It’s All About “Being There”
Rethinking Presence and Co-Presence in the Ethnographic Field during and after the Covid-19 Pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jwpm.26375Keywords:
TikTok, multimedia fieldwork, music and place, ethnographing, pandemic, ethnography, Covid-19 pandemicAbstract
Ethnomusicologists often move into the field to observe, analyse, and describe the knowledge creation and negotiation practices of a musical tradition. However, the scenarios caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have proven to be a challenge to the practice of our ethnographic work. We were prevented from going to the field and musicians could not meet physically to develop their musicking, partially transferring their practices to various digital platforms. Although the pandemic confronts us with previously unthinkable challenges, some of these situations are not new if we think about musical practices like those of TikTok. Beyond the time of the pandemic, these practices have already shown to be a challenge for various theoretical and methodological conceptions of our ethnographic work, since they do not materialize in concrete practices in a given place. In this article, drawing on my ethnographic research on TikTok musicking from an Austrian perspective, as well as my reflections as an ethnomusicologist during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, I will discuss the idea of musical geography through practice, as well as the concepts of presence and co-presence, to critically reflect on the ideas of “being there” or “being present”, so important in ethnographic work. In addition to these reflections, I will examine and discuss various experiences lived throughout the musicking of TikTok under a multimedia reality before and during the pandemic, in order to discuss the idea that musical geography through practice can change our perspectives on the field pre- and post-pandemic.
References
Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Bakan, Michael B. 2012. World Music: Traditions and Transformations. New York: McGraw Hill.
Bermúdez, Juan. 2020. “¿Qué música? Si nadie toca... si nadie sabe…: Reflexionando el etnografiar de un musicking digital”. Boletín Música 52–53: 51–60.
Bermúdez, Juan. 2022. “Virtual Musical.ly(ties): Identities, Performances and Meanings in a Mobile Application. An Ethnomusicological Approach to TikTok’s Musicking”. PhD dissertation, University of Vienna.
Bermúdez, Juan. 2023. “Performing Beyond the Platform: Experiencing Musicking on and through YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram”. In Remediating Sound: Repeatable Culture, YouTube and Music, edited by Holly Rogers, Joana Freitas and João Francisco Porfírio, 187–202. London: Bloomsbury.
Bermúdez, Juan. Forthcoming. “Ethnographing TikTok: Towards an E3 thnomusicological Approach to a Multimedia Musicking”. Musicologica Austriaca – Journal for Austrian Music Studies.
Bermúdez, Juan, Lukas Dullnig, Stephanie Gmeiner, Hannes Matthäus, Markus Rogenhofer, Florian Schriebl, Lukas Auer and Bernd Brabec de Mori. 2018. “Von Klang(-) Wissen und anderen Fischen. Auditive Wissenskulturen von Konzertfach- und Musikologiestudierenden im Vergleich”. In Auditive Wissenskulturen. Das Wissen klanglicher Praxis, edited by Bernd Brabec de Mori and Martin Winter, 283–302. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Bhabha, Homi K. 2004 [1994]. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.
Boellstorff, Tom, Bonnie Nardi, Celia Pearce and T. L. Taylor. 2012. Ethnography and Virtual Worlds. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Couldry, Nick and Andreas Hepp. 2017. The Mediated Construction of Reality. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Deleuze, Gilles. 2014 [1968]. Difference and Repetition. Translated by Paul Patton. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Fromming, Urte, Steffen Kohn, Samantha Fox and Mike Terry, eds. 2017. Digital Environments: Ethnographic Perspectives across Global Online and Offline Spaces. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag.
Giddens, Anthony. 1991. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hine, Christine. 2015. Ethnography for the Internet: Embedded, Embodied, and Everyday. London: Bloomsbury.
Horst, Heather, and Daniel Miller. 2020. Digital Anthropology. New York: Routledge.
Ingold, Tim. 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling, and Skill. London: Routledge.
Kenny, Ailbhe. 2016. Communities of Musical Practice. London: Routledge.
Kozinets, Robert. 2015. Netnography: Redefined. Los Angeles: Sage.
Lange, Patricia. 2019. Thanks for Watching: An Anthropological Study of Video Sharing on YouTube. Louisville: University Press of Colorado.
Lefebvre, Henri. 1991 [1974]. The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson Smith. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lévy, Pierre. 1998. Becoming Virtual: Reality in the Digital Age. New York: Plenum Press.
Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1922. Argonauts of the West Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.
Marcus, George. 1995. “Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography”. Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 95–117. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.000523
Pertierra, Anna. 2018. Media Anthropology for the Digital Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Pink, Sarah, Heather Horst, John Postill, Larissa Hjorth, Tania Lewis and Jo Tacchi. 2016. Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice. London: Sage.
Przybylski, Liz. 2021. Hybrid Ethnography: Online, Offline, and In Between. Los Angeles: Sage.
Ryan, Marie-Laure. 2015. Narrative as Virtual Reality 2: Revisiting Immersion and Interactivity in Literature and Electronic Media. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Schrödinger, Erwin. 1935. “Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik”. Die Naturwissenschaften 23/48: 807–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01491891
Small, Christopher. 1998. Musicking: The Meanings of Performing and Listening. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
Turino, Thomas. 2008. Music as Social Life: The Politics of Participation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.