"The Fake"
Tales from the Field
Keywords:
archaeological ethnography, Asante, fake, fieldwork, Ghana, Islam, Islamic talismansAbstract
Inspired by a conversation with Doran Ross (1947–2020), a leading African art scholar and curator who revolutionized the field of African art, this article discusses the adventures of fieldwork – in particular, its unpredictable nature. More specifically, it presents my experiences conducting an archaeological ethnography of nineteenth-century Islamic talismans in Asante (Ghana), and the matter of the “fake”. Islamic talismans comprise inscriptions written directly onto paper, folded, encased in a string binding, and sewn into small leather or silver pouches, to be worn, hung, and/or buried. Engaging artifacts, texts, and their stories passed down through the generations, I studied Islamic talismans together with their owners and/or custodians, most of whom were unaware of their contents until we examined them together. In this article, I reveal how on one occasion, we examined a talisman that was different. Ostensibly the “genuine” article, this simulated object emulated talismans’ outwardly material features, but instead contained a small piece of wood rather than paper inscriptions.
References
Atalay, S. 2012. Community-Based Archaeology: Research with, by, and for Indigenous and Local Communities. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Baudrillard, J. 1983. Simulations. Trans. P. Foss, P. Patton and P. Beitchman. New York: Semiotext(e).
Beek, J., C. Kilian and M. Krings. 2019. "Mapping Out an Anthropology of Defrauding and Faking." Social Anthropology 27 (3): 425-437. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12698
Berns, Marla C. and Betsy D. Quick, eds. 2022. In Honor of Doran H. Ross. Special issue of African Arts 55 (1).
Bowdich, T. 1819. Mission from Cape Coast to Ashantee. London: Griffith & Farran.
Bravmann, R. and E. A. Silverman. 1987. "Painted Incantations: The Closeness of Allah and Kings in 19th Century Asante." In The Golden Stool: Studies of the Asante Center and Periphery, edited by E. Schildkrout, 93-108. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 65 (1). New York: American Museum of Natural History.
Busia, K. A. 1951. The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti. London: Oxford University Press.
Cole, H. M. and D. H. Ross. 1977. The Arts of Ghana. Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California.
Dupuis, J. 1824. Journal of a Residence in Ashantee. London: Henry Colburn.
Engmann, R. A. A. 2013. Nineteenth-Century Islamic Talismans in Asante. PhD diss, Stanford University, California.
____. 2019a. "Autoarchaeology at Christiansborg Castle (Ghana): Decolonizing Knowledge, Pedagogy, and Practice." Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage 6 (3): 204-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/20518196.2019.1633780
____. 2019b. "Mysticism, Enchantment and Charisma Reincarnated: Islam, Vernacularization, Asante Material and Social Practice." Journal of Material Religion 15 (2): 221-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/17432200.2019.1590007
____., Forthcoming a. "Introduction." In Timbuktu Unbound: Critical Heritage, Islamic Praxis and the Manuscript Traditions of West Africa. Edited by Rachel A. A. Engmann. Singapore: Springer.
____. Forthcoming b. "Efficacious Texts: Unraveling Nineteenth-Century Islamic Talismans in Asante." In Timbuktu Unbound: Critical Heritage, Islamic Praxis and the Manuscript Traditions of West Africa. Edited by Rachel A. A. Engmann. Singapore: Springer.
____. and T. M. Rico. 2019. "Heritage Itineraries." Journal of Material Religion 15 (2): 241-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/17432200.2019.1590008
Gravel, P. B. 1976. "And Sometimes All for Nought" or Reflections of an Anthropologist upon His Return from the Field." Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 6 (4): 103-123.
Hames, C. 2007. Qur'an and Talismans: Texts and Practising Magic in the Muslim Context. Paris: Karthala.
Hamilakis, Y. 2011. "Archaeological Ethnography: A Multitemporal Meeting Ground for Archaeology and Anthropology." Annual Review of Anthropology 40: 399-414. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145732
____. and A. Anagnostopoulos. 2009. "What Is Archaeological Ethnography?" Public Archaeology 8 (2-3): 65-87. https://doi.org/10.1179/175355309X457150
Handloff, R. E. 1982. "Prayers, Amulets and Charms: Health and Social Control." African Studies Review 2 (3): 185-194. https://doi.org/10.2307/524216
Harrison, R. 2013. Heritage: Critical Approaches. London: Routledge.
Hassan, S. M. 1992. Art and the Islamic Literacy Among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria. Lewiston, ME: The Edwin Mellon Press.
Hodder, I. 1991. "Interpretive Archaeology and Its Role." American Antiquity 56 (1): 7-18. https://doi.org/10.2307/280968
Jones, M. 1990. Fake? The Art of Deception. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kamara, D. 2021. "Fake Wax." Journal of African Cultural Studies 33 (3): 364-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2020.1869534
Kea, R. A. 1984. "A Note on Muslim Visitors at Christiansborg (Gold Coast) in the Early Nineteenth Century." Paper presented at the conference Islam in Africa: The Changing Role of the 'Ulama in Africa, at Northwestern University, Evanton, IL, 28-31 March.
Kenyatta, J. 1978. Facing Mount Kenya. New York: AMS Press.
Kingori, P. 2021. "Unmuting Conversations on Fakes in African Spaces." Journal of African Cultural Studies 33 (3): 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2021.1951183
____. and R. Douglas Jones. 2020. "Revelation or Confirmation?" MAT Medicine and Anthropology 7 (2): 214-229. https://doi.org/10.17157/mat.7.2.776
Kingori, P. and R. Gerrets. 2019. "Why the Pseudo Matters to Global Health." Critical Public Health 29 (4): 379-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2019.1605155
Lauterbach, K. 2019. "Fakery and Wealth in African Charismatic Christianity: Moving Beyond the Prosperity Gospel as Script." In Faith in African Lived Christianity - Bridging Anthropological and Theological Perspectives, edited by K. Lauterbach and M. Vahakangas, 111-132. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004412255_007
Levtzion, N. 1965. "Early Nineteenth Century Arabic Manuscripts from Kumasi." Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana 8: 99-119.
McDavid, C. and T. Brock. 2014. "The Differing Forms of Public Archaeology: Where Have We Been, Where Are We Now, and Thoughts for the Future." In Ethics and Archaeological Praxis, edited by C. Gnecco and D. Lippert, 159-184. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1646-7_11
Meskell, L. M. 2005. "Archaeological Ethnography: Conversations around Kruger National Park." Archaeologies 1 (1): 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-005-0010-x
____. 2007. "Falling Walls and Mending Fences: Archaeological Ethnography in the Limpopo." Journal of Southern African Studies 33 (2): 383-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070701292657
Mommersteeg, G. 2012. In the City of the Marabouts: Islamic Culture in West Africa. Trans. D. Webb. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
Moreland, J. 1999. "The World(s) of the Cross." World Archaeology 31 (2): 194-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1999.9980441
Oduro-Frimpong, J. 2021. "The Fake is News": On Popular Visual Media, Fakery and Legitimacy Contestations in Charismatic Christianity in Contemporary Ghana." Journal of African Cultural Studies 33 (3): 325-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2021.1950524
Owusu-Ansah, D. 1991. Islamic Talismanic Tradition in Nineteenth-Century Asante. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
Pontzen, B. 2020. "What's (Not) in a Leather Pouch? Tracing Islamic Amulets in Asante, Ghana." Africa 90 (5): 870-889. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972020000625
Prussin, L. 1986. Hatumere: Islamic Design in West Africa. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Pyne, L. 2019. Genuine Fakes: How Phony Things Teach Us About Real Stuff. London: Bloomsbury.
Rico, T. 2015. "The Authority and Autonomy of a Dominant Preservation Framework." In Heritage Keywords: Rhetoric and Redescription in Cultural Heritage, edited by K. L. Samuels and T. Rico, 147-162. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. https://doi.org/10.5876/9781607323846.c009
____. and R. A. A. Engmann. 2019. "Introduction: Heritage, Islam and the Vernacular." Journal of Material Religion 15 (2): 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17432200.2019.1590002
Ross, D. 1983. Akan Transformations: Problems in Ghanaian Art History. Los Angeles: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History.
____. 1998. Wrapped in Pride: Ghanaian Kente and African American Identity. Los Angeles: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History.
____. and S. Forni. 2016. Art, Honor, and Ridicule: Fante Asafo Flags from Southern Ghana. Ontario: Royal Ontario Museum.
Sanneh, L. 1974. "Amulets and Muslim Orthodoxy." International Review of Mission 63 (252): 515-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6631.1974.tb01141.x
Silverman, R. A. and D. Owusu-Ansah. 1989. "The Presence of Islam among the Akan of Ghana: A Bibliographic Essay." History in Africa 16: 325-339. https://doi.org/10.2307/3171790
Smith, L. 2012. "Discourses of Heritage: Implications for Archaeological Community Practice." Nuevo Mundo. Online. https://doi.org/10.4000/nuevomundo.64148
Spivak, G. 1996. The Spivak Reader: Selective Works of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. New York: Routledge.
Stevens, K. 2018. Fake (Object Lessons). New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
Tu, J. 2021. "The Things We Now Call Fake Will in the Future Become Authentic Objects: Global African Art Markets and the Space and Time of the Fake." Journal of African Cultural Studies 33 (3): 377-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2021.1925089
Usman, A. 2010. "Becoming an Indigenous Archaeologist." In Being and Becoming Indigenous Archaeologists, edited by G. P. Nicholas, 309-320. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Van Maanen, J. 1988. Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Vitelli, K. D. and C. Colwell-Chanthoponh. 1996. Archaeological Ethics. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
White, L. 2000. "Telling More: Lies, Secrets, and History." History and Theory 39 (4): 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/0018-2656.00143
____. 2021. "In Defense of the False." Journal of African Cultural Studies 33 (3): 320-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2020.1859996
Wolcott, H. F. 2005. The Art of Fieldwork. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Wilks, I. 1961. The Northern factor in Ashanti History. Legon: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700002127
____. 1966. "The Position of Muslims in Metropolitan Ashanti in the Early Nineteenth Century." In Islam in Tropical Africa, edited by I. M. Lewis, 318-341. London: Oxford University Press.