Korean Pentecostalism and Shamanism
Developing Theological Self-understanding in a Land of Many Spirits
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/ptcs.31639Keywords:
Korea, Pentecostalism, Shamanism, Yonggi Cho, Minjung theologyAbstract
The background to this article is the controversy caused in 1980s South Korea when some theologians accused Yonggi Cho’s Full Gospel theology of syncretizing “shamanism” with Christianity. In this article, I shall problematize the use of both “shamanism” and “Pentecostalism” in this controversy. Instead, I shall set the episode in the wider context of what might be called Korean traditional religion, which has an animistic cosmology. By pointing to an affinity between Korean Protestantism more generally and Korean traditional religion that goes back at least to the 1907 Korean Revival, I shall argue that the Pentecostal–Charismatic and the liberationist strands of Korean Protestantism together represent a developing understanding of what it means to do Christian theology in the context of animism – or in a land of many spirits.
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Kim, I.-j. History and Theology of Korean Pentecostalism: Sunbogeum (Pure Gospel) Pentecostalism. Zoetermeer: Uitgeverij Boekencentrum, 2003.
Kim, K. “Conclusion: The Holy Spirit in a Spirt-filled World: Broadening the Dialogue Partners of Christian Theology”. In Kärkkäinen, Kim and Yong, Interdisciplinary and Religio-Cultural Discourses on a Spirit-Filled World, 243–56.
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[Anon.]. “Bringing Together Ubuntu and Sangsaeng: A Journey Towards Life-Giving Civilization, Transforming Theology and the Ecumenism of the 21st Century”. International Review of Mission 97.384–5 (2008): 129–34.
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Choi, H.-a. Korean Women and God: Experiencing God in a Multi-religious Colonial Context. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2005.
Choi, Y.-k. “The Great Revival in Korea, 1903–1907: Between Evangelical Aims and the Pursuit of Salvation in the National Crisis”. Korean Journal of Christian Studies 72 (2010): 129–49.
Chung, H. K. “Come, Holy Spirit, Renew the Whole Creation”. In M. Kinnamon (ed.), Signs of the Spirit. Official Report of the Seventh Assembly of the World Council of Churches, Canberra, 1991. Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1991: 37–47.
— “Han-pu-ri: Doing Theology from a Korean Women’s Perspective”. Ecumenical Review 40.1 (1988): 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6623.1988.tb01515.x
Clark, D. N. Christianity in Modern Korea. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1986.
Cox, H. Fire from Heaven: The Rise of Pentecostal Spirituality and the Reshaping of Religion in the Twenty-first Century. London: Cassell, 1996.
— “A Response to Jürgen Moltmann’s ‘Blessing of Hope’”. Journal of Pentecostal Theology 14.2 (2006): 287–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0966736906062135
Cox, J. L. From Primitive to Indigenous: The Academic Study of Indigenous Religions. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016).
— The Invention of God in Indigenous Societies. Durham, NC: Acumen, 2014.
CTCCCA (Commission on Theological Concerns of the Christian Conference of Asia) (ed.). Minjung Theology: People as the Subjects of History. Singapore: Christian Conference of Asia, 1981.
Deuchler, M. The Confucian Transformation of Korea: A Study of Society and Ideology. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1992.
Eliade, M. Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy; trans. W. R. Trask. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964 [1951].
Elliott, C. Sword and Spirit: Christianity in a Divided World. London: BBC Books, 1989.
Grayson, J. H. Korea: A Religious History, revised edition. Abingdon: Routledge Curzon, 2002.
Gunkel, H. The Influence of the Holy Spirit: The Popular View of the Apostolic Age and the Teaching of the Apostle Paul, trans. R. A. Harrisville and P. A. Quanbeck II. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1979 [1888].
Hallman, D. G. (ed.), Ecotheology: Voices from South and North. Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1994.
Han, S.-h. Streams of Korean Theological Thought [in Korean], vol. 2. Seoul: Presbyterian College and Theological Seminary Press, 1996.
Harvey, G. “General Introduction”. In G. Harvey (ed.), Shamanism: A Reader. London: Routledge, 2003: 1–23.
— “Introduction”. In G. Harvey (ed.), The Handbook of Contemporary Animism. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014: 1–12.
— Shamanism: A Reader. London: Routledge, 2003.
Harvey, Y. K. Six Korean Women: The Socialization of Shamans. St Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1979
Heron, A. I. C. The Holy Spirit: The Holy Spirit in the Bible, in the History of Christian Thought, and in Recent Theology. London: Marshall Morgan & Scott, 1983.
Hogarth, H.-k. K. Korean Shamanism and Cultural Nationalism. Seoul: Jimoondang, 1999.
Hollenweger, W. J. Pentecostalism: Origins and Developments Worldwide. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1997.
Hong, K. “Korean Exorcism: Driving Out Demons or Women?” The International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society 5.3 (2015): 19–31.
Hulbert, H. The Passing of Korea. New York: Doubleday, Page, & Co., 1906.
Huntley, M. Caring, Growing, Changing: A History of the Protestant Mission in Korea. New York: Friendship Press, 1984.
International Theological Institute. Faith and Theology of Yoido Full Gospel Church, 2 vols [in Korean]. Seoul: Seoul Books, 1993.
Janelli, R. L. and D. Y. Janelli. Ancestor Worship and Korean Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982.
Jeong, C. H. “The Korean Charismatic Movement as Indigenous Pentecostalism”. In Anderson and Tang, Asian and Pentecostal: 465–82.
Kärkkäinen, V.-M., K. Kim and A. Yong (eds). Interdisciplinary and Religio-Cultural Discourses on a Spirit-Filled World: Loosing the Spirits. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137268990
Kang, I.-c. Korean Protestant Church and Anti-Communism [in Korean]. Seoul: Jungsim, 2006.
Kang, W.-j. Christ and Caesar in Modern Korea: A History of Christianity and Politics. New York: State University of New York, 1997.
Kendall, L. Shamans, Housewives, and Other Restless Spirits: Women in Korean Ritual Life. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press, 1985.
— Shamans, Nostalgias, and the IMF: South Korean Popular Religion in Motion. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2009.
Kim, A. “Korean Religious Culture and its Affinity to Christianity: The Rise of Protestant Christianity in South Korea”. Sociology of Religion 61.2 (2000): 117–33. https://doi. org/10.2307/3712281
Kim, C. Korean Shamanism: The Cultural Paradox. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.
Kim, I.-j. History and Theology of Korean Pentecostalism: Sunbogeum (Pure Gospel) Pentecostalism. Zoetermeer: Uitgeverij Boekencentrum, 2003.
Kim, K. “Conclusion: The Holy Spirit in a Spirt-filled World: Broadening the Dialogue Partners of Christian Theology”. In Kärkkäinen, Kim and Yong, Interdisciplinary and Religio-Cultural Discourses on a Spirit-Filled World, 243–56.
— “Critical Perspectives on Religions – Especially Christianity – in the Development of South Korea Post-1945”. In E. Tomalin (ed.), The Routledge Handbook on Religions and Global Development. New York: Routledge, 2015: 250–65.
— The Holy Spirit in the World: A Global Conversation. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2007.
— “Holy Spirit Movements in Korea – Paternal or Maternal? Reflections on the Analysis of Ryu Tong-Shik (Yu Tong-Shik)”. Exchange 35.2 (2006): 147–68. https://doi.org/ 10.1163/157254306776525681
— “Korean Discourse on Mission: The Spiritual Vision for the Nation of Rev. Kyung-Chik Han”. Missiology: An International Review 44.1 (2016): 33–49.
Kim, S. C. H. “The Problem of Poverty in Post-war Korean Christianity: Kibock Sinang or Minjung Theology?” Transformation 24.1 (2007): 43–50.
— “The Word and the Spirit: Overcoming Poverty, Injustice and Division in Korea”. In S. C. H. Kim (ed.), Christian Theology in Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008: 129–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803505.008
— and K. Kim. A History of Korean Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Kim, S.-g. “Resurgence of Neo-Pentecostalism and Shamanism in Contemporary Korea”. In D. Westerlund (ed.), Global Pentecostalism: Encounters with Other Religious Traditions. London: I. B. Tauris, 2009: 137–56.
Küster, V. A Protestant Theology of Passion: Korean Minjung Theology Revisited. Leiden: Brill, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004175235.i-203
Lee, J.-y. (ed.). An Emerging Theology in World Perspective: Commentary on Korean Minjung Theology. Mystic, CT: Twenty-Third Publications, 1988.
Lee, Y.-h. The Holy Spirit Movement in Korea: Its Historical and Theological Development. Oxford: Regnum, 2009.
Levison, J. R. Filled with the Spirit. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm B. Eerdmans, 2009.
Ma, W. “Toward the Future of David Yonggi Cho’s Theological Tradition”. In Ma, Menzies and Bae, David Yonggi Cho: 255–72.
—, W. W. Menzies and H.-s. Bae (eds). David Yonggi Cho: A Close Look at His Theology and Ministry. Baguio, Philippines: APTS Press, 2004.
Martin, D. Pentecostalism: The World Their Parish. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
Menzies, W. W. “David Yonggi Cho’s Theology of the Fullness of the Spirit: A Pentecostal Perspective”. In Ma, Menzies and Bae, David Yonggi Cho: 27–42.
Min, K.-b. “National Identity in the History of the Korean Church”. In C.-s. Yu (ed.), Korea and Christianity. Seoul: Korean Scholar Press, 1996: 121–43.
Nelson, S. M. Shamanism and the Origin of States: Spirit, Power, and Gender in East Asia. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2008.
Oak, S.-D. The Making of Korean Christianity: Protestant Encounters with Korean Religions, 1876–1915. Wako, TX: Baylor University Press, 2013.
Paik, L.-g. G. The History of Protestant Missions in Korea 1832–1910, 2nd edition. Seoul: Yonsei University Press, 1970 [1929].
Park, C.-s. Protestantism and Politics in Korea. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003.
Park, J. C. Crawl with God, Dance in the Spirit! A Creative Formation of Korean Theology of the Spirit. Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1998.
Park, M. S. “David Yonggi Cho and International Pentecostal/Charismatic Movements”. Journal of Pentecostal Theology 12.1 (2003): 107–28. https://doi.org/10.1163/ 174552503X00053
Park, P.-p. “Is It Compromising or Reforming?” [in Korean], Sinhak sasang 1 (1973): 28–48.
Pauw, A. P. “Where Theologians Fear to Tread”. Modern Theology 16.1 (2000): 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0025.00114
Reddekop, J. “Shamanism and Charisma: Reflections on the Problem of Enchantment in Modernity”. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 10.3 (2010): 349–61. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2011.01086.x
Ro, B. R. “Theological Debates in Korea after Canberra”. In B. R. Ro and B. J. Nicholls (eds), Beyond Canberra: Evangelical Responses to Contemporary Ecumenical Issues. Oxford: Regnum Books, 1993: 53–9.
Ryu, D.-y. “The Origin and Characteristics of Evangelical Protestantism in Korea at the Turn of the Twentieth Century”. Church History 77.2 (2008): 371–98. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0009640708000589
Ryu, T.-s. The Mineral Veins of Korean Theology [in Korean], 2nd edition. Seoul: Dasan Geulbang, 2000 [1982].
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Published
2017-05-24
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Kim, K. (2017). Korean Pentecostalism and Shamanism: Developing Theological Self-understanding in a Land of Many Spirits. PentecoStudies, 16(1), 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1558/ptcs.31639
