Gender and Ecofeminism
Religious Reflections on a Case Study in Soc Son, Vietnam
Keywords:
ecofeminism, religion and gender, religious ecofeminismAbstract
In this article I explore the implications of feminist and gender approaches for development for ecofeminism, especially religious ecofeminism. I base my discussion primarily on my experience of conducting gender analysis for a development project in China and Vietnam.1 My purpose is to explore the religious questions that were raised for me in this concrete (and not explicitly religious) context. I conclude (1) that religious ecofeminism can gain insight from the concrete data supplied by gender analysis; attention to the actual day to day roles of men and women not only tests accepted theories but also raises new concerns and challenges that must be taken seriously within the ecofeminist agenda, and (2) that the concrete data of my experience suggest that a religious ecofeminism relevant to the poor of the developing world (or perhaps poor anywhere) must focus primarily on an agenda for the so-called developed world.
References
Boserup, Ester 1970 Women’s Role in Economic Development (New York: St Martin’s Press).
Charlton, S. E. 1997 ‘Development as History and Process,’ in N. Visvanathan et al. (eds.), The Women, Gender and Development Reader (London: Zed Books): 7-12.
Eaton, Heather 2003 ‘Can Ecofeminism Withstand Corporate Globalization?’, in Lorentzen and Eaton (eds.) 2003: 23-38.
Introducing Ecofeminist Theologies. Introductions in Feminist Theologies 12 (London and New York: T. & T. Clark International).
Fabella, Virginia 1993 Beyond Bonding: A Third World Women’s Theological Journey (Manila: Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians).
Gebara, Ivone 1999 Longing for Running Water: Ecofeminism and Liberation (Minneapolis: Fortress Press).
Gosling, David 2001 Religion and Ecology in India and Southeast Asia (London: Rouledge).
Hausler, S. 1994 ‘Women and Politics of Sustainable Development,’ in W. Harcourt (ed.), Feminist Perspectives on Sustainable Development (New Jersey: Zed Books): 145-55.
Janowski, Monica 2001 ‘Rice, Women, Men and the Natural Environment among the Kelabit of Sarawak’, in Alaine Low and Soraya Tremayne (eds.), Women as Sacred Custodians of the Earth? Women, Spirituality and the Environment (New York and Oxford: Bergahn Books): 107-17.
Kanji, Nazneen 2003 Mind the GAD: Mainstreaming gender and participation in Development (London: International Institute for Environment and Development [IIED]; Brighton: Institute for Development Studies [IDS]).
Li, Huey-li 1993 ‘A Cross-Cultural Critique of Ecofeminism’, in Greta Gaard (ed.), Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature (Philadelphia: Temple University Press): 274-94.
Lorentzen, Lois, and Heather Eaton (eds.) 2003 Ecofeminism and Globalization (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers).
Mananzan, Mary John 1989 ‘Redefining Religious Commitment In the Philippine Context’, in Virginia Fabella and Sun Ai Lee Park (eds.), We Dare to Dream: Doing Theology as Asian Women (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books): 101-14.
March, C., I. Smyth, and M. Mukhopadhyay 1999 A Guide to Gender Frameworks (London: Oxfam Great Britain).
Marr, David G. 1981 Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920-1945 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).
McFague, Sallie 2000 Life Abundant: Rethinking Theology and Economy for a Planet in Peril (Minneapolis: Fortress Press).
Merchant, Carolyn 1983 The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1st edn).
Moe-Lobeda, Cynthia D. 2002 Healing a Broken World: Globalization and God (Minneapolis: Fortress Press).
Moser, Caroline 1993 Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Development (London: Routledge Press, 1993).
Maruyama, Masatsugu 2003 ‘Deconstructive Ecofeminism: A Japanese Critical Interpretation’, in Lorentzen and Eaton (eds.) 2003: 177-201.
Oduyoye, Mercy Amba 2001 Introducing African Women’s Theology (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press).
Phuong, Tran Thu 2001 Gender Assessment in Natural Resource Use and Management and Environmental Protection in Vietnam: A Case Study in the Soc Son District (MA thesis, Halifax, Canada: Saint Mary’s University).
Pui-lan, Kwok 2000 Introducing Asian Feminist Theology (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press).
Rathgeber, Eva 1989 ‘WID, WAD, GAD: Trends in Research and Practice,’ Journal of Developing Areas 24: 489-502.
Ruether, Rosemary Radford 2005 Integrating Ecofeminism, Globalization and World Religions (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers).
Ruether Rosemary Radford (ed.) 1996 Women Healing Earth: Third World Women on Ecology, Feminism, and Religion (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books).
Sturgeon, Noël 2003 ‘Ecofeminist Natures and Transnational Environmental Politics’, in Lorentzen and Eaton (eds.) 2003: 91-122.