Duhovi Rastlin, Duša Stare Vere
The Use of Plants in Sacred Rituals Among Nature Worshippers in Slovenia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/pome.38510Keywords:
Ethnobotany, ritual, Rodnoveri, Native Faith, Paganism, Slovenia, sacred ecologyAbstract
Native Faith and nature-worshiper groups in Slovenia frequently utilize “sacred” plants in their rituals. Most participants identified with the terms Rodnovera/Starovera in regards to naming their beliefs, or preferred to eschew labels. A variety of plants were used for both sacred and secular purposes, with eighty-four categories emerging when participants’ lists were combined. The most frequently mentioned were Cannabis spp., Hypericum perforatum, and Salvia spp., with the latter two also being the most commonly co-occurring plants on lists. The interviews and plants used display the integral role that plants play in the sacred ritual life of nature worship groups in Slovenia, and underline the importance of the symbolic nature of the plants, or the plant’s “spirit.” These characteristics were of greater importance than physical properties, showing the importance of symbolic relations in how the Pagan nature worshipers of Slovenia connect with their divine conceptions of nature.
References
Aitamurto, Kaarina."Gender in Russian Rodnoverie." The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies 15, nos.1-2 (2013): 12-30. https://doi.org/10.1558/pome.v15i1-2.12.
Aitamurto, Kaarina. "Nature and Religion Revisited: Contemporary Paganism as a Case Study." In Filosofia I social'naa dinamika XXl veka: problemy I perspektivym 7-13. Omsk: SIBIT, 2017.
Aitamurto, Kaarina."Why is Old Spirituality Reviving?" Nizhniy Novgorod Association for the Study of Religions 25 (2009)
Bamin, Yankang, and Padma Raj Gajurel. "Traditional use and conservation of some selected plants used in festivals and rituals in Apatani plateau of Arunachal Pradesh, India." International Journal of Conservation Science 6 (2015): 189-200.
Baraniecka-Olszewska, Kamila. "Re-enacting Historical Slavic Rites in Contemporary Poland: The Rekawka Fair in Cracow." Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 25, no. 1 (2016): 118-35. https://doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2016.250108.
Barker, Eileen. "New Religious movements: their incidence and significance." In New Religious Movements: Challenge and Response, edited by Bryan Wilson and Jamie Cresswell, 15-32. London: Routledge, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0038038501500152.
Beckford, James A. "Construction et analyse de la religion." Social Compass 48, no. 3 (2001): 439-41.
Benet, Sula."Early diffusion and folk uses of hemp." In Cannabis and Culture, edited by Vera Rubin and Lambros Comitas, 39-50. Paris: Mouton, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110812060.39.
Botani?ni vrt Univerze v Ljubljani. Rastline Slovenije, 2015. http://www.botanicni-vrt.si/rastline-slovenije.
Bulat, Petar. Pogled u Slovensku Botani?ku Mitologiju. Zagreb: Etnografski muzej u Zagrebu, 1932.
Chidester, David. Patterns of Action: Religion and Ethics in a Comparative Perspective. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1987.
Cleene, Marcel de, and Marie Claire Lejeune. Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe: Vol. I: Trees and Shrubs. Ghent: Man and Culture Publishers, 2002.
Cleene, Marcel de, and Marie Claire Lejeune. Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe: Vol. II: Herbs. Ghent: Man and Culture Publishers, 2002.
Conrad, Joseph A. "Bulgarian Magic Charms: Ritual, Form, and Content." The Slavic and East European Journal 4, no. 31 (1987): 548-62. https://doi.org/10.2307/307051/.
?rni?, Aleš, Mirt Komel, Marjan Smrke, Ksenija Šabec, and Tina Vovk, "Religious Pluralisation in Slovenia." Teorija in Praksa 50, no. 1 (2013): 205-32.
?rni?, Aleš. "Neopaganism in Slovenia." Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Kaarina Aitamurto and Scott Simpson, 182-194. Durham: Acumen, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1163/18748929-00802008.
De Carvalho, Luís Manuel Mendonça. 2011. "The Symbolic Uses of Plants." In Ethnobiology, edited by E. N. Anderson, Deborah Pearsall, Eugene S. Hunn, and Nancy J. Turner, 351-70. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Fedele, Anna. "Iberian Paganism: Goddess Spirituality in Spain and Portugal and the Quest for Authenticity." In Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonial and Nationalist Impulses, edited by Kathryn Rountree, 239-60. New York: Berghahn Books, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qctm0.16.
Fehlmann, Meret."'The Earth's Unseen Powers of Growth Need to be Nourished': On Images of Seasonal Pagan Rituals in Popular Culture." In The Ritual Year 10: Magic in Rituals and Rituals in Magic, edited by Tatiana Minniyakhmetova and Kamila Velkoborská, 376-83. Innsbruck: ELM Scholarly Press, 2015.
Filip, Mariusz. "Native Faith (not) only for Men: Gendering Extreme right-wing Slavic neopaganism in Poland."Pantheon: Religionisticky ?asopis 10, no. 1 (2015): 56-78.
Fraser, Kyle. "The Contested Boundaries of 'Magic' and 'Religion'' in Late Pagan Monotheism." Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 4, no. 2 (2009): 131-51. https://doi.org/10.1353/mrw.0.0144.
Geertz, Clifford. "Religion as a Cultural System." In The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
Grmek, Mirko Drazen. "Ancient Slavic Medicine." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 14, no. 1 (1959): 18-40.
Gruca, Marta, Tinde van Andel, and Henrik Balslev. "Ritual uses of palms in traditional medicine in sub-Saharan Africa: A review." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 10 (2014): article 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-60.
Ippolitova, Aleksandra. "Circumscription Ritual in Russian Herbals of the 17th-early 20th Centuries." The Ritual Year 10: Magic in Rituals and Rituals in Magic, edited by Tatiana Minniyakhmetova and Kamila Velkoborská, 347-55. Tartu: ELM Scholarly Press, 2015.
Ippolitova, Aleksandra, and Ingvar Svanberg, "Field Work in the Minusinsk Area: Petr Ostrovskikh (1870-1940)." In Pioneers in European Ethnobiology, edited by Ingvar Svanberg and ?ukasz ?uczaj, 131-40. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library, 2014. https://doi.org/10.14237/ebl.6.1.2015.482.
Ivakhiv, Adrian. "Nature and Ethnicity in East European Paganism: An Environmental Ethic of the Religious Right?" The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies 7, no. 2 (2005): 194-225. https://doi.org/10.1558/pome.2005.7.2.194.
Kolosova, Valeria. "Name - Text - Ritual: The Role of Plant Characteristics in Slavic Folk Medicine." Folklorica 10, no. 2 (2005): 44-61. https://doi.org/10.17161/folklorica.v10i2.3762.
Kolozsi, Ádám. "Social Constructions of the Native Faith: Mytho-historical Narratives and Identity-discourse in Hungarian Neo-paganism." MA thesis, Central European University, Budapest, 2012.
Kropej, Monika. "Charms in the Context of Magic Practice. The Case of Slovenia." Folklore 24 (2003): 62-77. https://doi.org/10.7592/fejf2003.24.slovcharm.
Lesiv, Mariya. "Glory to Dazhbog (Sun-god) or to All Native Gods?: Monotheism and Polytheism in Contemporary Ukrainian Paganism." The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies 11, no. 2 (2009): 197-222. https://doi.org/10.1558/pome.v11i2.197.
Magliocco, Sabina. "Reclamation, Appropriation, and Ecstatic Imagination in Modern Pagan Ritual." In Handbook of Contemporary Paganism, edited by Murphy Pizza and James R. Lewis, 223-40. Leiden: Brill, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004163737.i-650.69.
Medveš?ek, Pavel. Iz Nevidne Strani Neba. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3986/9789612548490.
Morris, Brian. Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Staub, Peter O., Matthias S. Geck, and Caroline S. Weckerle. "Incense and Ritual Plant Use in Southwest China: A Case Study among the Bai in Shaxi." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 7, no. 43 (2011): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-7-43.
Petrovi?, Milan. "Qualification of Slavic Rodnovery in Scientific Literature: Neopaganism or Ethnic Religion," ???????, www.svevlad.org.rs, 2013; 1-14.
Quiroz, Diana, Marc Sosef, and Tinde Van Andel, "Why Ritual Plant Use Has Ethnopharmacological Relevance." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 188 (2016): 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.006.
Rountree, Kathryn. Introduction to Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe, edited by Kathryn Rountree, 1-24. New York: Berghahn Books, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2017-1-355.
Sapkota, Prakash Prasad. "Religious Culture and Medicinal Plants: An Anthropological Study."Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 7:(2013): 197-224. https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v7i0.10443.
Saunders, Robert A. "Pagan Places: Towards a Religiogeography of Neopaganism." Progress in Human Geography 37, no. 6 (2012): 786-810. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132512473868.
Savinelli, Alfred. Plants of Power: Native American Ceremony and the Use of Sacred Plants. Summertown, Tenn.: Native Voices, 2002.
Shepard, Glenn H. "Psychoactive Botanicals in Ritual, Religion, and Shamanism." In Ethnopharmacology vol. 2, theme 6.79, edited by Elaine Elisabetsky and Nina Etkin, 122-82. Oxford: UNESCO/Eolss Publishers, 2005.
Shnirelman, Victor. "Ancestral Wisdom and Ethnic Nationalism: A View from Eastern Europe." The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies 9, no. 1 (2007): 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1558/pome.v9i1.41.
Simoni?, Peter. "Utilisation of Carnival: Case of North-eastern Slovenia." ???????????????? ???????? 2, no. 2 (2007): 147-54.
Simpson, Scott, and Mariusz Filip. "Selected Words for Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe." In Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Kaarina Aitamurto and Scott Simpson, 27-43. Durham: Acumen, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1163/18748929-00802008.
Sponsel, Leslie E. Spiritual Ecology: A Quiet Revolution. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2012.
Svanberg, Ingvar, and ?ukasz ?uczaj. "Activity Contexts and Biocultural Domains: European Studies of Folk Biology." In Pioneers in European Ethnobiology, edited by Ingvar Svanberg and ?ukasz ?uczaj, 9-26. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library, 2014. https://doi.org/10.14237/ebl.6.1.2015.482.
Szilágyi, Támas. "Emerging Identity Markets of Contemporary Pagan Ideologies in Hungary." In Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe, edited by Kathryn Rountree, 154-74. New York: Berghahn Books, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qctm0.12.
Šmitek, Zmago."Review of Praznovanje pomladi in velike no?i na Slovenskem in po svetu by Damjan J. Ovsec." Studia Mythologica Slavica 14 (2011): 383-85. https://doi.org/10.3986/sms.v14i0.1621.
Västrik, Ergo-Hart. "In Search of Genuine Religion: The Contemporary Estonian Maausulised Movement and Nationalist Discourse." In Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe, edited by Kathryn Rountree, 130-53. New York: Berghahn Books, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qctm0.11.
Vilenskaya, Larissa. "Shamanic Wisdom, Parapsychological Research, and a Transpersonal View: A Cross-Cultural Perspective." International Journal of Transpersonal Studies 15, no. 3 (1996): 30-55.
Wenska, Izabella. "Sacrifices among the Slavs: Between Archaeological Evidence and 19th Century Folklore." Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia 10 (2015): 271-311.