thematic Approach. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1999.
Morris, J.W. “Ibn ‘Arabi and His Interpreters, Part I.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 106 (1986): 539-551.
Morris, J.W. “Ibn ‘Arabi and His Interpreters, Part II.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 106 (1986): 733-756.
Morris, J.W. “Ibn ‘Arabi and His Interpreters, Part III.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 107 (1987): 101-109.
Morris, J.W. “ ‘…Except His Face,’ The Political and Aesthetic Dimensions of Ibn ‘Arabi’s Legacy.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 13 (1998): 19-31.
Morris, J.W. “Ibn ‘Arabi in the ‘Far West.’” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 29 (2001): 87-121.
Morris, J.W. Orientations: Islamic Thought in a World Civilisation. Sarajevo: El-Kalem Publishers, 2001.
Morris, J.W. The Master and the Disciple: An Early Spiritual Dialogue. London and New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2001.
Morris, J.W. Ibn ‘Arabi: The Meccan Revelations. New York: Pir Press, 2002.
Muhaiyaddeen, Bhawa. Islam and World Peace, Explanations of a Sufi. Bhawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship, 1987.
Murata, Sachiko. Chinese Gleams of Sufi Light, Wang Tai-yü’s Great Learning of the Pure and Real and Liu Chih’s Displaying the Concealment of the Real Realm. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000.
Nasr, S.H. Ibn ‘Arabi in the Persian Speaking World. Cairo: Publisher, 1969.
Nâzim, Shaykh. The Fruit of Perfect Practising and Real Belief is Peace. Birmingham: Zero Publications, 1988.
Nâzim, Shaykh. Don’t Waste. Sri Lanka: Zero Publications, 1989.
Nâzim, Shaykh. Power Oceans of Love. London: Zero Publications, 1993.
Nicholson, R.A. “The Lives of Umar Ibnul Farid and Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1906): Nicholson, R.A. Tarjuman al-ashwa. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1911.
Nicholson, R.A. The Mystics of Islam. London: Routledge, Kegan Paul, 1914.
Nicholson, R.A. Studies in Islamic Mysticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1921.
Nyberg, Henrik S. Kleinere Schriften des Ibn ‘Arabi nach Handschriften in Uppsala und Berlin zum ersten Mal hrsg. Und mit Einleitung und Kommentar von H.S. Nyberg. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1919.
Ouspensky, Peter. In Search of the Miraculous: Fragments of an Unknown Teaching. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1949.
Ouspensky, Peter. A New Model of the Universe. New York: Random House, 1971.
Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
Schuon, Frithjof. The Transcendent Unity of Religion. London: Faber and Faber, 1965.
Schuon, Frithjof. From the Divine to the Human, Survey of Metaphysics and Epistemology. Bloomington, Indiana: Library of Traditional Wisdom, 1983.
Schuon, Frithjof. The Play of Masks. Bloomington, Indiana: The Library of Traditional Wisdom, 1992.
Sedgwick, Mark. Against the Modern World, traditionalism and the Secret Intellectial History of the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Smith, Huston. The World’s Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions. San Francisco: Harper, 1991.
Tahrali, Mustafa. “A General Outline of the Influence of Ibn ‘Arabi on the Ottoman Era.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 26 (1999): 43-54.
Wasserstrom, S.M. Religion after Religion: Gershom Scholem, Mircea Eliade, and Henry Corbin at Eranos. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Weir, T.H. “Whoso Knoweth Himself.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1901): 809-825 (repr. Gloucestershire: Beshara Publications, 1976).
Yahia, Osman. Histoire et classification del’oeuvre d’Ibn ‘Arabi,: 2 Vols. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1964.
Young, Peter. Ibn ‘Arabi: “Towards a Universal Point of View.” Unpublished paper presented at the 1999 annual symposium of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society, 1999.
Published
2007-02-04
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Articles
How to Cite
Jeffrey, I. (2007). The Contemporary Influences of Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi in the West: The Beshara School and the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society. Comparative Islamic Studies, 1(1), 43-68. https://doi.org/10.1558/cis.v1i1.43
