Jolly Jades, Lewd Ladies and Moral Muses
Women and Clubs in Early Eighteenth-Century Britain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jrff.v2i2.202Keywords:
women, clubs, societies, Britain, Eighteenth CenturyAbstract
This article argues that the range of female participation in the associational culture of fraternalism in early eighteenth-century Britain—in terms of class background, social setting and moral philosophy—was surprisingly rich and varied. In effect, such a claim complements the body of work written in the past two decades, by historians such as Steve Pincus, Brian Cowan, Markham Ellis and Helen Berry, vis-à-vis the place of women in the public sphere of the coffeehouse in post-Restoration and Augustan England. This hypothesis will be developed by outlining the active involvement of women in three distinct spheres of fraternal culture in early eighteenth-century Britain. First, I will explore the manner in which women participated in or mimicked the culture of alehouse clubbing in early eighteenth-century London. Second, I will emphasize the prominent role of aristocratic ladies in mixed bacchanalian and masquerade societies, including the Order of the Horn, The Hell-Fire Club and the Gallant Schemers, that met in several notable town houses or country retreats of the English and Scottish gentry. Lastly, a study will be made of the all-female Fair Intellectual Club, which was established in May 1717 in Edinburgh.
References
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Handley, Stuart, ‘Oxenden, George (bap. 1651, d. 1703)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21051 (5 April 2011).
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Hughan, William James, Masonic Sketches and Reprints (New York: Masonic Publishing Company, 1871).
Hunt, Alan, Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Jones, Charles, ‘An Early 18th Century Scottish Spelling Book for Ladies’, English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature, Vol. 78, no. 5 (1997), 430–50.
Kelly, Gary, ‘Bluestocking Feminism’, in Elizabeth Eger (et al.), Women, Writing and the Public Sphere, 1700–1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 163–80.
Kolbrener, William and Michael Michelson (eds), Mary Astell: Reason, Gender, Faith (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007).
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Lotman, Jurij M., and Boris A. Uspensky, The Semiotics of Russian Culture (Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Slavic Publications, 1984).
Lund, Roger, D., ‘Guild by Association: The Atheist Cabal and the Rise of the Public Sphere in Augustan England’, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, Vol. 34, no. 3 (Autumn 2002), 391–421.
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Maidment, James, A Second Book of Scottish Pasquils (Edinburgh, 1828).
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—An Historical Account of the Blue Blanket: or Crafts-Mens Banner (Edinburgh, 1722).
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Pritchard, Samuel, Masonry Dissected: Being a Universal and Genuine Description of All its Branches from the Original to this Present Time (London, 1730).
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Robertson, Alexander, Poems on Various Subjects and Occasions (Edinburgh, 1749).
Scott, Enid L., Women in Freemasonry (Enfield: E. L. Scott, 1988).
Secor, Anna, ‘Orientalism, Gender and Class in Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s Turkish Embassy Letters: to Persons of Distinction, Men of Letters & c’, Cultural Geographies, Vol. 6, Issue 4 (1999), 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096746089900600401
Smith, Thomas, ‘The Diary of Thomas Smith Esquire’, Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 11 (1869).
Stephen, Leslie, History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century, Vol. 1 (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1876).
Stevenson, David, The Beggar’s Benison: Sex Clubs of Enlightenment Scotland (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2001).
Switzer, Gerald, B., ‘The Suppression of the Convocation in the Church of England’, Church History, Vol. 1, no. 3 (September 1932), 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3159951
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Tarbuck, Derya Gurses, ‘Researching an Early Eighteenth-Century Women’s Intellectual Club’, The Center & Clark Newsletter, no. 48 (Fall, 2008).
The Downshire Papers of the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, MSS D607 and D671.
The Edinburgh Miscellany: Consisting of Original Poems, Translations & c. By Uarious Hands, Vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1720).
The Hell-Fire Club: Kept by a Society of Blasphemers: A Satyr (London, 1721).
The New Art and Mystery of Gossiping: Being a Genuine Account of All the Women’s Clubs In and About the City and Suburbs of London, With the Manner of the Club Orders (London, c. 1760).
The Plain Dealer: Being Select Essays on Several Curious Subjects, Vol. 1 (London, 1730).
The Spectator in Eight Volumes, Vol. 1 (Philadelphia, PA: Johnson and Warner, 1810).
The Weekly Journal, or Saturday’s Post, 20 February 1720.
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Ward, Ned, The London Spy (London, 1703).
—The Secret History of Clubs (London, 1709).
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Whiston, William, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Mr William Whiston (London, 1753).
Wood, Harvey, ‘Pennecuik, Alexander (1652–1722), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21861 (5 April 5 2011).
Allen, Robert J., The Clubs of Augustan London (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1967).
Anderson, James, The Constitutions of the Free-Masons, Containing the History, Charges, Regulations & c. of That Most Ancient and Right Worshipful Fraternity (London, 1723).
—The New Book of Constitutions of the Antient and Honourable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons (London, 1738).
A New Canting Dictionary: Comprehending All the Terms, Ancient and Modern, Used in Several Tribes of Gypsies, Beggars, Shoplifters, Highwaymen, Foot-Pads and All Other Clans of Cheats and Villains (London, 1725).
Anon., An Account of the Fair Intellectual-Club in Edinburgh in a Letter To an Honourable Member of an Athenian Society There (Edinburgh, 1720).
Anon., An Essay on Plays and Masquerades (London, 1724).
Anon., Discovery of the Damnable Cabal, Commonly Known by the Name of the Hell-Fire Club, Kept in this City Since the 17th of March lst, ’till the Detection of Several Members thereof; in a Perswasive Letter to a Young Gentleman (Dublin, undated).
Ashe, Geoffrey, The Hell-Fire Clubs: A History of Anti-Morality (Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2003).
Berry, Helen, M., ‘Rethinking Politeness in Eighteenth-Century England: Moll King’s Coffee House and the Significance of “Flash Talk’’’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, 11 (2001), 65–81.
—Gender, Society and Print Culture in Late Stuart England: The Cultural World of the Athenian Mercury (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2003).
Bickley, Francis (ed.), Report on the Manuscripts of the Late Reginald Rawdon Hastings, Esq., of the Manor House, Ashby De La Zouch, Vol. 3 (London: His Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1934).
Bowyer, John Wilson, The Celebrated Mrs. Centlivre (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1952).
Campbell, Alexander, An Introduction to the History of Poetry in Scotland, from the Beginning of the Thirteenth Century Down to the Present Time (Edinburgh, 1798).
Capp, Bernard, ‘Gender and the Culture of the English Alehouse in Late Stuart England’, in Anu Korhonen and Kate Lowe (eds), The Trouble with Ribs: Women, Men and Gender in Early Modern Europe (Helsinki: Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, 2007), 103–27.
Castle, Terry, ‘Eros and Liberty at the English Masquerade, 1710–1790’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 17, no. 2 (Winter, 1983–1984), 156–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2738282
—Masquerade and Civilization: The Carnivalesque in Eighteenth-Century English Culture and Fiction (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1986).
—‘The Culture of Travesty: Sexuality and Masquerade in Eighteenth-century England’, in G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter (eds), Sexual Underworlds of the Enlightenment (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), 156–81.
Chambers, Robert, Traditions of Edinburgh (Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers, 1847).
Clark, James, The Practical Atheist: or Blasphemous Clubs Taxed (Edinburgh, 1721).
Clark, Peter, The English Alehouse: a Social History 1200–1830 (London: Longman, 1983).
—British Clubs and Societies 1580–1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
Cobbett, William and Curson, T. C. (eds), Cobbett’s Parliamentary History of England, from the Norman Conquest, in 1066 to the year 1803, Vol. 7 (London: T. C. Hansard, 1811).
Cokayne, G. E. (ed.), The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, New Ed., Vol. 6 (Gloucester: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000).
Collins, Arthur, The Peerage of England; Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of All the Peers of that Kingdom, Now Existing, Vol. 7 (London, 1768).
Cowan, Brian, ‘What was Masculine about the Public Sphere? Gender and the Coffeehouse Milieu in Post-Restoration England’, History Workshop Journal, 51 (2001), 127–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/2001.51.127
Cryer, Neville Barker, ‘Women and Freemasonry’, News of the Grand Lodge of New York (May 1995), 20–21.
—York Mysteries Revealed (Understanding an Old English Masonic Tradition) (Hersham: Ian Allan Printing Ltd., 2006).
Doughan, David and Peter Gordon, Women, Clubs and Associations in Britain (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006).
Ellis, Markham, ‘Coffee-Women, “The Spectator” and the Public Sphere in the Early Eighteenth Century’, in Elizabeth Eger, Charlotte Grant, Clióna Ó Gallchoir and Penny Warbuton (eds), Women, Writing and the Public Sphere, 1700–1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 27–52.
Field, Orphelia, The Kit-Cat Club (London: Harper Perennial, 2009).
Gatrell, Vic, City of Laughter: Sex and Satire in Eighteenth-Century London (London: Atlantic Books, 2006).
Goodman, Dena, ‘Enlightenment Salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophical Ambitions’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 22, no. 3 (1989), 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2738891
Gould, R. F., The History of Freemasonry: Its Antiquities, Constitutions, Customs Etc., Vol. 4 (London: Thomas C. Jack, 1885).
—‘Masonic Celebrities No. VI. The Duke of Wharton, with Which is Combined the True History of the Gormogons’, Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, Vol. 8 (1895), 114–46.
Grundy, Isobel, ‘Ovid and Eighteenth-Century Divorce: An Unpublished Poem by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’, The Review of English Studies, New Series, Vol. 23, no. 92 (November 1972), 417–28.
—Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
—‘Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (bas. 1689, d. 1762)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19029, (5 April 2011).
Guerrini, Anita, ‘Hastings, Lady Elizabeth (1682–1739)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/12564, (5 April 2011).
Halsband, Robert, The Life of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1956).
Halsband, Robert (ed.), The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Vol. 2 (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1966).
Handley, Stuart, ‘Oxenden, George (bap. 1651, d. 1703)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21051 (5 April 2011).
Harvey, Karen, Reading Sex in the Eighteenth Century: Bodies and Gender in English Erotic Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Haywood, H. L., ‘The Old Charges of Freemasonry’, in Michael R. Poll (ed.), Ancient Manuscripts of the Freemasons: The Transformation from Operative to Speculative Freemasonry (New Orleans, LA: Cornerstone Book Publishers, 2009).
Hughan, William James, Masonic Sketches and Reprints (New York: Masonic Publishing Company, 1871).
Hunt, Alan, Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Jones, Charles, ‘An Early 18th Century Scottish Spelling Book for Ladies’, English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature, Vol. 78, no. 5 (1997), 430–50.
Kelly, Gary, ‘Bluestocking Feminism’, in Elizabeth Eger (et al.), Women, Writing and the Public Sphere, 1700–1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 163–80.
Kolbrener, William and Michael Michelson (eds), Mary Astell: Reason, Gender, Faith (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007).
Lord, Evelyn, The Hell-Fire Clubs: Sex, Satanism and Secret Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).
Lotman, Jurij M., and Boris A. Uspensky, The Semiotics of Russian Culture (Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Slavic Publications, 1984).
Lund, Roger, D., ‘Guild by Association: The Atheist Cabal and the Rise of the Public Sphere in Augustan England’, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, Vol. 34, no. 3 (Autumn 2002), 391–421.
Mahon, Lord, History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Aix-La-Chapelle, Vol. 2, Second Edition (London: John Murray, 1839).
Maidment, James, A Second Book of Scottish Pasquils (Edinburgh, 1828).
McElroy, Davis M., Scotland’s Age of Improvement: A Survey of Eighteenth-Century Literary Clubs and Societies (Pullman, WA: Washington State University Press, 1969).
Melville, Lewis, The Life and Writings of Philip Duke of Wharton (London: John Lane The Bodley Head, 1913).
Milhous, Judith, ‘Heidegger, Johann Jakob (1666–1749)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12866 (5 April 2011).
Oldmixon, John, History of England During the Reigns of William, Mary, Anne and George I (London: 1730).
Peakman, Julie, Lascivious Bodies: A Sexual History of the Eighteenth Century (London: Atlantic Books, 2004).
Pennecuik, Alexander, Streams from Helicon; or Poems on Various Subjects (Edinburgh, 1720).
—An Historical Account of the Blue Blanket: or Crafts-Mens Banner (Edinburgh, 1722).
Pincus, Steve, ‘“Coffee Politicians Does Create”: Coffeehouses and Restoration Political Culture’, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 67, no. 4 (1995), 807–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/245229
Pritchard, Samuel, Masonry Dissected: Being a Universal and Genuine Description of All its Branches from the Original to this Present Time (London, 1730).
Rees, Emma L. E., Margaret Cavendish: Gender, Genre, Exile (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003).
Ribeiro, Aileen, The Dress Worn at Masquerades in England, 1730–1790, and its Relation to Fancy Dress in Portraiture (New York: Garland, 1984).
Rich, Paul, ‘Female Freemasons: Gender, Democracy and Fraternalism’, Journal of American Culture, Vol. 20, Issue 1 (2004), 105–10.
Robertson, Alexander, Poems on Various Subjects and Occasions (Edinburgh, 1749).
Scott, Enid L., Women in Freemasonry (Enfield: E. L. Scott, 1988).
Secor, Anna, ‘Orientalism, Gender and Class in Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s Turkish Embassy Letters: to Persons of Distinction, Men of Letters & c’, Cultural Geographies, Vol. 6, Issue 4 (1999), 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096746089900600401
Smith, Thomas, ‘The Diary of Thomas Smith Esquire’, Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 11 (1869).
Stephen, Leslie, History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century, Vol. 1 (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1876).
Stevenson, David, The Beggar’s Benison: Sex Clubs of Enlightenment Scotland (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2001).
Switzer, Gerald, B., ‘The Suppression of the Convocation in the Church of England’, Church History, Vol. 1, no. 3 (September 1932), 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3159951
Taylor, Stephen, ‘Hoadly, Benjamin (1676–1761)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13375, (5 April 2011).
Tarbuck, Derya Gurses, ‘Researching an Early Eighteenth-Century Women’s Intellectual Club’, The Center & Clark Newsletter, no. 48 (Fall, 2008).
The Downshire Papers of the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, MSS D607 and D671.
The Edinburgh Miscellany: Consisting of Original Poems, Translations & c. By Uarious Hands, Vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1720).
The Hell-Fire Club: Kept by a Society of Blasphemers: A Satyr (London, 1721).
The New Art and Mystery of Gossiping: Being a Genuine Account of All the Women’s Clubs In and About the City and Suburbs of London, With the Manner of the Club Orders (London, c. 1760).
The Plain Dealer: Being Select Essays on Several Curious Subjects, Vol. 1 (London, 1730).
The Spectator in Eight Volumes, Vol. 1 (Philadelphia, PA: Johnson and Warner, 1810).
The Weekly Journal, or Saturday’s Post, 20 February 1720.
Tillot, P. M., A History of the County of York, the City of York (London: Institute of Historical Research, 1961).
Timbs, John, Club Life of London with Anecdotes of the Clubs, Coffee-Houses and Taverns of the Metropolis During the 17th, 18th, and 19th Centuries, 2 Vols (London: Richard Bentley, 1866).
Tseëlon, Efrat (ed.), Masquerade and Identities: Essays on Gender, Sexuality and Marginality (London: Routledge, 2001).
Uspenskii, Boris, Etiudy o Russkoi istorii (St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2002).
Walker, Patrick, Biographia Presbyteriana, Vol. 1 (Edinburgh: D. Speare and J. Stevenson, 1827).
Ward, Ned, The London Spy (London, 1703).
—The Secret History of Clubs (London, 1709).
Wharncliffe, Lord (ed.), The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Vol. 1 (London, 1861).
Whiston, William, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Mr William Whiston (London, 1753).
Wood, Harvey, ‘Pennecuik, Alexander (1652–1722), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21861 (5 April 5 2011).
Published
2012-05-02
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Collis, R. (2012). Jolly Jades, Lewd Ladies and Moral Muses: Women and Clubs in Early Eighteenth-Century Britain. Journal for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism, 2(2), 202-235. https://doi.org/10.1558/jrff.v2i2.202
