Witches’ Tears: Spiritual Feminism, Epistemology, and Witch Hunt Horror Stories
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/pome.v18i2.29886Keywords:
Witchcraft, Feminism, Goddess, Burning Times, Contemporary PaganismAbstract
Contemporary Pagans have historically been invested in the idea of Paganism’s survival from pre-Christian times through the early modern witchcraft trials to the present, but the story takes on specifically gendered significance within spiritual feminism. The “Burning Times” complex of ideas combines stories of horrific and often sexualized torture with assertions that the true religion of persecuted Witches was not only Pagan, but traces back to Neolithic, Goddess-centered matriarchy. Foundational spiritual feminists Mary Daly, Zsuzsanna Budapest, and Starhawk, as well as first-wave author Matilda Joslyn Gage, have put horror stories of the witch hunts in their publications, each deriving different feminist mandates from these shared tales of torture. I also take this opportunity to reflect on some of my own experiences as a scholar and feminist engaged with the moral weight of witchcraft history.References
Abu-Lughod, Lila. “The Romance of Resistance: Tracing Transformations of Power Through Bedouin Women,” American Ethnologist 17, no. 1 (1990): 41–55.
Adinkrah, Mensah. Witchcraft, Witches and Violence in Ghana. New York: Berghahn, 2015.
Ahmed, Sara. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. New York: Routledge, 2004.
American Horror Story: Coven (Season 3). Television series. Prod. Brad Falchuk TeleyVision and Ryan Murphy Productions. Dist. Twentieth Century Fox Television. 2013– 2014.
Austin, J. L. How to Do Things with Words. 2. ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975 [1962]. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198245537.001.0001.
Bader, Christopher D., F. Carson Menken, and Joseph D. Baker. Paranormal America: Ghost Encounters, UFO Sightings, Bigfoot Hunts, and Other Curiosities in Religion and Culture. New York: New York University Press, 2010.
Bammer, Leila R. Excluded from Suffrage History: Matilda Joslyn Gage, Nineteenth Century American Feminist. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2000.
Barstow, Anne L. Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts. San Francisco, Harper Collins, 1994.
Bishop, Chris, “‘The “Pear of Anguish’: Truth, Torture and Dark Medievalism,” International Journal of Cultural Studies 17, no. 6 (2014): 591–602. https://doi. org/10.1177/1367877914528531.
Braude, Ann. Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in Nineteenth-Century America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989.
Brauner, Sigrid. “Cannibals, Witches, Shrews and the ‘Civilizing Process.’’ In ‘Neue Welt’/ ‘Dritte Welt’: Interculturelle Beziehungen Deutschlands zu Latinamerika und der Karibik, edited by Sigrid von Bauschinger and Susan L. Cocalis, 1–27.Tübingen: Francke, 1995.
Budapest, Zsuzsanna E. The Goddess in the Bedroom: A Woman’s Guide to Celebrating Sexuality Every Night of the Week. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1995.
——. Grandmother of Time: A Woman’s Book of Celebrations, Spells, and Sacred Objects for Every Month of the Year. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1989.
——. The Holy Book of Women’s Mysteries: Feminist Witchcraft, Goddess Rituals, Spellcasting & Other Womanly Arts. 20th anniversary edition. Oakland, CA: Wingbow Press, 1989 [1980].
Clifton, Chas S. Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America. Lanham, Md.: Alta Mira, 2006.
Christ, Carol. “Carol Christ.” In Transforming the Faith of Our Fathers: Women Who Changed American Religion, edited by Ann Braude, 97–114, New York: Palgrave, 2004.
Cornish, Helen. “Spelling Out History: Transforming Witchcraft Past and Present.” The Pomegranate. 11, no. 1 (2009): 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1558/pome.v11i1.14.
Daly, Mary. Amazon Grace: Re-Calling the Courage to Sin Big. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2006.
——. Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation. Boston: Beacon, 1973.
——. “Feminist Postchristian Introduction.” The Church and the Second Sex. Second ed. New York: Harper Colophon, 1975 [1968]. 15–51.
——. “Foreword.” in Gage, Matilda Joslyn. Woman, Church and State. Watertown, Mass.: Persephone Press, 1980 [1893]. vii–x.
——. Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Boston: Beacon, 1978.
——. Outercourse: The Bedazzling Voyage, Containing Recollections from My Logbook of a Radical Feminist Philosopher. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992.
——. Pure Lust: Elemental Feminist Philosophy. Boston: Beacon, 1984.
——. Quintessence... Realizing the Archaic Future: A Radical Elemental Feminist Manifesto. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998.
Daly, Mary, Jane Caputi and Sudie Rakusin. Websters’ First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language, Conjured in Cahoots with Jane Caputi. Boston: Beacon, 1987.
Donaldson, Laura E. “On Medicine Women and White Same-ans: New Age Native Americanism and Commodity Fetishism as Pop Culture Feminism.” In Women, Gender, Religion: A Reader, edited by Elizabeth Caselli and Roseamond C. Rodman, 237–56, New York: Palgrave.
Dworkin, Andrea. Woman Hating. New York, Penguin,1974. Diemer, Tom. “Christine O’Donnell Regrets ‘I’m Not a Witch’ Ad.” Huffington Post. Oct. 21, 2010, accessed Sept. 22, 2015. http://www.politicsdaily.com/ 2010/10/21/christine-odonnell-regrets-im-not-a-witch-ad/,
Ebersole, Gary L. “The Function of Ritual Weeping Revisited: Affective Expression and Moral Discourse.” In Religion and Emotion: Approaches and Interpretation, edited by John Corrigan, 185–222, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Eller, Cynthia. Living in the Lap of the Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America. Boston: Beacon, 1995.
——. The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why and Invented Past Won’t Give Women a Future. Boston: Beacon, 2000.
Echols, Alice. Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967–1975. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989.
Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Deirdre English. Witches, Midwives and Nurses: A History of Women Healers. Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1973.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage, 1995 [1975].
Frankfurter, David. Evil Incarnate: Rumors of Demonic Conspiracy and Ritual Abuse in History. Princeton: Princeton University, 2006.
Gage, Matilda Joslyn. Woman, Church and State. Watertown, Mass.: Persephone Press, 1980 [1893].
Geschiere, Peter. Witchcraft, Intimacy, and Trust Africa in Comparison. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226047751.001. 0001.
Ghandi, Leela. Affective Communities: Anti-Colonial Thought, Fin-de-Siecle Radicalism, and the Politics of Friendship. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006.
Gimbutas, Marija. The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989.
Gutierrez, Gustavo. A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, and Salvation. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books., 1973.
Hackett, Rosalind I. J. “Discourses of Demonization in Africa and Beyond.” Diogenes 50, no. 3 (2003): 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/03921921030503005.
Herzig, Tamar. “The Demons’ Reaction to Sodomy: Witchcraft and Homosexuality in Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola’s ‘Strix.’” The Sixteenth Century Journal 34, no. 1 (2003): 53–72. https://doi.org/10.2307/20061313.
Hutton, Ronald. “Revisionism and Counter-Revisionism in Pagan History.” The Pomegranate 13, no. 2 (2011): 225–56.
——. The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
——. “Writing the History of Witchcraft: A Personal View.” The Pomegranate 12, no. 2 (2010): 239–62.
Jong, Erica Mann. Witches. New York: Ardale, 1981.
Keane, Webb. Christian Moderns: Freedom and Fetish in the Colonial Encounter. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
Klassen, Chris.“The Colonial Mythology of Feminist Witchcraft.” In Between The Worlds: Readings in Contemporary NeoPaganism, edited by Sian Ried, 361–80. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press, 2006
Kounine, Laura and Michael Ostling, eds. Emotions in the History of Witchcraft. London: Palgrave, 2016.
Kraemer, Christine Hoff. “Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Paganism.” Religion Compass 6, no. 8 (2012): 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2012. 00367.x.
Kunze, Michael. High Road to the Stake: A Tale of Witchcraft. Translated by William E. Yuill. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989 .
La Fontaine, J. S. Speak of the Devil: Tales of Satanic Abuse in Contemporary England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9 780511621758.
Larner, Christina. Witchcraft and Religion: The Politics of Popular Belief. London: Blackwell, 1984.
Latour, Bruno. We Have Never Been Modern. Translated by Catherine Porter. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Magliocco, Sabina. “Pagan Fundamentalism.” The Wild Hunt: A Modern Pagan Perspective, Feb. 9, 2013, accessed Sept. 21, 2015. http://wildhunt.org/2013/02/ sabina-magliocco-pagan-fundamentalism.html.
Michelet, Jules. La Sorciere. Paris: 1862.
Murray, Margaret A. The Witch-Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1921.
Meyer, Birgit. Sensational Movies: Video, Vision and Christianity in Ghana. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015.
Nussbaum, Martha C. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO97 80511840715.
Purkiss, Diane. The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Read, Donna, dir. The Burning Times. Film Board of Canada. 1990.
——. Full Circle. Film Board of Canada. 1993.
“Recantation of the Salem Village Jurors (1693).” In Witchcraft in Europe 400–1700: A Documentary History. Second edition, edited by Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters, 436–37. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.
Reddy, William M. The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9780511512001.
Richardson, James T., Joel Best, and David Bromley, eds. The Satanism Scare. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1991.
Roper, Lyndal. Oedipus and the Devil, New York: Routledge, 1994. https://doi. org/10.4324/9780203426296
——. The Witch in the Western Imagination. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012.
Rountree, Kathryn. “Talking Past Each Other: Practicing Multivocality at Çatalhöyük.” The Journal of Archaeomythology 3,no. 2 (2007): 1–10.
Ruether, Rosemary Radford. “Response to Naomi Goldenberg.” Feminist Theology 13, no. 2 (2005): 151–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0966735005051941.
Salem. Television series. Tribune Enterprises. Distributed by Twentieth Century Fox Television, 2014–present.
Schiff, Stacy. “Witchcraft on the Campaign Trail.” In The New York Times. Oct. 31, 2016, accessed Oct. 31, 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/31/opinion/ witchcraft-on-the-campaign-trail.html.
Silverblatt, Irene. “Colonial Conspiracies.” Ethnohistory 53, no. 2 (2006): 259–80. https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-53-2-259.
——. Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the Origins of the Civilized World. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2004.
Starhawk. Dreaming the Dark: Magic, Sex, and Politics. Fifteenth Anniversary Edition. Boston: Beacon, 1997 [1982].
——. The Spiral Dance; A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess. 10th Anniversary Edition. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1989 [1979].
——. Truth or Dare: Encounters with Power, Authority, and Mystery. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1990 [1987]. Supernatural. Television series. Kripke Enterprises. Distributed by Warner Bros Television, 2005–present.
Swartz, Marlee, and Kenneth Cooper. “Equal Rights Initiative in Iowa Attacked.” Washington Post, Aug. 23, 1992, accessed Sept. 22, 2015. http://www.highbeam. com/doc/1P2-1021641.html
Tully, Caroline Jane. “Researching the Past is a Foreign Country: Cognitive Dissonance as a Response by Practitioner Pagans to Academic Research on the History of Pagan Religions.” The Pomegranate 13, no. 1 (2011): 98–105.
Victor, Jeffery S. Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contemporary Legend. Chicago: Open Court, 1993.
Wagner, Sally Roesch. Introduction to Woman, Church and State by Matilda Joslyn Gage. Watertown, MA: Persephone Press, 1980 [1893].
Zwissler, Laurel. “‘And You Were There’: A Trip Down the Yellow Brick Road and the Academic Study of Religion.” Introduction to a Roundtable in Celebration of the 75th Anniversary of The Wizard of Oz. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 26, no. 3: 269–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00282.x.
——. Cosmologies of Interconnection: Feminism, Religion and Activism in Toronto, Canada. Anthropology of North America Series. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2017.
——. “In Memorium Maleficarum: Contemporary Pagan Mobilizations of the Burning Times.” Emotions in the History of Witchcraft, edited by Laura Kounine and Michael Ostling, 249–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
——. “Pagan Pilgrimage: New Religious Movements Research on Sacred Travel within Pagan and New Age Communities.” Religion Compass 5, no. 7 (2011): 326–42.
——. “Second Nature: Contemporary Pagan Ritual Borrowing in Progressive Christian Communities.” Canadian Women’s Studies/Cahier de la femme 29, nos. 1–2 (2011): 16–23.
——. “Spiritual, but Religious: ‘Spirituality’ among Religiously Motivated Activists in North America,” Culture and Religion 8, no. 1 (2007): 51–69.
The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies, http://www.equinoxpub.com/POM
Adinkrah, Mensah. Witchcraft, Witches and Violence in Ghana. New York: Berghahn, 2015.
Ahmed, Sara. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. New York: Routledge, 2004.
American Horror Story: Coven (Season 3). Television series. Prod. Brad Falchuk TeleyVision and Ryan Murphy Productions. Dist. Twentieth Century Fox Television. 2013– 2014.
Austin, J. L. How to Do Things with Words. 2. ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975 [1962]. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198245537.001.0001.
Bader, Christopher D., F. Carson Menken, and Joseph D. Baker. Paranormal America: Ghost Encounters, UFO Sightings, Bigfoot Hunts, and Other Curiosities in Religion and Culture. New York: New York University Press, 2010.
Bammer, Leila R. Excluded from Suffrage History: Matilda Joslyn Gage, Nineteenth Century American Feminist. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2000.
Barstow, Anne L. Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts. San Francisco, Harper Collins, 1994.
Bishop, Chris, “‘The “Pear of Anguish’: Truth, Torture and Dark Medievalism,” International Journal of Cultural Studies 17, no. 6 (2014): 591–602. https://doi. org/10.1177/1367877914528531.
Braude, Ann. Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in Nineteenth-Century America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989.
Brauner, Sigrid. “Cannibals, Witches, Shrews and the ‘Civilizing Process.’’ In ‘Neue Welt’/ ‘Dritte Welt’: Interculturelle Beziehungen Deutschlands zu Latinamerika und der Karibik, edited by Sigrid von Bauschinger and Susan L. Cocalis, 1–27.Tübingen: Francke, 1995.
Budapest, Zsuzsanna E. The Goddess in the Bedroom: A Woman’s Guide to Celebrating Sexuality Every Night of the Week. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1995.
——. Grandmother of Time: A Woman’s Book of Celebrations, Spells, and Sacred Objects for Every Month of the Year. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1989.
——. The Holy Book of Women’s Mysteries: Feminist Witchcraft, Goddess Rituals, Spellcasting & Other Womanly Arts. 20th anniversary edition. Oakland, CA: Wingbow Press, 1989 [1980].
Clifton, Chas S. Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America. Lanham, Md.: Alta Mira, 2006.
Christ, Carol. “Carol Christ.” In Transforming the Faith of Our Fathers: Women Who Changed American Religion, edited by Ann Braude, 97–114, New York: Palgrave, 2004.
Cornish, Helen. “Spelling Out History: Transforming Witchcraft Past and Present.” The Pomegranate. 11, no. 1 (2009): 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1558/pome.v11i1.14.
Daly, Mary. Amazon Grace: Re-Calling the Courage to Sin Big. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2006.
——. Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation. Boston: Beacon, 1973.
——. “Feminist Postchristian Introduction.” The Church and the Second Sex. Second ed. New York: Harper Colophon, 1975 [1968]. 15–51.
——. “Foreword.” in Gage, Matilda Joslyn. Woman, Church and State. Watertown, Mass.: Persephone Press, 1980 [1893]. vii–x.
——. Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Boston: Beacon, 1978.
——. Outercourse: The Bedazzling Voyage, Containing Recollections from My Logbook of a Radical Feminist Philosopher. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992.
——. Pure Lust: Elemental Feminist Philosophy. Boston: Beacon, 1984.
——. Quintessence... Realizing the Archaic Future: A Radical Elemental Feminist Manifesto. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998.
Daly, Mary, Jane Caputi and Sudie Rakusin. Websters’ First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language, Conjured in Cahoots with Jane Caputi. Boston: Beacon, 1987.
Donaldson, Laura E. “On Medicine Women and White Same-ans: New Age Native Americanism and Commodity Fetishism as Pop Culture Feminism.” In Women, Gender, Religion: A Reader, edited by Elizabeth Caselli and Roseamond C. Rodman, 237–56, New York: Palgrave.
Dworkin, Andrea. Woman Hating. New York, Penguin,1974. Diemer, Tom. “Christine O’Donnell Regrets ‘I’m Not a Witch’ Ad.” Huffington Post. Oct. 21, 2010, accessed Sept. 22, 2015. http://www.politicsdaily.com/ 2010/10/21/christine-odonnell-regrets-im-not-a-witch-ad/,
Ebersole, Gary L. “The Function of Ritual Weeping Revisited: Affective Expression and Moral Discourse.” In Religion and Emotion: Approaches and Interpretation, edited by John Corrigan, 185–222, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Eller, Cynthia. Living in the Lap of the Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America. Boston: Beacon, 1995.
——. The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why and Invented Past Won’t Give Women a Future. Boston: Beacon, 2000.
Echols, Alice. Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967–1975. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989.
Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Deirdre English. Witches, Midwives and Nurses: A History of Women Healers. Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1973.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage, 1995 [1975].
Frankfurter, David. Evil Incarnate: Rumors of Demonic Conspiracy and Ritual Abuse in History. Princeton: Princeton University, 2006.
Gage, Matilda Joslyn. Woman, Church and State. Watertown, Mass.: Persephone Press, 1980 [1893].
Geschiere, Peter. Witchcraft, Intimacy, and Trust Africa in Comparison. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226047751.001. 0001.
Ghandi, Leela. Affective Communities: Anti-Colonial Thought, Fin-de-Siecle Radicalism, and the Politics of Friendship. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006.
Gimbutas, Marija. The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989.
Gutierrez, Gustavo. A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, and Salvation. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books., 1973.
Hackett, Rosalind I. J. “Discourses of Demonization in Africa and Beyond.” Diogenes 50, no. 3 (2003): 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/03921921030503005.
Herzig, Tamar. “The Demons’ Reaction to Sodomy: Witchcraft and Homosexuality in Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola’s ‘Strix.’” The Sixteenth Century Journal 34, no. 1 (2003): 53–72. https://doi.org/10.2307/20061313.
Hutton, Ronald. “Revisionism and Counter-Revisionism in Pagan History.” The Pomegranate 13, no. 2 (2011): 225–56.
——. The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
——. “Writing the History of Witchcraft: A Personal View.” The Pomegranate 12, no. 2 (2010): 239–62.
Jong, Erica Mann. Witches. New York: Ardale, 1981.
Keane, Webb. Christian Moderns: Freedom and Fetish in the Colonial Encounter. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
Klassen, Chris.“The Colonial Mythology of Feminist Witchcraft.” In Between The Worlds: Readings in Contemporary NeoPaganism, edited by Sian Ried, 361–80. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press, 2006
Kounine, Laura and Michael Ostling, eds. Emotions in the History of Witchcraft. London: Palgrave, 2016.
Kraemer, Christine Hoff. “Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Paganism.” Religion Compass 6, no. 8 (2012): 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2012. 00367.x.
Kunze, Michael. High Road to the Stake: A Tale of Witchcraft. Translated by William E. Yuill. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989 .
La Fontaine, J. S. Speak of the Devil: Tales of Satanic Abuse in Contemporary England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9 780511621758.
Larner, Christina. Witchcraft and Religion: The Politics of Popular Belief. London: Blackwell, 1984.
Latour, Bruno. We Have Never Been Modern. Translated by Catherine Porter. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Magliocco, Sabina. “Pagan Fundamentalism.” The Wild Hunt: A Modern Pagan Perspective, Feb. 9, 2013, accessed Sept. 21, 2015. http://wildhunt.org/2013/02/ sabina-magliocco-pagan-fundamentalism.html.
Michelet, Jules. La Sorciere. Paris: 1862.
Murray, Margaret A. The Witch-Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1921.
Meyer, Birgit. Sensational Movies: Video, Vision and Christianity in Ghana. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015.
Nussbaum, Martha C. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO97 80511840715.
Purkiss, Diane. The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Read, Donna, dir. The Burning Times. Film Board of Canada. 1990.
——. Full Circle. Film Board of Canada. 1993.
“Recantation of the Salem Village Jurors (1693).” In Witchcraft in Europe 400–1700: A Documentary History. Second edition, edited by Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters, 436–37. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.
Reddy, William M. The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9780511512001.
Richardson, James T., Joel Best, and David Bromley, eds. The Satanism Scare. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1991.
Roper, Lyndal. Oedipus and the Devil, New York: Routledge, 1994. https://doi. org/10.4324/9780203426296
——. The Witch in the Western Imagination. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012.
Rountree, Kathryn. “Talking Past Each Other: Practicing Multivocality at Çatalhöyük.” The Journal of Archaeomythology 3,no. 2 (2007): 1–10.
Ruether, Rosemary Radford. “Response to Naomi Goldenberg.” Feminist Theology 13, no. 2 (2005): 151–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0966735005051941.
Salem. Television series. Tribune Enterprises. Distributed by Twentieth Century Fox Television, 2014–present.
Schiff, Stacy. “Witchcraft on the Campaign Trail.” In The New York Times. Oct. 31, 2016, accessed Oct. 31, 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/31/opinion/ witchcraft-on-the-campaign-trail.html.
Silverblatt, Irene. “Colonial Conspiracies.” Ethnohistory 53, no. 2 (2006): 259–80. https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-53-2-259.
——. Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the Origins of the Civilized World. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2004.
Starhawk. Dreaming the Dark: Magic, Sex, and Politics. Fifteenth Anniversary Edition. Boston: Beacon, 1997 [1982].
——. The Spiral Dance; A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess. 10th Anniversary Edition. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1989 [1979].
——. Truth or Dare: Encounters with Power, Authority, and Mystery. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1990 [1987]. Supernatural. Television series. Kripke Enterprises. Distributed by Warner Bros Television, 2005–present.
Swartz, Marlee, and Kenneth Cooper. “Equal Rights Initiative in Iowa Attacked.” Washington Post, Aug. 23, 1992, accessed Sept. 22, 2015. http://www.highbeam. com/doc/1P2-1021641.html
Tully, Caroline Jane. “Researching the Past is a Foreign Country: Cognitive Dissonance as a Response by Practitioner Pagans to Academic Research on the History of Pagan Religions.” The Pomegranate 13, no. 1 (2011): 98–105.
Victor, Jeffery S. Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contemporary Legend. Chicago: Open Court, 1993.
Wagner, Sally Roesch. Introduction to Woman, Church and State by Matilda Joslyn Gage. Watertown, MA: Persephone Press, 1980 [1893].
Zwissler, Laurel. “‘And You Were There’: A Trip Down the Yellow Brick Road and the Academic Study of Religion.” Introduction to a Roundtable in Celebration of the 75th Anniversary of The Wizard of Oz. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 26, no. 3: 269–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00282.x.
——. Cosmologies of Interconnection: Feminism, Religion and Activism in Toronto, Canada. Anthropology of North America Series. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2017.
——. “In Memorium Maleficarum: Contemporary Pagan Mobilizations of the Burning Times.” Emotions in the History of Witchcraft, edited by Laura Kounine and Michael Ostling, 249–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
——. “Pagan Pilgrimage: New Religious Movements Research on Sacred Travel within Pagan and New Age Communities.” Religion Compass 5, no. 7 (2011): 326–42.
——. “Second Nature: Contemporary Pagan Ritual Borrowing in Progressive Christian Communities.” Canadian Women’s Studies/Cahier de la femme 29, nos. 1–2 (2011): 16–23.
——. “Spiritual, but Religious: ‘Spirituality’ among Religiously Motivated Activists in North America,” Culture and Religion 8, no. 1 (2007): 51–69.
The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies, http://www.equinoxpub.com/POM
Published
2016-12-28
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Zwissler, L. (2016). Witches’ Tears: Spiritual Feminism, Epistemology, and Witch Hunt Horror Stories. Pomegranate, 18(2), 176-204. https://doi.org/10.1558/pome.v18i2.29886
