Keep our mob safe
Multimodal COVID-19 public health outreach to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth in Australia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jld.26521Keywords:
language policy, public health outreach, Indigenous languages, multimodalityAbstract
This paper examines how semiotic resources, including text, song, dance and visual imagery, are utilised in a COVID-19 public health outreach campaign to communicate to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth in the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW). Content analysis and multimodal critical discourse analysis are employed to study a corpus of multimodal videos with a visible, speaking social actor published between July 2020 and June 2022 on the official NSW Ministry of Health Facebook page (n=1010), including ‘Keep Our Mob Safe’ public health outreach campaign videos (n=38). The analysis focuses on the discursive representation and recontextualisation of social actors in order to ascertain who the state considers a ‘linguistic and cultural asset’, a term used in NSW language and health policies. The findings indicate that social actors use creative and transformational material processes and through their actions reveal covert language policy mechanisms.
References
Adams, K. (2014) Koorified: Aboriginal communication and well-being. Fitzroy: Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (VACCHO) and School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University.
Ahmad, R. and Hillman, S. (2021) Laboring to communicate: Use of migrant languages in COVID-19 awareness campaign in Qatar. Multilingua 40(3): 303–37.https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2020-0119
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2018) Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. Retreived 11 July 2023 from https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2022a) Language statistics for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. Language speakers by state/territory and Indigenous location. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/language-statistics-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/2021#data-downloads
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2022b) New South Wales: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population summary. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/new-south-wales-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-population-summary
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2022c) Standards for Statistics on Cultural and Language Diversity. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/standards-statistics-cultural-and-language-diversity/latest-release
Bell, P. (2001) Content analysis of visual images. In T. van Leeuwen and C. Jewitt (eds.) Handbook of Visual Analysis 10–34. London: SAGE.
Butcher, A. (2008) Linguistic aspects of Australian Aboriginal English. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 22(8): 625–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699200802223535
Butterfly Foundation (BF) (2021) Yarning and the art of drag helped Aboriginal drag queen Felicia Foxx overcome body image issues. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://butterfly.org.au/yarning-and-the-art-of-drag-helped-aboriginal-drag-queen-felicia-foxx-overcome-body-image-issues/
City of Sydney (CoS) (n.d.) United we stand divided we fail the future. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.cityartsydney.com.au/artwork/united-we-stand-divided-we-fail-the-future/
Closing the Gap (CoG) (2020) National agreement on closing the gap (July). Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.closingthegap.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/national-agreement-ctg.pdf
Commonwealth of Australia (CoA) (2017) National strategic framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ mental health and social and emotional wellbeing 2017–2023. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.niaa.gov.au/sites/default/files/publications/mhsewb-framework_0.pdf
Commonwealth of Australia (CoA) (2018) The Multicultural Access and Equity Policy Guide. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/PDFs/multicultural-access-equity-policy-guide.pdf
Commonwealth of Australia (CoA) (2019) Australian Government Action Plan for the 2019 International Year of Indigenous Languages. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 23 August 2023 from https://www.arts.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/australian_government_action_plan_for_the_2019_international_year_of_indigenous_languages.pdf
Commonwealth of Australia (CoA) (2020) National Indigenous Languages Report. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 23 August 2023 from https://www.arts.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/national-indigenous-languages-report-lowres.pdf
Cornips, L. and De Rooij, V. (2015) Belonging through languagecultural practices in the periphery: The politics of carnival in the Dutch province of Limburg. Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 24(1): 83–101. https://doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2015.240106
Coronel-Molina, S. M. and Samuelson, B. L. (2017) Language contact and translingual literacies. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38(5): 379–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1186681
Davis, S. (2022) Aboriginal English. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Retrieved 23 August 2023 from https://aiatsis.gov.au/blog/aboriginal-english
D’Costa, B., Lobo, R., Sibosado, A., Leavy, J. E., Crawford, G. and Ward, J. (2022) Evaluation of the Young, Deadly, Syphilis Free multi-media campaign in remote Australia. PLOS One 17(9): e0273658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273658
Department of Health (DoH) (2020) Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Management plan for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations, operational plan for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. Publications Number 12750. Retrieved 23 August 2023 from https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2020/07/management-plan-for-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-populations.pdf
Eades, D. (2014) Aboriginal English. In H. Koch and R. Nordlinger (eds.) The Languages and Linguistics of Australia: A Comprehensive Guide 417–47. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Evers, C. W., Albury, K., Byron, P. and Crawford, K. (2013) Young people, social media, social network sites and sexual health communication in Australia: ‘this is funny, you should watch it’. International Journal of Communication 7: 263–80. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1106/853
Finlay, S. and Wenitong, M. (2020) Aboriginal community controlled health organisations are taking a leading role in COVID-19 health communication. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 44(4): 251–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.13010
Foxx, Felicia (Iam_deadly_feliciafoxx) (2020) Inside my DNA. Instagram. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.instagram.com/p/CAYuWEpDg9w/?utm_source=ig_CAYuWEpDg9w/?utm_source=ig_embed&ig_rid=0f6c04cd-d88e-4419-809e-0c72a61b22d9
Gaborit, L., Robinson, M. and Sutherland, S. (2022) Characterising health promotion in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages: A content analysis of COVID-19 and maternal health resources. Health Promotion Journal of Australia 33(S1): 207–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.595
Glasgow, G. P. and Bouchard, J. (2019) Introduction. In J. Bouchard and G. P. Glasgow (eds.) Agency in Language Policy and Planning: Critical Inquiries 1–21. New York: Routledge.
Glennie, M., Dowden, M., Grose, M., Scolyer, M., Superina, A. and Gardner, K. (2022) Engaging remote Aboriginal communities in COVID-19 public health messaging via crowdsourcing. Frontiers in Public Health. 10: 866134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.866134
Halliday, M. A. K. (1973) Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd edn). London: Arnold. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203783771
Heinrichs, D. H., Kretzer, M. M. and Davis, E. E. (2022) Mapping the online language ecology of multilingual COVID-19 public health information in Australia. European Journal of Language Policy 14(2): 133–62. https://doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2022.9
Houghton, J. (2020) Communicating about COVID-19: Health literacy and language services during the pandemic. Coburg: Ethnic Communities’ Council of Victoria. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://eccv.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ECCV-Policy-Paper_Communicating-About-COVID19_October2020.pdf
Irvine, J. T. and Gal, S. (2000) Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In P. V. Kroskrity (ed.) Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Politics and Identities 35–83. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
Jayasinghe, S. (2021) Ethics and health communication in English: Tackling the consequences of colonial era linguicism and racism. Asian Bioethics Review 13: 245–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41649-021-00172-4
Kalucy, D., Nixon, J., Parvizian, M., Fernando, P., Sherriff, S., McMellon, J., D’Este, C., Eades, S. J. and Williamson, A. (2019) Exploring pathways to mental healthcare for urban Aboriginal young people: A qualitative interview study. BMJ Open 9(7): e025670. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025670
Kerrigan, V., Lee, A. M., Ralph, A. P. and Lawton, P. D. (2021) Stay strong: Aboriginal leaders deliver COVID-19 health messages. Health Promotion Journal of Australia 32(S1): 203–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.364
Keshet, Y. and Popper-Giveon, A. (2019) Language practice and policy in Israeli hospitals: The case of the Hebrew and Arabic languages. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research 8(58): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-019-0331-7
La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council (La Perouse LALC) (2023) History of La Perouse. La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.laperouse.org.au/copy-of-our-background
Leeuwen, T. van. (2008) Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323306.001.0001
Liddicoat, A. J. (2019) Constraints on agency in micro language policy and planning in schools: A case study of curriculum change. In J. Bouchard and G. P. Glasgow (eds.) Agency in Language Policy and Planning: Critical Inquiries 149–70. New York: Routledge.
Lo Bianco, J. (1987) National Policy on Languages. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Lo Bianco, J. (2001) From policy to anti-policy: How fear of language rights took policymaking out of community hands. In J. Lo Bianco and R. Wickert (eds.) Australian Policy Activism in Language and Literacy 13–44. Melbourne: Language Australia.
Lupton, D. (2020) ‘Better understanding about what’s going on’: Young Australians’ use of digital technologies for health and fitness. Sport, Education and Society 25(1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2018.1555661
Machin, D. and Mayr, A. (2013) Personalising crime and crime-fighting in factual television: An analysis of social actors and transitivity in language and images. Critical Discourse Studies 10(4): 356–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2013.813771
Malcolm, I. G. (2013) The ownership of Aboriginal English in Australia. World Englishes 32(1): 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12003
Martinez, G. (2008) Language-in-healthcare policy, interaction patterns and unequal care on the U.S.-Mexico border. Language Policy 7: 345–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-008-9110-y
McBride, L. (2021) Always was, always will be, Aboriginal land. Australian Museum. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://australian.museum/learn/first-nations/always-will-be-aboriginal-land/
McCalman, J., Tsey, K., Bainbridge, R., Rowley, K., Percival, N., O’Donoghue, L., Brands, J., Whiteside, M. and Judd, J. (2014) The characteristics, implementation and effects of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health promotion tools: A systematic literature search. BMC Public Health 14(712). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-712
McKay, G. (2011) Policy and Indigenous languages in Australia. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 34(3): 297–319. https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.34.3.03mck
McKinnon, S., Reynolds, R. and Robinson, S. (2018) Negotiating difference across time: The temporal meanings of the Sydney Mardi Gras in lesbian and gay life narratives. Journal of Australian Studies 42(3): 314–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2018.1499670
McLeod, M., Gurney, J., Harris, R., Cormack, D. and King, P. (2020) COVID-19: We must not forget about Indigenous health and equity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 44(4): 253–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.13015
Menton, M., Milanez, F., de Andrade Souza, J. M. and Cruz, F. S. M. (2021) The COVID-19 pandemic intensified resource conflicts and indigenous resistance in Brazil. World Development 138: 105222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105222
Miguel, L. A., Lopez, E., Sanders, K., Skinner, N. A., Johnston, J., Vosburg, K. B., Diaz, A. K. and Diamond-Smith, N. (2022) Evaluating the impact of a linguistically and culturally tailored social media ad campaign on COVID-19 vaccine uptake among indigenous populations in Guatemala: A pre/post design intervention study. BMJ Open 12(12): e066365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066365
Minnican, C. and O’Toole, G. (2020) Exploring the incidence of culturally responsive communication in Australian healthcare: The first rapid review on this concept. BMC Health Services Research 20(20): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4859-6
Multicultural NSW Act 2000 (No. 77) (NSW) (2000).
National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (NACCHO) (2021) Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs). Retrieved 23 August 2023 from https://www.naccho.org.au/acchos
NSW Health Infrastructure (NSWHI) (@NSWHealthInfra) (2020) Health Infrastructure values diversity & inclusion in all that we do. We wish the LGBTQIA+ community a fantastic Mardi Gras (18 February) [Image]. Twitter. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://twitter.com/nswhealthinfra/status/1229612774554124294
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (2012) NSW Aboriginal Health Plan, 2013–2023. North Sydney: NSW Ministry of Health. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/aboriginal/Publications/aboriginal-health-plan-2013-2023.pdf
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (2019) NSW Plan for Healthy Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Communities: 2019–2023. North Sydney: NSW Ministry of Health. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www1.health.nsw.gov.au/pds/ ActivePDSDocuments/ PD2019_018.pdf
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (2020a) Excellence in Aboriginal Healthcare Award. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/innovation/2020awards/Pages/excellence-in-aboriginal-healthcare-award.aspx
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (@NewSouthWalesHealth) (2020b) One Point 5 feat Mi-Kaisha & Nooky. [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKeDY8EQkJM
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (@NewSouthWalesHealth) (2020c) One Point 5 feat Mi-Kaisha & Nooky. Check out this COVID collab by Nooky and Mi-kaisha with choreography by Darren Compton (30 July) [Video]. Facebook. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=636252677293519
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (@NewSouthWalesHealth) (2020d) One Point 5 feat Mi-Kaisha & Nooky. We’re excited to announce the release of a new First Nations track… (31 July) [Video] [Retweet from @33CreativeAus]. Facebook. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.facebook.com/33CreativeAus/videos/one-point-5-feat-mi-kaisha-nooky/635622850689835
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (@NewSouthWalesHealth) (2020e) One Point 5 feat Mi-Kaisha & Nooky. ‘Don’t be shame, reach out.’ (6 October) [Video] Facebook. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.facebook.com/NewSouthWalesHealth/videos/690919928493460/
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (@NewSouthWalesHealth) (2020f) One Point 5 feat Mi-Kaisha & Nooky. We’re excited to announce the release of a new First Nations track… (7 October) [Video] [Retweet from @33CreativeAus]. Facebook. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.facebook.com/33CreativeAus/videos/one-point-5-feat-mi-kaisha-nooky/635622850689835
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (2021a) Annual Report 2020–21. St Leonards: NSW Ministry of Health.
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (@NewSouthWalesHealth) (2021b) Keep Our Mob Safe. ‘Don’t be shame, reach out.’ (16 January) [Video]. Facebook. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.facebook.com/NewSouthWalesHealth/videos/keep-our-mob-safe/1058023278016915
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (@NewSouthWalesHealth) (2021c) ‘Don’t be shame, reach out.’ Listen to Nooky and Mi-kaisha’s COVID anthem… (30 January) [Video]. Facebook. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.facebook.com/NewSouthWalesHealth/videos/dont-be-shame-reach-out-listen-to-nooky-and-mikaishas-covid-anthem-about-how-to/2694584880792716
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (@NewSouthWalesHealth) (2022a) Be like Felicia Foxx and stay safe this Mardi Gras season by getting your COVID-19 booster shot (4 March). [Video]. Facebook. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.facebook.com/NewSouthWalesHealth/videos/be-like-felicia-foxx-and-stay-safe-this-mardi-gras-season-by-getting-your-covid-/328558165958789
NSW Ministry of Health (NSW Health) (2022b) NSW LGBTIQ+ Health Strategy 2022–2027. St Leonards: NSW Ministry of Health. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/lgbtiq-health/Publications/lgbtiq-health-strategy.pdf
Patten, C. A., Koller, K. R., Sinicrope, P. S., Merculieff, Z. T., Prochaska, J. J., Hughes, C. A., McConnell, C. R., Decker, P. A., Resnicow, K. and Thomas, T. K. (2022) Exploring the perceived effectiveness and cultural acceptability of COVID-19 relevant social media intervention content among Alaska Native people who smoke: The CAN quit study. Preventive Medicine Reports 30:102042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102042
Quinn-Bates, J. (2021) Aboriginal drag queen Felicia Foxx to walk the runway at Australian Fashion week. NITV News, SBS. Retrieved 11 July 2023 from https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/aboriginal-drag-queen-felicia-foxx-to-walk-the-runway-at-australian-fashion-week/81b1s25ez
Rice, E. S., Haynes, E., Royce, P. and Thompson, S. C. (2016) Social media and digital technology use among Indigenous young people in Australia: A literature review. International Journal for Equity in Health 15: 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0366-0
Sales, C., Kim, Y., Kim, G., Lin, B. and Palaniappan, L. (2021) Precision public health matters: An international assessment of communication, preparedness and coordination for successful COVID-19 responses. American Journal of Public Health 111(3): 392–4. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306129
Shohamy, E. (2006) Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203387962
Spolsky, B. (2019) A modified and enriched theory of language policy (and management). Language Policy 18(3): 323–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9489-z
Tollefson, J. W. (1991) Planning Language, Planning Inequality: Language Policy in the Community. London: Longman.
Truscott, A. and Malcolm, I. (2010) Closing the policy-practice gap: Making Indigenous language policy more than empty rhetoric. In J. Hobson, K. Lowe, S. Poetsch, and M. Walsh (eds.) Re-awakening Languages: Theory and Practice in the Revitalisation of Australia’s Indigenous Languages 6–21. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
Weeks, R., White, S., Hartner, A., Littlepage, S., Wolf, J., Masten, K. and Tingey, L. (2022) COVID-19 messaging on social media for American Indian and Alaska Native communities: Thematic analysis of audience reach and web behavior. JMIR Infodemiology 2(2): e38441. https://doi.org/10.2196/38441
Wild, A., Kunstler, B., Goodwin, D., Onyala, S., Zhang, L., Kufi, M., Salim, W., Musse, F., Mohideen, M., Asthana, M., Al-Khafaji, M., Geronimo, M. A., Coase, D., Chew, E., Micallef, E. and Skouteris, H. (2021) Communicating COVID-19 health information to culturally and linguistically diverse communities: Insights from a participatory research collaboration. Public Health Research & Practice 31(1): e3112105. https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp3112105
Wilson-Matenga, G., Campbell, M., Katterl, R., Ellis, E. and Skeen, R. (2021) Partnership, trust and respect: NSW’s response to COVID-19 among Aboriginal people. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 45(4): 315–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.13138
Yashadhana, A, Pollard-Wharton, N., Zwi, A. B. and Biles, B. (2020) Indigenous Australians at increased risk of COVID 19 due to existing health and socioeconomic inequities. The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific 1: 100007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100007