Seemingly Senseless Acts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jcsr.25323Keywords:
Ritual, Culture Religion, Ideology, cognitive science historyAbstract
In the book Ritual: How Seemingly Senseless Acts Make Life Worth Living, Dimitris Xygalatas walks the reader through what the social/cognitive sciences can teach us about the underlying function of ritual, and why it has persisted as an enduring feature of the human species. This thoughtful book covers a wide range of topics but mostly stays quiet on providing the reader with some understanding of what predicts ritual practice within communities. In this paper, we take the insights provided by Xygalatas throughout the book and attempt to construct several categories based on the core functions that ritual provides. Then, using a nationally representative sample of 1,000 U.S. participants, we attempt to test several of the predictions that come out of the book, finding support for some claims, while finding little to none for others.
References
Anastasi, M. W., & Newberg, A. B. (2008). A preliminary study of the acute effects of religious ritual on anxiety. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14(2), 163–165. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2007.0675
Benedetti, F. (2009). Placebo effects: Understanding the mechanisms in health and disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frazer, J. G. (1890). The golden bough: A study in comparative religion. London: Macmillan.
Frederick, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533005775196732
Gmelch, G. (1978). Baseball magic. Human Nature, 1(8), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02908325
Henrich, J. (2009). The evolution of costly displays, cooperation and religion: Credibility enhancing displays and their implications for cultural evolution. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30(4), 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.005
Iannaccone, L. (1994). Why strict churches are strong. American Journal of Sociology, 99(5), 1180–1211. https://doi.org/10.1086/230409
Kaptchuk, T. J. (2002). The placebo effect in alternative medicine: Can the performance of a healing ritual have clinical significance? Annals of Internal Medicine, 136(11), 817–825. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-11-200206040-00011
Kelley, Dean M. (1972). Why conservative churches are growing: A study in sociology of religion. New York: Harper & Row.
Kraft-Todd, G. T., & Rand, D. G. (2017). Adaptive foundations of heroism: Social heuristics push advantageous everyday ethical behavior to heroic extremes. In S. T. Allison, G. R. Goethals, & R. M. Kramer (Eds.), Handbook of Heroism and Heroic Leadership (pp. 80–95). London: Routledge.
Lokou, K. E. (2020). The effects of African traditional festivals of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church among the Kabyes in North Togo: A case study. Doctoral dissertation, Adventist University of Africa, Theological Seminary.
Malinowski, B. (1948). Magic, science and religion and other essays. Boston: Beacon Press.
McClenon, J. (1997). Shamanic healing, human evolution, and the origin of religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36(3), 345–354. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387852
Mesoudi, A. (2016). Cultural evolution: A review of theory, findings and controversies. Evolutionary Biology, 43(4), 481–497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-015-9320-0
Meissner, K., Bingel, U., Colloca, L., Wager, T. D., Watson, A., & Flaten, M. A. (2011). The placebo effect: Advances from different methodological approaches. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(45), 16117–16124. https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4099-11.2011
Norenzayan, A., Shariff, A. F., Gervais, W. M., Willard, A. K., McNamara, R. A., Slingerland, E., & Henrich, J. (2016). The cultural evolution of prosocial religions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39, e1. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X14001356
Petrovic, P., Dietrich, T., Fransson, P., Andersson, J., Carlsson, K., & Ingvar, M. (2005). Placebo in emotional processing – induced expectations of anxiety relief activate a generalized modulatory network. Neuron, 46(6), 957–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.023
Rand, D. G. (2016). Cooperation, fast and slow: Meta-analytic evidence for a theory of social heuristics and self-interested deliberation. Psychological Science, 27(9), 1192–1206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616654455
Stagnaro, M. N., Arechar, A. A., & Rand, D. G. (2017). From good institutions to generous citizens: Top-down incentives to cooperate promote subsequent prosociality but not norm enforcement. Cognition, 167, 212–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.01.017
———. (2020). Are those who believe in God really more prosocial? Religion, Brain & Behavior, 10(4), 444–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2019.1695656
Whalley, B., Hyland, M. E., & Kirsch, I. (2008). Consistency of the placebo effect. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(5), 537–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.11.007
Xygalatas, D. (2022). Ritual: How seemingly senseless acts make life worth living. London: Profile.
Zahavi, A. (1975). Mate selection: A selection for a handicap. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 53(1), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(75)90111-3
Published
Issue
Section
License
Equinox Publishing Ltd.