Phraseology in specialized resources
an approach to complex nominals
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40607-018-0046-xKeywords:
Complex nominal, Phraseology, Specialized language, Terminological knowledge baseAbstract
In English, the international language of communication (Tono in Lexicography 1(1):1–5, 2014), complex nominals (CNs) are frequently used to convey specialized concepts (Sager et al. in English special languages. Principles and practice in science and technology. Brandstetter Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1980; Nakov in Natural Language Engineering 19(03):291–330, 2013). These phraseological units have a nominal head that is modifed by another element (e.g., hydropower production). Problems can arise in relation to their identifcation, their bracketing or internal structure disambiguation, their meaning access, and their translation or production in another language. Although they are not marginal phenomena in specialized language, they are rarely included in specialized resources. Even when they are included, their treatment is not systematic (Cabezas-García and Faber in Computational and corpus-based phraseology. Springer, Cham, pp 145–159, 2017a). This article describes the representation of CNs in EcoLexicon (http://www.ecolexicon.ugr.es), a terminological knowledge base, whose new phraseological module will include verb collocations (e.g., a volcano spews lava) as well as CNs. For that purpose, we used a wind power corpus in English and Spanish for term extraction, semantic analysis, establishment of interlinguistic correspondences, and defnition crafting. We propose diferent access points to information (Kwary in International Journal of Lexicography 25(1):30–49, 2012), such as the CNs formed from a given term, a bilingual view in English and Spanish, or the syntactic–semantic combinations in CNs. The structure of the CN module is based on the semantics of these phraseological units, which facilitates the specifcation of mapping rules as well as knowledge acquisition (Faber in A cognitive linguistics view of terminology and specialized language. De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, 2012).
References
Bally, Charles. 1951. Traité De Stylistique Française, 3rd ed. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
Barker, Ken, and Stan Szpakowicz. 1998. Semi-automatic recognition of noun modifer relationships. In Proceedings of the 17th international conference on computational linguistics, ICCL’98, 96–102. Montreal, Canada: ACL.
Bassac, Christian, and Pierrette Bouillon. 2013. The telic relationship in compounds. In Advances in generative lexicon theory, ed. James Pustejovsky, Pierrette Bouillon, Hitoshi Isahara, Kyoko Kanzaki, and Chungmin Lee, 109–126. Dordrecht: Springer.
Beigbeder, Federico. 2006. Diccionario técnico inglés-español español-inglés, 2nd ed. Madrid: Díaz de Santos.
Benson, Morton, Evelyn Benson, and Robert Ilson. 2009. The BBI combinatory dictionary of English, 3rd ed. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bouillon, Pierrette, Elisabetta Jezek, Chiara Melloni, and Aurélie Picton. 2012. Annotating qualia relations in Italian and French complex nominals. In Proceedings of the 8th international conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC 2012), 1527–1532. Istanbul, Turkey: ELRA.
Buendía Castro, Miriam. 2013. Phraseology in specialized language and its representation in environmental knowledge resources. Ph.D. Thesis. Granada: University of Granada.
Buendía Castro, Miriam, and Pamela Faber. 2016. Phraseological correspondence in English and Spanish specialized texts. In Computerised and corpus-based approaches to phraseology: Monolingual and multilingual perspectives=Fraseología computacional y basada en corpus: perspectivas monolingües y multilingües, ed. Gloria Corpas Pastor, 391–398. Geneva: Tradulex.
Cabezas-García, Melania, and Pamela Faber. 2017a. A semantic approach to the inclusion of complex nominals in English terminographic resources. In Computational and corpus-based phraseology, ed. Ruslan Mitkov, 145–159. Cham: Springer.
Cabezas-García, Melania, and Pamela Faber. 2017b. Exploring the semantics of multi-word terms by means of paraphrases. In Temas actuales de Terminología y estudios sobre el léxico, ed. Miguel Ángel Candel-Mora and Chelo Vargas-Sierra, 193–217. Granada: Comares.
Cabezas-García, Melania, and Pamela Faber. 2017c. The role of micro-contexts in noun compound formation. Neologica 11: 101–118.
Cabezas-García, Melania, and Pilar León-Araúz. 2018. Towards the inference of semantic relations in complex nominals: A pilot study. In Proceedings of the 11th international conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC 2018), 2511–2518. Miyazaki, Japan: ELRA.
Cabré, María Teresa. 1999. Terminology: Theory, methods and applications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Caignon, Philippe. 2001. Vocabulaire et cooccurrents de la comptabilité. Montréal: Linguatech.
Cheng, Winnie, Chris Greaves, John McH Sinclair, and Martin Warren. 2008. Uncovering the extent of the phraseological tendency: Towards a systematic analysis of concgrams. Applied Linguistics 30 (2): 236–252.
Cleveland, Cutler, and Christopher Morris. 2015. Dictionary of energy, 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Daille, Béatrice, Samuel Dufour-Kowalski, and Emmanuel Morin. 2004. French-English multi-word term alignment based on lexical context analysis. In Proceedings of the fourth international conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC 04), 919–922. Lisbon, Portugal: ELRA.
De Clerck, Bernard, Timothy Colleman, and Dominique Willems. 2013. Introduction: A multifaceted approach to verb classes. Linguistics 51 (4): 663–680.
De Schryver, Gilles-Maurice. 2003. Lexicographers’ dreams in the electronic-dictionary age. International Journal of Lexicography 16 (2): 143–199.
Ding, Jun. 2018. A study of Chinese medical students as dictionary users and potential users for an online medical termfnder. Lexicography 3 (2): 115–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40607-017-0031-9.
Downing, Pamela. 1977. On the creation and use of English compound nouns. Language 53: 810–842.
Drouin, Patrick. 2003. Term extraction using non-technical corpora as a point of leverage. Terminology 9: 99–115.
Durán Muñoz, Isabel. 2010. Specialized lexicographical resources: A survey of translators’ needs. In eLexicography in the 21st century: New challenges, new applications. Proceedings of ELEX2009.
Cahiers du Cental, vol. 7, ed. Sylviane Grander and Magali Paquot, 55–66. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
EAGLES (Expert Advisory Group On Language Engineering). 1996. Text corpora working group reading guide. Pisa: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale.
Faber, Pamela, and Ricardo Mairal Usón. 1999. Constructing a lexicon of English verbs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Faber, Pamela, Clara Inés López Rodríguez, and Maribel Tercedor Sánchez. 2001. Utilización de técnicas de corpus en la representación del conocimiento médico. Terminology 7 (2): 167–198.
Faber, Pamela. 2009. The cognitive shift in terminology and specialized translation. MonTI. Monografías de Traducción e Interpretación 1: 107–134.
Faber, Pamela. 2012. A cognitive linguistics view of terminology and specialized language. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Fernández-Domínguez, Jesús. 2016. A morphosemantic investigation of term formation processes in English and Spanish. Languages in Contrast 16 (1): 54–83.
Fillmore, Charles J. 1985. Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica 6 (2): 222–254.
Fillmore, Charles J. 2006. Frame semantics. In Cognitive linguistics. Basic readings, ed. Dirk Geeraerts, 373–400. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Finin, Timothy. 1980. The semantic interpretation of compound nominals. Ph.D. Thesis. Urbana: University of Illinois.
Gildea, Daniel, and Daniel Jurafsky. 2002. Automatic labeling of semantic roles. Computational Linguistics 28: 245–288.
Girju, Roxana, Dan Moldovan, Marta Tatu, and Daniel Antohe. 2005. On the semantics of noun compounds. Computer Speech & Language 19 (4): 479–496.
Halliday, Michael A.K. 1985. An introduction to functional grammar. London: Arnold.
Hendrickx, Iris, Zornitsa Kozareva, Preslav Nakov, Diarmuid Ó Séaghdha, Stan Szpakowicz, and Tony Veale. 2013. SemEval-2013 task 4: Free paraphrases of noun compounds. In Proceedings of the seventh international workshop on semantic evaluation (SemEval 2013), 138–143. Atlanta, USA: ACL.
Hidalgo, Ana. 2014. Elsevier’s dictionary of medicine Spanish–English English–Spanish. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Huang, Chu-Ren, Lan Li, and Xinchun Su. 2016. Lexicography in the contemporary period. In The Routledge encyclopedia of the Chinese language, ed. Chan Sin-Wai, 545–562. Abingdon: Routledge.
Inoue, Ai. 2014. Newly observed phraseological units with noun forms of modal verbs. Lexicography 1 (2): 137–157.
Instituto Cervantes. 2016. El español: una lengua viva. Informe 2016. http://www.cervantes.es/imagenes/File/prensa/EspanolLenguaViva16.pdf. Accessed 19 Jan 2018.
Jespersen, Otto. 1942. A modern English grammar on historical principles, vol. VI. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
Johnston, Michael, and Federica Busa. 1999. Qualia structure and the compositional interpretation of compounds. In Breadth and depth of semantic lexicons, ed. Evelyne Viegas, 167–187. Dordrecht: Springer.
Kageura, Kyo. 1997. A preliminary investigation of the nature of frequency distributions of constituent elements of terms in terminology. Terminology 4 (2): 199–223.
Kageura, Kyo. 2002. The dynamics of terminology: A descriptive theory of term formation and terminological growth. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kernerman, Ilan. 2007. What’s so good or bad about advanced EFL dictionaries. In Dictionary visions, research and practice: Selected papers from the 12th international symposium on lexicography, Copenhagen, 2004, ed. Henrik Gottlieb and Jens Erik Mogensen, 139–145. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Kilgarrif, Adam, Pavel Rychlý, Pavel Smrž, and David Tugwell. 2004. The sketch engine. In Proceedings of the 11th EURALEX international congress, 105–116. Lorient, France: Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines. Université de Bretagne Sud.
Kilgarrif, Adam, Vít Baisa, Jan Bušta, Miloš Jakubí?ek, Vojt?ch Ková?, Jan Michelfeit, Pavel Rychlý, and Vít Suchomel. 2014. The sketch engine: Ten years on. Lexicography 1 (1): 7–36.
Krüger, Ralph. 2015. The interface between scientifc and technical translation studies and cognitive linguistics. Berlin: Frank & Timme.
Kwary, Deny Arnos. 2012. Adaptive hypermedia and user-oriented data for online dictionaries: A case study on an English dictionary of fnance for Indonesian students. International Journal of Lexicography 25 (1): 30–49.
Lauer, Mark, and Mark Dras. 1994. A probabilistic model of compound nouns. In Proceedings of the 7th Australian joint conference on artifcial intelligence, 474–481. Armidale, Australia: World Scientifc Publishing.
Li, Lan. 2005. The growing prosperity of on-line dictionaries. English Today 83 (21): 16–21.
León-Araúz, Pilar. 2009. Representación multidimensional del conocimiento especializado: el uso de marcos desde la macroestructura hasta la microestructura. Ph.D. Thesis. Granada: University of Granada.
León-Araúz, Pilar, and Arianne Reimerink. 2018. Evaluating EcoLexiCAT: A terminology-enhanced CAT tool. In Proceedings of the 11th international conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC 2018), 2374–2381. Miyazaki, Japan: ELRA.
León-Araúz, Pilar, Antonio San Martín, and Pamela Faber. 2016. Pattern-based word sketches for the extraction of semantic relations. In Proceedings of the 5th international workshop on computational terminology (Computerm2016), 73–82. Osaka, Japan: ACL.
Leroyer, Patrick. 2006. Dealing with phraseology in business dictionaries: Focus on functions—Not phrases. Linguistik Online 27 (2): 183–194.
Levi, Judith. 1978. The syntax and semantics of complex nominals. New York: Academic Press.
L’Homme, Marie-Claude. 2009. A methodology for describing collocations in a specialized dictionary. In Lexicography in the 21st century, ed. Sandro Nielsen and Sven Tarp, 237–256. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
L’Homme, Marie-Claude, and Patrick Leroyer. 2009. Combining the semantics of collocations with situation-driven search paths in specialized dictionaries. Terminology 15 (2): 258–283.
L’Homme, Marie-Claude, and Janine Pimentel. 2012. Capturing syntactico-semantic regularities among terms: An application of the FrameNet methodology to terminology. In: Proceedings of the eighth international conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC 2012), 262–268. Istanbul, Turkey: ELRA.
L’Homme, Marie-Claude, and Benoît Robichaud. 2014. Frames and terminology: Representing predicative terms in the feld of the environment. In Proceedings of the 4th workshop on cognitive aspects of the lexicon, 186–197. Dublin, Ireland: ACL and Dublin City University.
López Rodríguez, Clara Inés, Pamela Faber, Pilar León Araúz, Juan Antonio Prieto Velasco, and Maribel Tercedor Sánchez. 2010. La Terminología basada en marcos y su aplicación a las Ciencias Ambientales: los proyectos MARCOCOSTA y ECOSISTEMA. Arena Romanistica 7 (10): 52–74.
López Rodríguez, Clara Inés, Miriam Buendía Castro, and Alejandro García Aragón. 2012. User needs to the test: Evaluating a terminological knowledge base on the environment by trainee translators. Jostrans. The Journal of Specialized Translation 18: 57–76.
Maguire, Phil, Edward J. Wisniewski, and Gert Storms. 2010. A corpus study of semantic patterns in compounding. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 6 (1): 49–73.
Marshman, Elizabeth. 2006. Lexical knowledge patterns for semi-automatic extraction of cause-efect and association relations from medical texts: A comparative study of English and French. Ph.D. Thesis. Montréal: Université de Montréal.
Martín Mingorance, Leocadio. 1989. Functional grammar and lexematics. In Meaning and lexicography, ed. Jerzy Tomaszczyk and Barbara Lewandowska, 227–253. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Mel’?uk, Igor, Clas André, and Polguère Alain. 1995. Introduction à la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire. Louvain-la-Neuve: Duculot.
Meyer, Ingrid, and Kristen Mackintosh. 1996. Refning the terminographer’s concept-analysis methods: How can phraseology help? Terminology 3 (1): 1–26.
Meyer, Ingrid. 2001. Extracting knowledge-rich contexts for terminography: A conceptual and methodological framework. In Recent advances in computational terminology, ed. Didier Bourigault, Christian Jacquemin, and Marie-Claude L’Homme, 279–302. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Minsky, Marvin. 1975. A framework for representing knowledge. In The psychology of computer vision, ed. Patrick Henry Winston, 211. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Moya, Maria Ivon. 2004. Commercial trucking bilingual dictionary. Diccionario Bilingüe de Transporte Comercial. New York: Delmar Learning.
Nakov, Preslav. 2013. On the interpretation of noun compounds: Syntax, semantics, and entailment. Natural Language Engineering 19 (03): 291–330.
Nakov, Preslav, and Marti Hearst. 2006. Using verbs to characterize noun–noun relations. Artifcial Intelligence Methodology Systems and Applications 4183: 233–244.
Nakov, Preslav, and Marti Hearst. 2013. Semantic interpretation of noun compounds using verbal and other paraphrases. ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing 10 (3): 1–51.
Nastase, Vivi, and Stan Szpakowicz. 2003. Exploring noun-modifer semantic relations. In Fifth international workshop on computational semantics (IWCS-5), 285–301. Tilburg, The Netherlands: IWCS.
Nirenburg, Sergei. 2000. CREST: Progress report. Working paper, NMSU CRL. Presented at the DARPA TIDES PI Meeting.
Observatoire de Linguistique Sens-Texte. 2018. Dictionnaire fondamental de l’environnement. DiCoEnviro. http://olst.ling.umontreal.ca/cgi bin/dicoenviro/search.cgi?. Accessed 22 Jan 2018.
Ó Séaghdha, Diarmuid, and Ann Copestake. 2013. Interpreting compound nouns with kernel methods. Natural Language Engineering 19: 331–356.
Pinker, Steven. 1989. Learnability and cognition. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Pustejovsky, James. 1995. The generative lexicon. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Rallapalli, Sruti, and Soma Paul. 2012. A hybrid approach for the interpretation of nominal compounds using ontology. In 26th Pacifc Asia conference on language, information and computation, 554–563. Bali, Indonesia: Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia.
Rosario, Barbara, Marti Hearst, and Charles Fillmore. 2002. The descent of hierarchy, and selection in relational semantics. In Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, ACL’02, 247–254. Philadelphia, USA: ACL.
Sager, Juan C. 1990. A practical course in terminology processing. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Sager, Juan C., David Dungworth, and Peter F. McDonald. 1980. English special languages. Principles and practice in science and technology. Wiesbaden: Brandstetter Verlag.
San Martín, Antonio, Melania Cabezas-García, Miriam Buendía, Beatriz Sánchez-Cárdenas, Pilar LeónAraúz, and Pamela Faber. 2017. Recent advances in EcoLexicon. Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 38 (1): 96–115.
Sanz Vicente, Lara. 2012. Approaching secondary term formation through the analysis of multiword units: An English–Spanish contrastive study. Terminology 18 (1): 105–127.
Schulze, Bruno Maximilian, and Oliver Christ. 1996. The CQP user’s manual. Stuttgart: Universität Stuttgart.
Segura Munguía, Santiago. 2004. Diccionario Etimológico de Medicina. Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto.
Sinclair, John McH. 2000. Lexical grammar. Darbai Ir Dienos 24: 191–205.
Smith, Viktor, Daniel Barratt, and Jordan Zlatev. 2014. Unpacking noun-noun compounds: Interpreting novel and conventional food names in isolation and on food labels. Cognitive Linguistics 25 (1): 99–147.
Štekauer, Pavol. 1998. An onomasiological theory of English word-formation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Tono, Yukio. 2014. Lexicography in Asia: Its future and challenges. Lexicography 1 (1): 1–5.
Utsumi, Akira. 2014. A semantic space approach to the computational semantics of noun compounds. Natural Language Engineering 20: 185–234.
Vanderwende, Lucy. 1994. Algorithm for automatic interpretation of noun sequences. In Proceedings of the 15th conference on computational linguistics, COLING 1994, vol. 2, 782–788.
Warren, Beatrice. 1978. Semantic patterns of noun–noun compounds. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
Wisniewski, Edward J. 1997. When concepts combine. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 4: 167–183.
Xu, Hai. 2013. Phraseology and English phrase inclusion and arrangement in dictionaries. Lexicographical Studies 2013 (5): 50–56.
Yadav, Prabha, Elisabetta Jezek, Pierrette Bouillon, Tifany J. Callahan, Michael Bada, Lawrence E. Hunter, and K. Bretonnel Cohen. 2017. Semantic relations in compound nouns: Perspectives from inter-annotator agreement. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 245: 644–648.
Yamada, Shigeru. 2013. Overview of hand-held electronic dictionaries in Japan: Functions, usage, and impact on print dictionary industry. In Multi-disciplinary lexicography: Traditions and challenges of the XXIst century, ed. Olga M. Karpova and Faina I. Kartashkova, 158–165. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
