Brahmanic Codes and Sanskrit Vocabulary in the Political Language of Islamic Preaching in Contemporary India

Authors

  • Ronie Parciack Tel Aviv University

Keywords:

Islam, Brahman, Sanskrit

Abstract

This article addresses the permeation of Brahmanic codes and Sanskrit vocabulary into popular Islamic preaching (da’wah), addressing the affinity of Indian Muslims to the contemporary Indian nation-state. Although the discourse of nationalism is customarily associated with secularization, and modern India is constitutionally defined as a secular democracy, the ideology of Hindutva (Hindu Nationhood) formed a unique discourse of nationalism that became dominant with the powerful rise of the Hindu Right as of the 1980s. Stated succinctly, Hindutva ideology establishes Indian nationalism on religious Hindu grounds, from which non-Hindus are structurally excluded. Nevertheless, Indian Muslim communities are actively seeking doctrinal paths to politically participate in the Indian polity and social space. This article addresses the contemporary field of popular Islamic preaching as a powerful arena for the rewriting of Islamic narratives and providing a re-signification of the Islamic presence in India via the presumably inaccessible Brahmanic route.

References

Ahmed, Ishtiaq. 2002. ‘The 1947 Partition of India: A Paradigm for Pathological Politics in India and Pakistan.’ Asian Ethnicity 3 (1): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631360120095847

Alam, Arshad. 2008a. ‘Beyond Rhetoric: Understanding Contemporary Madrasas.’ In Hasnain 2008: 282–95.

— 2008b. ‘The Enemy within: Madrasa and Muslim Identity in North India.’ Modern Asian Studies 42 (2/3): 605–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x07003113

— 2011. Inside a Madrasa—Knowledge, Power and Islamic Identity in India. London, New York and New Delhi: Routledge.

Alam, Muzaffar. 2004. The Languages of Political Islam: India 1200–1800. New Delhi: Permanent Black.

Anand, Dibyesh. 2005. ‘The Violence of Security: Hindu Nationalism and the Politics of Representing “the Muslim” as a Danger.’ The Round Table 94 (379): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358530500099076

Anttonen, Veikko. 1996. ‘Rethinking the Sacred: The Notion of “Human Body” and “Territory” in the Conceptualizing Religion.’ In Thomas A. Idinopulos and Edward A. Yonan (eds.), The Sacred and its Scholars: Comparative Methodologies for the Study of Primary Religious Data: 36–64. Leiden: Brill.

Appadurai, Arjun. 1997. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Bhatt, Chetan. 2001. Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideology and Modern Myths. Oxford and New York: Berg.

Biderman, Shlomo. 2008. Crossing Horizons: World, Self, and Language in Indian and Western Thought. New York: Columbia University Press.

Bigelow, Anna. 2010. Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bourdieu, P. 1985. ‘The Social Space and the Genesis of Groups.’ Theory and Society 14 (6): 723–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174048

Brosius, Christiane. 2005. Empowering Visions: The Politics of Representation in Hindu Nationalism. London: Anthem Press.

Dumont, Louis. 1980. Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Eck, Diane. 1982. Banaras: City of Lights. New York: Knoff.

— 2012. India—A Sacred Geography. New York: Harmony Books.

Gilmartin, David, and Bruce Bennett Lawrence (eds.). 2002. Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia. Delhi: India Research Press.

Gold, Ann. 2011. ‘Sweetness and Light: The Bright Side of Pluralism in a Rajasthan Town.’ A presentation at Placing Religious Pluralism in Asian Global Cities. Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5-6 May 2011.

Gottschalk, Peter. 2000. Beyond Hindu and Muslim: Multiple Identity in Narratives from Village India. New York: Oxford University Press.

Green. Nile. 2013. Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Hall, Stuart. 2007. ‘The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power.’ In Tania Das Gupta, Carl E. James, Roger C. A. Makka, Grace Edward Galabuzi and Chris Andersen (eds.), Race and Racialization—Essential Readings: 56–64. Toronto and Ontario: Canadian Scholar Press.

Hansen, Thomas Blom. 2001. Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.

Hasan, Mushirul. 2004. From Pluralism to Separatism: Qasbas in Colonial Awadh. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Hasnain, Nadeem (ed.). 2008. Beyond Textual Islam. New Delhi: Serials Publications.

Hirschkind, Charles. 2009. The Ethical Soundscape: Cassette Sermons and Islamic Counterpublics. New York: Columbia University Press.

Huntington, Samuel P. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Inden, Ronald. 2009. ‘Popular Patriotism in Indian Film.’ In Vinay Lal (ed.), Political Hinduism: The Religious Imagination in Public Spheres: 251–75. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Khan, Shahnaz. 2009. ‘Nationalism and Hindi Cinema: Narrative Strategies in Fanaa.’ Studies in South Asian Film and Media 1 (1): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/safm.1.1.85_1

Knysh, Alexander. 2004. ‘A Clear and Present Danger: “Wahhabism” as a Rhetorical Foil.’ Die Welt des Islams—International Journal for the Study of Modern Islam 44 (1): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006004773712569

Lamb, Ramdas. 2008. ‘Sacred.’ In Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, Studying Hinduism—Key Concepts and Methods: 339–53. New York: Routledge.

Larkin, Brian. 2008. ‘Ahmed Deedat and the Form of Islamic Evangelism.’ Social Text 96 26 (3): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01642472-2008-006

Laws of Manu. 1991. W. Doniger and B. K. Smith (trans.), Laws of Manu. Calcutta: Penguin Books India.

Leaman, Oliver. 2004. Islamic Aesthetics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Mahmood, Saba. 2011. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revolution and the Feminist Subject. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Mayaram, Shail. 2004. ‘Beyond Ethnicity? Being Hindu and Muslim in South Asia.’ In Imtiaz Ahmad and Helmut Reifeld (eds.), Lived Islam in South Asia: Adaptation, Accommodation and Conflict: 18–39. Delhi: South Asia Press.

Michelutti, Lucia. 2008. The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India. New Delhi: Routledge.

Miyan, H. n.d. Hindalwali Khawaja_03-04. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHtSlgZ0Pxk (accessed 17 July 2013).

— n.d. Hindalwali Khawaja_04-04. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIuifg4M_FU (accessed 17 July 2013).

Naik, Z. n.d. Dr Zakir Naik Replying regarding VandeMataram in Urdu. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pGB1-qxeJo (accessed 17 July 2013).

Nandy, Ashis. 1970. ‘The Culture of Indian Politics: A Stock Taking.’ The Journal of Asian Studies 30 (1): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021911800157699

Netton, Ian Richard. 2006. Islam, Christianity and Tradition: A Comparative Exploration. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623914.001.0001

Nordin, Andreas. 2009. ‘Ritual Agency, Substance Transfer and the Making of Supernatural Immediacy in Pilgrim Journeys.’ Journal of Cognition and Culture 9: 195–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156770909X12489459066228

Pollock, Sheldon. 1993. ‘Ramayana and Political Imagination in India.’ The Journal of Asian Studies 52 (2): 261–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2059648

Rai, Amit. 2003. ‘Patriotism and the Muslim Citizen in Hindi Films.’ Harvard Asia Quarterly 7 (3). http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/136/40/ (accessed 3 May 2007).

Ramaswamy, Sumathi. 1998. ‘Body Language: The Somatics of Nationalism in Tamil India.’ Gender & History 10 (1): 78–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.00090

— 1999. ‘Sanskrit for the Nation.’ Modern Asian Studies 33 (2): 339–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X99003273

— 2002. ‘Visualising India’s Geo-body: Globes, Maps, Bodyscapes.’ Contributions to Indian Sociology 36 (1 and 2): 151–89.

— 2010. The Goddess and the Nation: Mapping Mother India. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.

Sachar Report. 2006. Prime Minister’s High Level Committee, Social Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community of India. Cabinet Secretariat Government of India. http://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/sachar_comm.pdf (accessed 17 July 2013).

Sanyal, Usha. 1996. Devotional Islam and Politics in British India—Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and his Movement 1870–1920. New Delhi: Yoda Press.

Shackle, Christopher. 2002. ‘Beyond Turk and Hindu: Crossing the Boundaries in Indo-Muslim Romance.’ In Gilmartin and Lawrence 2002: 55–73.

Shani, Ornit. 2010. ‘Conceptions of Citizenship in India and the “Muslim Question”.’ Modern Asian Studies 44 (1): 145–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X09990102

Sharma, Arvind. 2002. ‘On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva.’ Numen 49 (1): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685270252772759

Sikand, Yoginder. 2008. ‘Popular Sufism and Scripturalist Islam in Kashmir.’ In Hasnain 2008: 249–81.

Singh, Pritam. 2005. ‘Hindu Bias in India’s “Secular” Constitution: Probing Flaws in the Instruments of Governance.’ Third World Quarterly 26 (6): 909–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590500089281

Stanczak, Gregory (ed.). 2007. Visual Research Methods: Image, Society, and Representation. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412986502

Storm over Fatwah against Scholar Zakir Naik. 8 November 2008. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1204534/report-storm-over-fatwa-against-scholar-zakir-naik (accessed 17 July 2013).

Talbot, Cynthia. 1995. ‘Inscribing the Other, Inscribing the Self: Hindu-Muslim Identities in Pre-Colonial India.’ Comparative Studies in Society and History 37 (4): 692–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500019927

The Most Powerful Indians in 2010. 2010. A List by Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2010-no.-8190/575690/0 (accessed 17 July 2013).

Published

2015-09-16

Issue

Section

Religions of South Asia

Categories