Comparing Clementines and Satsumas
Looking at Religion in Indian Schools from a Nordic Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/rosa.v9i3.27907Keywords:
comparative education, comparative religious education, education, India, Indian education, religious education, SwedenAbstract
It is sometimes claimed that there is no religious education in the general Indian school system. there are reasons to suggest that matters are more complex than that. Combining the two fields of religious and comparative educational studies, this article shows that there are themes in Indian syllabuses and teaching materials that involve religious content. empirical data include the Indian National Policy of education, the National Curriculum Framework and syllabuses, as well as syllabuses and textbooks from a particular school board (CISCe).
References
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Gadamer, Hans-Georg. 1994. Truth and Method. New York: Continuum. (First published in 1960).
Gilhus, Ingvild Sälid, Lisbeth Mikaelsson, and Ulla-Stina Rask. 2003. Nya perspektiv på religion. Stockholm: Natur och kultur.
Goodlad, John I., and Zhixin Su. 1992. ‘Organization of the Curriculum.’ In Philip W. Jackson, Handbook of Research on Curriculum: 327–44. New York: Macmillan.
Hartman, Sven G. 2000. ‘Hur religionsämnet formades. Att undervisa om religion, livsfrågor och etik.’ In E. Almén, R. Furenhed, S. G. Hartman and B. Skogar (eds.), Livstolkning och värdegrund: 212–51. Linköping: Linköpings universitet.
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— 2010. ‘Colonialism, Hinduism and the Discourse of Religion.’ In Bloch, Keppens and Hegde 2010: 95–113.
Krishnan, Kavita. 1997. ‘Educating a Nation: NCERT Hindi Text-books and the Construction of Indianness.’ PhD thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Center of Linguistics; English, New Delhi.
Kumar, Krishna. 2007. ‘Education and Culture: India’s Quest for a Secular Policy.’ In Kumar and Oesterheld 2007: 196–217.
Kumar, K., and J. Oesterheld (eds.). 2007. Education and Social Change in South Asia. Delhi: Orient Longman.
Lorenzen, David N. 1999. ‘Who Invented Hinduism?’ Comparative Studies in Society and History 41 (4): 630–59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/179424
— 2007. ‘Gentile Religion in South India, China, and Tibet: Studies by Three Jesuit Missionaries.’ Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27 (1): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2006-053
— 2010. ‘Hindus and Others.’ In Bloch, Keppens and Hegde 2010: 25–40.
Losonczi. P., and W. Van Herck (eds.) 2015. Secularism, Religion and Politics: India and Europe. India: Routledge.
Mahajan, Gurpreet. 2015. ‘Contextualizing Secularism: The Relationship between State and Religion in India.’ In Losonczi and Van Herck 2015: 36–56.
Mahmood, Tahir. 2013. ‘Religious Education in India.’ In Davis and Miroshnikova 2013: 144–49.
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— 2005b. ‘Syllabus for Secondary and Higher Secondary Classes.’ http://www.ncert.nic.in/rightside/links/syllabus.html (accessed 06/08/2013).
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— 2008. ‘Religionsdidaktikens framväxt och utveckling i Sverige.’ Didaktikens Forum (2). http://www.mnd.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.41870.1324464347!/nr2_ar5.pdf
Osbeck, Christina, and Geir Skeie. 2014. ‘Religious Education at Schools in Sweden.’ In Rothgangel, Skeie and Jäggle 2014: 237–66.
Rothgangel, M., G. Skeie and M. Jäggle (eds.). 2014. Religious Education at Schools in Europe: Part 3: Northern Europe. Göttingen: Vienna University Press.
Schmälzle, Udo Friedrich. 2013. ‘Religious Education in Germany.’ In Davis and Miroshnikova 2013: 122–29.
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— 2013. Total History and Civics 9. 9th edn. New Delhi: Morning Star. (1st edn. 2003).
Seth, Sanjay. 2007. ‘Secular Enlightenment and Christian Conversion: Missionaries and Education in Colonial India.’ In Kumar and Oesterheld 2007: 27–43.
Sikka, Sonia. 2015. ‘What is Indian “Religion”? How Should it be Taught?’ In Beamon and van Arragon 2015: 107–25.
Skeie, Geir. 2015. ‘What Does Conceptualisation of Religion Have to Do with Religion in Education?’ In Beamon and van Arragon 2015: 126–55.
Skolverket. 2011a. Kommentarmaterial till kursplanen i religionskunskap. Stockholm. http://www.skolverket.se/publikationer?id=2562
— 2011b. Läroplan, examensmål och gymnasiegemensamma ämnen för Gymnasieskola 2011. Stockholm: skolverket.se. http://www.skolverket.se/publikationer?id=2705
Sodhi, Tarlochan Singh. 1998. A Text Book of Comparative Education: Philosophy Patterns and Problems of National System. 6th rev. edn. 1998. New Delhi: Vikas. (This repr. 2009).
Teece, Geoff. 2010. ‘Is it Learning about and from Religions, Religion or Religious Education? And is it Any Wonder Some Teachers Don’t Get it?’ British Journal of Religious Education 32 (2): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01416200903537399
Ubani, Martin and Kirsi Tirri. 2014. ‘Religious Education at Schools in Finland.’ In Rothgangel, Skeie and Jäggle 2014: 105–26.
Urubshurow, Victoria Kennick. 2008. Introducing World Religions. Journal of Buddhist Ethics Online Books.
Vessey, David. 2009. ‘Gadamer and the Fusion of Horizons.’ International Journal of Philosophical Studies 17 (4): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672550903164459
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Apostolic Carmel Educational Research Team. 2014. Joyful Living 4: Life Skills and Value Education Textbook for Students. 2nd edn. Delhi: Frank Bros. (1st edn. 2006).
Balagangadhara, S. N. 2010. ‘Orientalism, Postcolonialism and the “Construction” of Religion.’ In Bloch, Keppens and Hegde 2010: 135–63.
Beamon, L. G., and L. van Arragon (eds.). 2015. International Studies in Religion and Society. Leiden: Brill.
Bergdahl, Lovisa. 2010. ‘Seeing Otherwise: Renegotiating Religion and Democracy as Questions for Education.’ PhD thesis, Stockholm: Department of Education. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-38523
Bloch, E., M. Keppens and R. Hegde (eds.). 2010. Rethinking Religion in India: The Colonial Construction of Hinduism. London and New York: Routledge.
Bråten, Oddrun Marie Hovde. 2014. ‘Are Oranges the Only Fruit? A Discussion of Comparative Studies in Religious Education in Relation to the Plural Nature of the Field Internationally.’ In Rothgangel, Skeie and Jäggle 2014: 19–44.
— 2015. ‘Three Dimensions and Four Levels: Towards a Methodology for Comparative Religious Education.’ British Journal of Religious Education 37 (2): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2014.991275
Buchardt, Mette. 2015. ‘Cultural Protestantism and Nordic Religious Education: An Incision in the Historical Layers behind the Nordic Welfare State Model.’ Nordidactica 8 (2): 131–65. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-36701
Central Intelligence Agency. 2015. ‘World Factbook: India.’ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html (accessed 23/06/2015).
Chandhoke, Neera. 2015. ‘Secularism: The Life and Times of a Difficult Concept.’ In Losonczi and Van Herck 2015: 19–35.
Cheney, Gretchen Rhines, Betsy Brown Ruzzi and Karthik Muralidharan. 2005. ‘A Profile of the Indian Education System.’ http://www.teindia.nic.in/files/articles/indian_education_sysytem_by_karthik_murlidharan.pdf (accessed 15/07/2015). (Paper Prepared for the New Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce).
Constitution of India. 1950. http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm (accessed 23/06/2015). Downloaded from the website of Indian Ministry of Law and Justice (Legislative Department).
CISCE. 2013. ‘CISCE Rules for Affiliation.’ http://www.cisce.org/pdf/AffiliationGuidelines.pdf (accessed 11/07/2015).
— 2014. ‘Regulations: Indian School Certificate Examination.’ http://www.cisce.org/pdf/ISC-Class-XII-Syllabus-2014/2.%20ISC%20Syllabus%20Regulations.pdf (accessed 08/09/2015).
— 2015a. ‘Locate a Council Affiliated School.’ http://www.cisce.org/Locate.aspx (accessed 09/09/2015).
— 2015b. ‘Regulations: Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Examination.’ http://www.cisce.org/pdf/ICSE-Class-X-Syllabus-Year-2015/1.Syllabus%20Regulations.pdf (accessed 08/09/2015).
— 2015c. ‘Syllabus: Environmental Applications.’ http://www.cisce.org/pdf/ICSE-Class-X-Syllabus-Year-2015/31.Environmental%20Applications%20final.pdf (accessed 08/09/2015).
— 2015d. ‘Syllabus: Environmental Science.’ http://www.cisce.org/pdf/ICSE-Class-X-Syllabus-Year-2015/19.Environmental%20Science.pdf (accessed 08/09/2015).
Davis, Derek, and Elena Miroshnikova (eds.). 2013. The Routledge International Handbook of Religious Education. New York: Routledge.
Department of Official Language. 2015. ‘Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.’ http://rajbhasha.nic.in/UI/pagecontent.aspx?pc=MTUz (accessed 20/11/2015).
Dericquebourg, Regis. 2013. ‘Religious Education in France.’ In Davis and Miroshnikova 2013: 113–21.
Douglas, Mary. 2002. Purity and Danger. London: Routledge Classics. (First published by Routledge & Kegan Paul in 1966).
Durham, W. Cole, Jr. 2013. ‘Introduction.’ In Davis and Miroshnikova 2013: 1–12.
Edurite. n.d. ‘ICSE Syllabus for Class 6.’ http://images.edurite.com/cms/files/117/ICSE-Sylb-Class-6.pdf (accessed 08/09/2015).
Esposito, John L., Darrel J. Fasching, and Todd Lewis. 2008. Religion and Globalization: World Religions in a Historical Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Falkevall, Björn. 2010. ‘Livsfrågor Och Religionskunskap [Elektronisk Resurs]: En Belysning av ett centralt begrepp i svensk religionsdidaktik.’ PhD thesis, Stockholms universitet; Institutionen för didaktik och pedagogiskt arbete, Stockholm. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-32373
Fitzgerald, Timothy. 2000. The Ideology of Religious Studies. New York: Oxford University Press.
— 2010. ‘Who Invented Hinduism? Rethinking Religion in India.’ In Bloch, Keppens and Hegde 2010: 114–34.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. 1994. Truth and Method. New York: Continuum. (First published in 1960).
Gilhus, Ingvild Sälid, Lisbeth Mikaelsson, and Ulla-Stina Rask. 2003. Nya perspektiv på religion. Stockholm: Natur och kultur.
Goodlad, John I., and Zhixin Su. 1992. ‘Organization of the Curriculum.’ In Philip W. Jackson, Handbook of Research on Curriculum: 327–44. New York: Macmillan.
Hartman, Sven G. 2000. ‘Hur religionsämnet formades. Att undervisa om religion, livsfrågor och etik.’ In E. Almén, R. Furenhed, S. G. Hartman and B. Skogar (eds.), Livstolkning och värdegrund: 212–51. Linköping: Linköpings universitet.
Indian Parliament. 1992. ‘National Policy of Education.’ http://www.ncert.nic.in/oth_anoun/npe86.pdf (accessed 24/06/2015). (Adopted by parliament 1986; modifications were made 1992).
King, Richard. 2001. Orientalism and Religion: Postcolonial Theory, India and ‘the Mystic East’. This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library. New York: Routledge. (First published in 1999).
— 2010. ‘Colonialism, Hinduism and the Discourse of Religion.’ In Bloch, Keppens and Hegde 2010: 95–113.
Krishnan, Kavita. 1997. ‘Educating a Nation: NCERT Hindi Text-books and the Construction of Indianness.’ PhD thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Center of Linguistics; English, New Delhi.
Kumar, Krishna. 2007. ‘Education and Culture: India’s Quest for a Secular Policy.’ In Kumar and Oesterheld 2007: 196–217.
Kumar, K., and J. Oesterheld (eds.). 2007. Education and Social Change in South Asia. Delhi: Orient Longman.
Lorenzen, David N. 1999. ‘Who Invented Hinduism?’ Comparative Studies in Society and History 41 (4): 630–59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/179424
— 2007. ‘Gentile Religion in South India, China, and Tibet: Studies by Three Jesuit Missionaries.’ Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27 (1): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2006-053
— 2010. ‘Hindus and Others.’ In Bloch, Keppens and Hegde 2010: 25–40.
Losonczi. P., and W. Van Herck (eds.) 2015. Secularism, Religion and Politics: India and Europe. India: Routledge.
Mahajan, Gurpreet. 2015. ‘Contextualizing Secularism: The Relationship between State and Religion in India.’ In Losonczi and Van Herck 2015: 36–56.
Mahmood, Tahir. 2013. ‘Religious Education in India.’ In Davis and Miroshnikova 2013: 144–49.
Ministry of Education. 1970. ‘Report of the Education Commission, 1964–66: Vol 1: General Problems.’ http://www.teindia.nic.in/files/reports/ccr/KC/KC_V1.pdf (accessed 08/09/2015). (1st edn. 1966; repr. May 1970).
Mukherjee, Asha. 2015. ‘Religion as a Separate Area of Study in India.’ In Beamon and van Arragon 2015: 83–103.
Mukherji, Sagarika. 2013. History and Civics for Class 6. New Delhi: Bharati Bhawan. (1st edn. 2005).
Narayanan, Vasudha. 2015. ‘The History of the Academic Study of Religion in Universities, Centers, and Institutes in India.’ Numen 62 (1): 7–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341354
NCERT. 2005a. ‘National Curriculum Framework 2005.’ http://www.ncert.nic.in/rightside/links/pdf/framework/english/nf2005.pdf (accessed 06/08/2013).
— 2005b. ‘Syllabus for Secondary and Higher Secondary Classes.’ http://www.ncert.nic.in/rightside/links/syllabus.html (accessed 06/08/2013).
— 2006. ‘Syllabus for Classes at the Elementary Level.’ http://www.ncert.nic.in/rightside/links/syllabus.html (accessed 06/08/2013).
Neusner, Jacob. 2010. Introduction to World Religions: Communities and Cultures. Nashville: Abingdon Press.
Nussbaum, Martha Craven. 2010. Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Osbeck, Christina. 2006. ‘Kränkningens livsförståelse: en religionsdidaktisk studie av livsförståelselärande i skolan.’ PhD thesis, Karlstads universitet; Religionsvetenskap; Karlstad University Press, Karlstad. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-291
— 2008. ‘Religionsdidaktikens framväxt och utveckling i Sverige.’ Didaktikens Forum (2). http://www.mnd.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.41870.1324464347!/nr2_ar5.pdf
Osbeck, Christina, and Geir Skeie. 2014. ‘Religious Education at Schools in Sweden.’ In Rothgangel, Skeie and Jäggle 2014: 237–66.
Rothgangel, M., G. Skeie and M. Jäggle (eds.). 2014. Religious Education at Schools in Europe: Part 3: Northern Europe. Göttingen: Vienna University Press.
Schmälzle, Udo Friedrich. 2013. ‘Religious Education in Germany.’ In Davis and Miroshnikova 2013: 122–29.
Sequeira, Dolly Ellen. 2011. Total History and Civics 9. 7th edn. New Delhi: Morning Star. (1st edn. 2003).
— 2013. Total History and Civics 9. 9th edn. New Delhi: Morning Star. (1st edn. 2003).
Seth, Sanjay. 2007. ‘Secular Enlightenment and Christian Conversion: Missionaries and Education in Colonial India.’ In Kumar and Oesterheld 2007: 27–43.
Sikka, Sonia. 2015. ‘What is Indian “Religion”? How Should it be Taught?’ In Beamon and van Arragon 2015: 107–25.
Skeie, Geir. 2015. ‘What Does Conceptualisation of Religion Have to Do with Religion in Education?’ In Beamon and van Arragon 2015: 126–55.
Skolverket. 2011a. Kommentarmaterial till kursplanen i religionskunskap. Stockholm. http://www.skolverket.se/publikationer?id=2562
— 2011b. Läroplan, examensmål och gymnasiegemensamma ämnen för Gymnasieskola 2011. Stockholm: skolverket.se. http://www.skolverket.se/publikationer?id=2705
Sodhi, Tarlochan Singh. 1998. A Text Book of Comparative Education: Philosophy Patterns and Problems of National System. 6th rev. edn. 1998. New Delhi: Vikas. (This repr. 2009).
Teece, Geoff. 2010. ‘Is it Learning about and from Religions, Religion or Religious Education? And is it Any Wonder Some Teachers Don’t Get it?’ British Journal of Religious Education 32 (2): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01416200903537399
Ubani, Martin and Kirsi Tirri. 2014. ‘Religious Education at Schools in Finland.’ In Rothgangel, Skeie and Jäggle 2014: 105–26.
Urubshurow, Victoria Kennick. 2008. Introducing World Religions. Journal of Buddhist Ethics Online Books.
Vessey, David. 2009. ‘Gadamer and the Fusion of Horizons.’ International Journal of Philosophical Studies 17 (4): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672550903164459
Wood, Charles. 1922 [1854]. ‘Despatch from the Court of Directors of the East India Company, to the Governor General of India in Council (No. 49, Dated the 19th July 1854).’ http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&PageID=853940 (accessed 28/05/2015).
Published
2016-10-31
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Niemi, K. (2016). Comparing Clementines and Satsumas: Looking at Religion in Indian Schools from a Nordic Perspective. Religions of South Asia, 9(3), 332–355. https://doi.org/10.1558/rosa.v9i3.27907
