By-Products or By Design? Considering Hearing Voices and Other Matters of the Mind

Authors

  • Adam J. Powell Durham University
  • Christopher C. H. Cook Durham University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/jcsr.20092

Keywords:

Voice-hearing, Auditory Verbal Hallucinations, Interdisciplinarity, Explanatory Pluralism, Continuum Hypothesis, Spiritually Significant Voices

Abstract

Hearing Voices and Other Matters of the Mind seeks to bring the theories and discoveries of the Cognitive Science of Religion to broader discussions of mental health. In doing so, the authors introduce auditory verbal hallucinations as one example of a supposed continuity between religious experiences and mental disorder. Based on up-to-date research into the phenomenological overlap between the voice-hearing experiences of those with and without a mental health diagnosis and those who report hearing spiritually significant voices, this essay elucidates the complexity of presupposing such continuities. We critique the notion that the cognitive mechanisms implicated in religiosity are inadvertent “by-products” of the mind’s operations and propose, rather, that they are the inevitable outcomes of human meaning-making.

References

Alderson-Day, B., Lima, C. F., Evans, S., Krishnan, S., Shanmugalingam, P., Fernyhough, C., & Scott, S. K. (2017). Distinct processing of ambiguous speech in people with non-clinical auditory verbal hallucinations. Brain, 140(9), 2475–2489. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx206

Barton, M. (1982). Saint Teresa of Avila: Did she have epilepsy? The Catholic Historical Review, 68(4), 581–598. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25021457

Cardeña, E., Reijman, S., Wimmelmann, C., & Jensen, C. (2015). Psychological health, trauma, dissociation, absorption, and fantasy proneness among Danish spiritual practitioners. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2(2), 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000047

Cook, C., Powell, A., Alderson-Day, B., & Woods, A. (2020). Hearing spiritually significant voices: A phenomenological survey and taxonomy. BMJ Medical Humanities 0, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2020-012021

García-Albea, E. (2003). La epilepsia extática de Teresa de Jesús. Revue neurologique, 37(9), 879–887. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.3709.2003291

Humptson, C., & Broome, M. (2015). The spectra of soundless voices and audible thoughts: Towards an integrative model of auditory verbal hallucinations and thought insertion. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 7(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-015-0232-9

Larøi, F., Luhrmann, T., Bell, V., Christian, W., Deshpande, S., Fernyhough, C., Jenkins, J., & Woods, A. (2014). Culture and hallucinations: Overview and future directions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(4), S213–S220. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu012

Luhrmann, T. (2017). Diversity within the psychotic continuum. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43, 27–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw137

———. (2020). How God becomes real. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Luhrmann, T., Alderson-Day, B., Bell, V., Bless, J., Corlett, P., Hugdahl, K., Jones, N., Larøi, F., Moseley, P., Padmavati, R., Peters, E., Powers, A. R., & Waters, F. (2019). Beyond trauma: A multiple pathways approach to auditory hallucinations in clinical and nonclinical populations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 45, S24–S31. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby110

Powell, A., & Moseley, P. (2021). When spirits speak: Absorption, attribution, and identity among spiritualists who report “clairaudient” voice experiences. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 23(10), 841–856. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2020.1793310

Powers, A., Kelley, M., & Corlett, P. (2017). Varieties of voice-hearing: Psychics and the psychosis continuum. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43, 84–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw133

Sartre, J-P. (2010). The imaginary. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203857069

Taylor, G., & Murray, C. (2012). A qualitative investigation into non-clinical voice hearing: What factors may protect against distress? Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 15(4), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2011.577411

Woods, A. (2013). The voice hearer. Journal of Mental Health, 22, 263–270. https://doi.org.ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:12048/10.3109/09638237.2013.799267

Woods, A., Jones, N., Alderson-Day, B., Callard, F., & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Experiences of hearing voices: Analysis of a novel phenomenological survey. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00006-1

Published

2021-08-03

Issue

Section

Book Panel

How to Cite

Powell, A. J. ., & Cook, C. C. H. . (2021). By-Products or By Design? Considering Hearing Voices and Other Matters of the Mind. Journal for the Cognitive Science of Religion, 7(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1558/jcsr.20092