The Ritual Spectrum: Definitions, Frameworks, and Implications

Response to Commentators

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/jcsr.31698

Keywords:

ritual, cognition, evolution, culture, theory

Abstract

Ritual is one of the defining characteristics of our species, which both precedes and extends beyond religion, into domains like politics, sports, family, the workplace, and all manner of social organizations. In a rapidly changing world where organized religion appears to be losing its monopoly on ceremony, it is more important than ever to understand ritual’s unwavering persistence, investigate its functions, and explore its applications. The contributors to this book panel offer insightful critiques and insights about how to do this. In engaging with their ideas on the nature, definitions, and effects of ritual, both bright and dark, I join then in exploring applications for an interdisciplinary study of ritual.

Author Biography

  • Dimitris Xygalatas, University of Connecticut

    Dimitris Xygalatas holds a joint position between the Interacting Minds Centre at Aarhus University and the Department of Anthropology at the University of Connecticut, where he is directing the Experimental Anthropology Lab. He has previously held positions at the universities of Princeton and Masaryk, where he served as Director of the Laboratory for the Experimental Research of Religion. His main areas of interest are experimental anthropology and the experimental study of religion, and much of his work has focused on the practice of extreme rituals around the world. He has conducted several years of ethnographic research in Greece, Bulgaria, Spain, and Mauritius and has pioneered new methods, integrating ethnographic and experimental approaches in field research.

References

Baranowski-Pinto, G., Profeta, V. L. S., Newson, M., Whitehouse, H., & Xygalatas, D. (2022). Being in a crowd bonds people via physiological synchrony. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 613. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04548-2

Berlin, B. (1976). The concept of rank in ethnobiological classification: Some evidence from Aguaruna folk botany. American Ethnologist, 3(3), 381–399. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1976.3.3.02a00010

Boyer, P., & Liénard, P. (2020). Ingredients of “rituals” and their cognitive underpinnings. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 375(1805), 20190439. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0439

Brondízio, E. S., Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Bates, P., Carino, J., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Ferrari, M. F., Galvin, K., Reyes-García, V., McElwee, P., Molnar, Z., Samakov, A., & Shrestha, U. B. (2021). Locally based, regionally manifested, and globally relevant: Indigenous and local knowledge, values, and practices for nature. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 46(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-012127

Goody, J. (1961). Religion and ritual: The definitional problem. The British Journal of Sociology, 12(2), 142. https://doi.org/10.2307/586928

Henrich, J. (2009). The evolution of costly displays, cooperation and religion credibility enhancing displays and their implications for cultural evolution. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30(4), 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.005

Kandari, L. S., Bisht, V. K., Bhardwaj, M., & Thakur, A. K. (2014). Conservation and management of sacred groves, myths and beliefs of tribal communities: A case study from north-India. Environmental Systems Research, 3(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-014-0016-8

Kapitány, R., & Nielsen, M. (2015). Adopting the ritual stance: The role of opacity and context in ritual and everyday actions. Cognition, 145(C), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015.08.002

Kraft-Todd, G. T., Bollinger, B., Gillingham, K., Lamp, S., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Credibility-enhancing displays promote the provision of non-normative public goods. Nature, 563(7730), 245–248. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0647-4

Kundt, R. (2018). Making evolutionary science of religion an integral part of cognitive science of religion. In A. K. Petersen, I. S. Gilhus, L. H. Martin, J. S. Jensen, & J. Sorensen (Eds.), Evolution, cognition, and the history of religion: A new synthesis (pp. 141–158). Leiden: Brill.

Kundtová Klocová, E., M. Lang, P. Mano, R. Kundt, & D. Xygalatas (2022). Cigarettes for the dead: Effects of sorcery beliefs on parochial prosociality in Mauritius. Religion Brain and Behavior, 12(1–2), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2021.2006286

Lang, M., Chvaja, R., Purzycki, B. G., Václavík, D., & Stanek, R. (2022). Advertising cooperative phenotype through costly signals facilitates collective action. Royal Society Open Science, 9(5), 202202. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202202

Lang, M., Krátký, J., Shaver, J. H., Jerotijevic, D., & Xygalatas, D. (2015). Effects of anxiety on spontaneous ritualized behavior. Current Biology, 25(14), 1892–1897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.049

Lang, M., Krátký, J., & Xygalatas, D. (2022). Effects of predictable behavioral patterns on anxiety dynamics. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 19240. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23885-4

Langwick, S. A. (2011). Bodies, politics, and African healing: The matter of maladies in Tanzania. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Liénard, P., & Boyer, P. (2006). Whence collective rituals? A cultural selection model of ritualized behavior. American Anthropologist, 108(4), 814–827. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.4.814

McCauley, R. (2014). Explanatory pluralism and the cognitive science of religion. In D. Xygalatas, & W. McCorkle (Eds.), Mental culture: Classical social theory and the cognitive science of religion (pp. 11–32). Durham: Acumen Publishing, Ltd.

Munck, V. C. de, & Bennardo, G. (2019). Disciplining culture: A sociocognitive approach. Current Anthropology, 60(2), 174–193. https://doi.org/10.1086/702470

Muthukrishna, M., & Henrich, J. (2019). A problem in theory. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(3), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0522-1

Nielbo, K., Schjoedt, U., & Sørensen, J. (2012). Hierarchical organization of segmentation in non-functional action sequences. Journal for the Cognitive Science of Religion, 1(1), 71–97. https://doi.org/10.1558/jcsr.v1i1.71

Nielbo, K., & Sørensen, J. (2011). Spontaneous processing of functional and nonfunctional action sequences. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 1(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599x.2010.550722

Ozouf, M. (1975). Space and time in the festivals of the French revolution. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17(3), 372–384. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500007908

Power, E. A. (2017). Discerning devotion: Testing the signaling theory of religion. Evolution and Human Behavior, 38(1), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.07.003

Rappaport, R. A. (2000). Ritual and religion in the making of humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Saraei, M., Paxton, A., & Xygalatas, D. (2024). Aligned bodies, united hearts: Embodied emotional dynamics of an Islamic ritual. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B. 379: 20230162. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0162

Theidon, K. (2012). Intimate enemies: Violence and reconciliation in Peru. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Vaish, A., Grossmann, T., & Woodward, A. (2008). Not all emotions are created equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.383

Whitehouse, H. (2000). Arguments and icons. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198234142.001.0001

———. (2002). Modes of religiosity: Towards a cognitive explanation of the sociopolitical dynamics of religion. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, 14(3–4), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006802320909738

Xygalatas, D. (2014). Ritual and cohesion: What is the place of euphoric arousal? Current Anthropology, 6(55), 689–690.

———. (2019). Strong interdisciplinarity and explanatory pluralism in social scientific research. Items. Insights from the Social Sciences. https://items.ssrc.org/insights/strong-interdisciplinarity-and-explanatory-pluralism-in-social-scientific-research/

———. (2021). Evil eyes and baking pies: Aspects of Greek divination. In J. Sørensen, & A. K. Petersen (Eds.), Theoretical and empirical investigations of divination and magic (pp. 105–123). Leiden: Brill.

———. (2022). Ritual: How seemingly senseless acts make life worth living. London: Profile Books.

———. (2023). Author’s response: On the varieties of ritual studies. E-Rhizome, 4(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.5507/rh.2022.004

Xygalatas, D., Lang, M., Mano, P., Kratky, J., & Fisher, R. (2024). Emotional contagion in a collective ritual. American Journal of Human Biology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.24111

Xygalatas, D., & Mano, P. (2022). Ritual exegesis among Mauritian Hindus. Religion, 52(3), 429–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721x.2022.2042418

Xygalatas, D., & Mano, P. (forthcoming). Socioeconomic variation in motivations for ritual practice.

Xygalatas, D., Mano, P., Bahna, V., Klocová, E. K., Kundt, R., Lang, M., & Shaver, J. H. (2021). Social inequality and signaling in a costly ritual. Evolution and Human Behavior, 42(6), 524–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.05.006

Published

2024-11-06

How to Cite

Xygalatas, D. (2024). The Ritual Spectrum: Definitions, Frameworks, and Implications: Response to Commentators. Journal for the Cognitive Science of Religion. https://doi.org/10.1558/jcsr.31698