Gendering the Pentecostal God
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/pent.30613Keywords:
Pentecostalism, gender, sexuality, verticality, differenceAbstract
Scholarship on gender in Pentecostalism tends to assume that the question of how gender relates to Pentecostalism is the question of what women, and sometimes men, are allowed or not allowed to do. This approach treats gender as a human social phenomenon, and represents humans on a “horizontal” plane, in relation to other humans. In this paper, however, I suggest that placing the human–divine relation front and centre of our analyses exposes more complex and theoretical questions that underpin issues of opportunity. By centring the “vertical”, I explore the ways that sexuality can be used to imagine, experience, and organize relations between Pentecostals and God, as well as between themselves. In the process, I make a broader argument for why sexuality matters to the study of Pentecostalism, arguing that it offers and reproduces models of difference which shape human experiences in a profound way.
References
Apter, A. 1991. “The Embodiment of Paradox: Yoruba Kingship and Female Power.” Cultural Anthropology 6(2): 212–29.
—2013. “The Blood of Mothers: Women, Money, And Markets in Yoruba-Atlantic Perspective.” The Journal of African American History 98(1): 72–98.
Chitando, E., and A. van Klinken. 2016. Christianity and Controversies over Homosexuality in Contemporary Africa. Abingdon: Routledge.
Chong, K. 2008. Deliverance and Submission: Evangelical Women and the Negotiation of Patriarchy in South Korea. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
Drewal, H. 1977. “Art and the Perception of Women in Yorùbá Culture (L’art et Le Concept de Féminité Dans La Culture Yoruba).” Cahiers d’Études Africaines 17(68): 545–67.
Engelke, M. 2007. A Problem of Presence beyond Scripture in an African Church. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Eriksen, A. 2016. “Pentecostalism and Egalitarianism in Melanesia: A Reconsideration of the Pentecostal Gender Paradox.” Religion and Society 7(1): 37–50.
Irigaray, L. 1985. This Sex Which Is Not One. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Irigaray, L. 1991. Marine Lover of Friedrich Nietzsche. New York: Columbia University Press.
Kalu, O. 2008. African Pentecostalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
van de Kamp, L. 2011. “Converting the Spirit Spouse: The Violent Transformation of the Pentecostal Female Body in Maputo, Mozambique.” Ethnos 76(4): 510–33.
Kulick, D. 1997. “The Gender of Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes.” American Anthropologist 99(3): 574–85.
Lang, S. 1996. “There Is More Than Just Women and Men: Gender Variance in North American Indian Cultures.” In S. Ramet (ed.), Gender Reversals and Gender Cultures: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives, 183-96. London: Routledge.
Lindhardt, M. 2015. “Men of God: Neo-Pentecostalism and Masculinities in Urban Tanzania.” Religion 45(2): 252–72.
Marshall, R. 2009. Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Martin, B. 2001. “The Pentecostal Gender Paradox: A Cautionary Tale for the Sociology of Religion.” In R. Fenn (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Sociology of Religion, 52–66. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell.
Martin, D. 1996. Forbidden Revolutions: Pentecostalism in Latin America and Catholicism in Eastern Europe. London: Speck.
Matory, L. 2005. Sex and the Empire That Is No More: Gender and the Politics of Metaphor in Oyo Yoruba Religion. New York: Berghahn.
Matory, L. 2008. “Is There Gender in Yoruba Culture?” In J. Olupona and T. Rey (eds.), Òrìşà Devotion as World Religion: The Globalization of Yorùbá Religious Culture, 513–58. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Nanda, S. 1993. “‘Hijras as Neither Man nor Woman.’’ In H. Abelove, M. Barale, and D. Halperin (eds.), The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, 542–52. New York: Routledge.
Olajubu, O. 2003. Women in the Yoruba Religious Sphere. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Olajubu, O. 2004. “Seeing through a Woman’s Eye: Yoruba Religious Tradition and Gender Relations.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 20(1): 41–60.
Ojo, M. 2006. The End-Time Army: Charismatic Movements in Modern Nigeria. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Richman, N. 2020. “Machine Gun Prayer: The Politics of Embodied Desire in Pentecostal Worship.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 35(3): 469–83.
Richman, N. 2021. “Homosexuality, Created Bodies, and Queer Fantasies in a Nigerian Deliverance Church.” Journal of Religion in Africa 50(3–4): 249–77.
Richman, N. 2024. “Deliverance.” In A. Adogame, C. Bauman, D. Parsitau and J. Yip (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Megachurches, 272–84. Abingdon: Routledge.
Thornton, B. 2016. Negotiating Respect: Pentecostalism, Masculinity, and the Politics of Spiritual Authority in the Dominican Republic. Florida: University Press of Florida.
Van Klinken, A. S. 2019. Kenyan, Christian, Queer: Religion, LGBT Activism, and Arts of Resistance in Africa. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Ward, G. 2005. Christ and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Wariboko, N. 2014. Nigerian Pentecostalism. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.