Indirect Reciprocity and Reputation Management in Religious Morality Relating to Concepts of Supernatural Agents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jcsr.27256Keywords:
reputation, indirect reciprocity, moral, mutualism, full-access agentsAbstract
Concerns with reputation are found in relation to human notions about rank, honour, religious notions and sacred values. In cognitive and evolutionary approaches to religion, such as “adaptivist” and “by-product” theories, concepts of reputation are usually given only an indirect significance. From an “adaptivist” perspective, belief in supernatural punishment supports commitment enhancement and promotes intra-group competition, especially in the absence of concerns about reputational pressure. Alternative accounts, found in “by-product” and “standard model” – approaches, suggests that to attribute moral notions to supernatural agents derive from human cognitive systems devoted to social interaction and coordination entailing reputation monitoring. More profoundly, in altruist and mutualist models of human cooperation and morality, reputation implies different functions and, by consequence, reputation in “adaptivist” and “by-product” theories is awarded different degree of importance. The aim of this article is to analyse a predominant type of religious morality by focusing on conceptualisation of supernatural agents and the function of reputation monitoring. I shall compare altruist and mutualist accounts and adopt the latter to complement our understanding of the social cognitive machinery that underpins the relevance and attribution of moral notions to supernatural agents. I shall argue that concern about reputation is close at hand in the cognition of supernatural agents since: a) according to mutualistic theories, reputation holds a significant position in cooperation and morality and this has consequences for how religious morality ought to be modelled; b) supernatural agents are supposedly “full access agents” and aware of “strategic information” because they are omniscient agents that know everything of importance for a believer’s reputation and the dynamics of indirect reciprocity in which the believer takes part.
References
Alexander, Richard D. 1987. The Biology of Moral Systems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Axelrod, Rober. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
Atran, Scott. 2002. In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2010. Talking to the Enemy: Faith, Brotherhood and (Un)Making of Terrorists. New York: Harper Collins.
Atran, Scott and Robert Axelrod. 2008. “Reframing Sacred Values.” Negotiation Journal 24(3): 221–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2008.00182.x
Atran, Scott and Joseph Henrich. 2010. “The Evolution of Religion: How Cognitive By-Products, Adaptive Learning Heuristics, Ritual Displays, and Group Competition Generate Deep Commitments to Prosocial Religion.” Biological Theory 5(1): 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1162/BIOT_a_00018
Axelrod, Robert and William D Hamilton. 1981. “The evolution of cooperation” Science 211(4489): 1390–1396. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7466396
Barkow, Jerome H., Leda Cosmides and John Tooby. 1992. The Adapted Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barkow, Jerome H. 1992. “Beneath New Culture Is Old Psychology: Gossip and Social Stratification.” In The Adapted Mind, edited by Jerome H Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, 627–637. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barrett, Justine L. 2004. Why Would Anyone Believe in God? Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira.
Bateson, Melissa, Daniel Nettle and Gilbert Roberts. 2006. “Cues of being Watched Enhance Cooperation in a Real-world Setting.” Biological Letters 2(3): 412–414. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0509
Batson, Daniel C., Patricia Schoenrade and W. Larry Ventis. 1993. Religion and the Individual. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baumard, Nicolas, Jean-Baptiste André and Dan Sperber. 2013. “A Mutualistic Approach to Morality: The Evolution of Fairness by Partner Choice.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36(1): 59–122. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11002202
Baumard, Nicolas and Pascal Boyer. 2013. ”Explaining Moral Religions.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17(6): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.04.003
Bell, Graham. 2008. Selection: The Mechanism of Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bering, Jesse M. 2011. The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Life. New York: Norton.
Bering, Jesse M. and Dominic D P. Johnson. 2005. “ ‘O Lord… you perceive my thoughts from afar’: Recursiveness and the evolution of supernatural agency.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 5(1–2): 118–142. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568537054068679
Boyd, Robert., Herbert Gintis, Samuel Bowles and Peter J Richerson. 2003. “The evolution of Altruistic Punishment.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(6): 3531–3535. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0630443100
Boyer, Pascal. 1994. The Naturalness of Religious Ideas. Berkeley. University of California Press.
Boyer, Pascal. 2001. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York: Basic Books.
———. 2002. “Why do Gods and Spirits Matter at All?” In Current Approaches in the Cognitive Science of Religion, edited by Ilkka Pyysiäinen and Veikko Anttonen, 68–92. London: Continuum.
———. 2006. “Prosocial aspects of Afterlife Beliefs: Maybe Another By-product. A Commentary on Bering.” Behavioral and Brain Science 29(5): 466. https://doi: 10.1017/S0140525X06269103
———. 2015. “How Natural Selection Shapes Conceptual Structure: Human Intuitions and Concepts of Ownership.” In The Conceptual Mind: New Directions in the Study of Concepts, edited by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, 185–200. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Boyer, Pascal. and Brian Bergstrom. 2008. “Evolutionary Perspectives on Religion.” Annual Review of Anthropology 37: 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085201
Bshary, Redouan. and Ronald Noë. 2003. “The Ubiquitous Influence of Partner Choice on the Dynamics of Cleaner Fish–client Reef Fish Interactions.” In Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation, edited by Peter Hammerstein, 167–84. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bulbulia, Joseph. 2004. “The Cognitive and Evolutionary Psychology of Religion.” Biology and Philosophy 19(5): 655–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-005-5568-6
Cacioppo, John T. and William Patrick. 2008. Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. New York: Norton & Company.
Campbell, Cris. 2011. “Tricksters, Selfishness & Altruism.” Genealogy of Religion: Explorations in Evolution, Anthropology and History. Available at: http://genealogyreligion.net/tricksters-selfishness-altruism
Chwe, Michael Suk-Young. 2001. Rational Rituals: Culture, Coordination, and Common Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Clutton-Brock, Tim. 2002. “Breeding together: Kin selection and mutualism in cooperative vertebrates.” Science 296(5565): 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.296.5565.69
Cohen, Emma. 2007. The Mind Possessed: The Cognition of Spirit Possession in an Afro-Brazilian Religious Tradition. Oxford: University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323351.001.0001
Conte, Rosaria and Mario Paulucci. 2002. Reputation In Artificial Societies: Social Beliefs for Social Order. Norwell: Kluwer.
Cosmides, Leda and John Tooby 1992. Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In The Adapted Mind, edited by Jerome H Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, 163–228. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
D´Andrade, Roy. 2002. Violence without Honor in the American South. In Tournaments Of Power: Honor And Revenge. In The Contemporary World, edited by Tor Aase, 61–77, Burlington: Ashgate.
Dennett, Daniel. 1993. The Intentional Stance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dunbar, Robin. 2003. ”The Social Brain: Mind, Language, and Society in Evolutionary Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 32: 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093158
Durkheim, Émile. 1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: Free Press.
Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan. 1976 [1937]. Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Emler, Nicholas. 1990. “A Social Psychology of Reputation.” European Review of Social Psychology 1(1): 170–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779108401861
Fessler, Daniel M. T. 2004. “Shame in Two Cultures: Implications for Evolutionary Approaches.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 4(2): 207–262. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568537041725097
Fiske, Alan Page. 1991. The Structures of Social Life: The Four Elementary Forms of Human Relations. New York: Free Press.
Fiske, Alan Page and Philip E. Tetlock, 1997. “Taboo Trade-offs: Reactions to Transactions That Transgress the Spheres of Justice.” Political Psychology 18(2): 255–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00058
Franek, Juraj. 2014. “Has the Cognitive Science of Religion (Re)Defined ‘Religion’?” Religio: Revue Pro Religionistiku 22(1): 3–27.
Fuller, Christopher. 1992. The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Geertz, Armin W. 2010. “Brain, Body and Culture: A Biocultural Theory of Religion.” Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 22(4): 304–321. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006810X531094
Gervais, Will M., Henrich, Joseph. 2010. “The Zeus Problem: Why Representational Content Biases Cannot Explain Faith in Gods.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 10(3–4): 383–389. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853710X531249
Gilbert, Paul 1998. “What Is Shame? Some Core Issues and Controversies.” In Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology, and Culture, edited by Paul Gilbert and Bernice Andrews, 3–38. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ginges, Jeremy, Scott Atran, Douglas Medin and Khalil Shakaki. 2007. “Sacred Bounds on Rational Resolution of Violent Political Conflict.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(18): 7357–7360. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701768104
Gintis, Herbert. 2000. “Strong Reciprocity and Human Sociality.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 206(2): 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2000.2111
Gintis, Herbert, Samuel Bowles, Robert Boyd, and Ernst Fehr. 2003. “Explaining Altruistic Behavior in Humans.” Evolution and Human Behavior 24(3): 153–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00157-5
Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Greenwald, Deborah F. and David W. Harder. 1998. “Domains of Shame: Evolutionary, Cultural, and Psychotherapeutic Aspects.” In Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology, and Culture, edited by Paul Gilbert and Bernice Andrews, 225–245. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haidt, Jonathan. 2007. “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgement.” Psychological Review 108(4): 814–834. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814
Haidt, Jonathan. 2007. “The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology.” Science 316 (5827): 998–1002. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137651
Haidt, Jonathan and Jesse Graham. 2007. ”When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals may not Recognize.” Social Justice Research 20(1): 98–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-007-0034-z
Haley, Kevin J. and Daniel M. T. Fessler. 2005. “Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game.” Evolution and Human Behaviour 26(3): 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.01.002
Hamilton, William D. 1964. “The General Evolution of Social Behaviour I.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4
Hardin, Garrett. 1968. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162(3859): 245–256.
Henderson-Stewart, Frank. 1994. Honor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Henrich, Joseph. 2009. “The Evolution of Costly Displays, Cooperation and Religion: Credibility Enhancing Displays and Their Implications for Cultural Evolution.” Evolution and Human Behavior 30 (4): 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.005
Henrich, Joseph and Francisco J. Gil-White 2001. “The Evolution of prestige: Freely Conferred Deference as Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission” Evolution and Human Behavior 22(3): 165–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00071-4
Henrich, Joseph and Henrich, Natalie. 2007. Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation (Evolution and Cognition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Irons, William. 2001. “Religion as a Hard-to-Fake Sign of Commitment.” In Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment, edited by Randolph M. Nesse, 292–309. New York: Russell Sage Press.
James, William. 1961. The Varieties of Religious Experience: A study of Human Nature. New York: Collier.
Johnson, Dominic D. P. 2005. “God’s Punishment and Public Goods: A Test of the Supernatural Punishment Hypothesis in 186 World Cultures.” Human Nature 16(4): 410–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-005-1017-0
———. 2009. “The Error of God: Error Management Theory, Religion, and the Evolution of Cooperation,” In Games, Groups, and the Global Good, edited by Simon A. Levin, 169–180. Berlin: Springer.
Johnson, Dominic D. P. and Bering, J. 2006. “Hand of God, Mind of Man: Punishment and Cognition in the Evolution of Cooperation.” Evolutionary Psychology 4: 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490600400119
Keesing, Roger. 1982. Kwaio Religion. New York: Columbia University Press.
Kurzban, Robert. 2001. “The Social Psychophysics of Cooperation: Non-verbal Communication in a Public Goods Game.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 25(4): 241–59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012563421824
Kurzban, Robert, Peter DeScioli and Erin O’Brien. 2007. “Audience Effect on Moralistic Punishment.” Evolution and Human Behavior 28(2): 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.06.001
Kurzban, Robert and Mark R. Leary. 2001. “Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion.” Psychological Bulletin 127(2): 187–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.187
Lewis, David. 1969. Convention: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Blackburn.
Lisdorf, Anders. 2004. ”The Spread of Non-Natural Concepts: Evidence from the Roman Prodigy Lists.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 4(1): 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853704323074796
Lundhaug, Hugo. 2014. “Memory and Early Monastic Literary Practices: A Cognitive Perspective.” Journal of Cognitive Historiography 1(1): 98–120. https://doi.org/10.1558/jch.v1i1.98
Martin, Luther H. 2013. “The Ecology of Threat Detection and Precautionary Response from the Perspectives of Evolutionary Psychology, Cognitive Science and Historiography: The Case of the Roman Cults of Mithras.” Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 25(4–5): 431–450. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341305
McCauley, Robert N. 2011. Why Religion Is Natural and Science Is Not. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McCauley, Robert N. and E. Thomas Lawson. 2002. Bringing Ritual to Mind: Psychological Foundations of Cultural Forms. Cambridge: University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606410
Milinski, Manfred, Dirk Semmann and Hans-Jürgen Krambeck. 2002. “Reputation Helps Solve the ‘Tragedy of the Commons.’ ” Nature 415 (6870): 424–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/415424a
Navarrete, Carlos David. and Daniel M. T. Fessler. 2005. “Normative Bias and Adaptive Challenges: A Relational Approach to Coalitional Psychology and a Critique of Terror Management Theory.” Evolutionary Psychology 3: 297–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490500300121
Nesse, Randolph M. 2001. “Natural Selection and the Capacity for Subjective Commitment.” In Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment, edited by Randolph M. Nesse, 1–44. New York: Russell Sage.
Norenzayan, Ara. 2013. Big Gods: How Religion Transformed Cooperation and Conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Norenzayan, A. and Azim F. Shariff. 2008. “The Origin and Evolution of Religious Prosociality.” Science 322(5898): 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158757
Nowak, Martin A. and Karl Sigmund. 2001. “Evolution of Indirect Reciprocity by Image Scoring.” Nature 393: 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1038/31225
Nordin, Andreas. 2009a. “Ritual Agency, Substance Transfer and the Making of Supernatural Immediacy in Pilgrim Journeys.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 9(3): 195–223. https://doi.org/10.1163/156770909X12489459066228
———. 2009b. “Good Death-Beliefs and Cognition in Himalayan Pilgrimage.” Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 21 (4): 402–436. https://doi.org/10.1163/094330509X12568874557216
———. 2011b. “Dreaming in Religion and Pilgrimage: Cognitive, Evolutionary and Cultural Perspectives.” Religion 41(2): 225–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2011.553141
———. 2011b. “The Cognition of Hardship Experience in Himalayan Pilgrimage.” Numen 41(5–6): 632–673.
———. 2013. “Evolved Cognition and Cultural Transmission of Honour Concepts.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 13(1): 111–127.
Paden, William E. 2000. “Sacred Order.” Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 12(1–4): 207–225. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006800X00120
———. 2008. “The Prestige of the Gods: Evolutionary Continuities in the Formation of Sacred Objects.” In Origins of Religion, Cognition and Culture, edited by Armin W. Geertz, 82–97. Durham and Bristol, CT: Acumen.
Peristiany, John George and Julian Pitt-Rivers. 1992. Honour and Grace in Anthropology. Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press.
Pfaff, Donald W. 2015. The Altruistic Brain: How We Are Naturally Good. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pinker, Steven. 2010. “The Cognitive Niche: Coevolution of Intelligence, Sociality and Language.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107(2): 8993–8999. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914630107
———. 2012. “The False Allure of Group Selection.” Edge. Available at: http://edge.org/conversation/steven_pinker-the-false-allure-of-group-selection
Pitt-Rivers, Julian. 1966. “Honour and social status.” In Honour and Shame: The Value of Mediterranian Society, edited by John George Peristiany, 19–77. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Pyysiäinen, Ilkka. 2001. How Religion Works: Towards a New Cognitive Science of Religion. Leiden: Brill.
———. 2002. “Religion and the Counter-Intuitive.” In Current Approaches in the Cognitive Science of Religion, edited by Ilkka Pyysiäinen and Veikko Anttonen, 110–132. London: Continuum.
———. 2004. Magic, Miracles, And Religion: A Scientist’s Perspective. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
———. 2009. Supernatural Agents: Why We Believe in Souls, Gods, and Buddhas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2011. “Imagine there is no religion.” Religion, Brain & Behavior 1(1): 87–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2011.558716
Pyysiäinen, Ilkka. and Marc Hauser. 2010. “The Origins of Religion: Evolved Adaptation or By-product?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14(3): 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.007
Radin, Paul. 1956. The Trickster: A Study in Native American Mythology. New York: Schocken.
Richerson, Peter and Robert Boyd. 1998. “The Evolution of Human Ultrasociality.” In Indoctrinability, Ideology and Warfare: Evolutionary Perspectives, edited by Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt and Frank Kemp Salter, 71–95. New York: Berghahn.
———. 2005. The Origin and Evolution of Cultures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robinson, Paul H., Robert Kurzban, and Owen D. Jones. 2007. “The Origins of Shared Intuitions of Justice.” Vanderbilt Law Review 60(6): 1633–1688.
Roberts, Gilbert. 1998. “Competitive Altruism: From Reciprocity to the Handicap Principle.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B. Biological Sciences 265(1394): 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0312
Roes, Frank L. and Michel Raymond. 2003. “Belief in Moralizing Gods.” Evolution and Human Behaviour 24(2): 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00134-4
Schloss, Jeffrey P. and Michael J. Murray. 2011. “Evolutionary Accounts in Beliefs in Supernatural Punishment: A Critical Review.” Religions, Brain & Behavior 1(1): 46–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2011.558707
Shariff, Azim F. and Ara Norenzayan. 2007. “God is Watching You: Supernatural Agent Concepts Increase Prosocial Behavior in an Anonymous Economic Game.” Psychological Science 18(9): 803–809. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01983.x
Shermer, Michael. 2012. The Believing Brain. From Spiritual Faiths to Political Convictions: How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths. London: Robinson.
Shryock, Andrew and Daniel Lord Smail. 2011. Deep History: The Architecture of Past and Present. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Slone, Jason D. 2004. Theological Incorrectness: Why Religious People Believe What They Shouldn’t. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0195169263.001.0001
Sober, Elliott. and David Sloan Wilson. 1998. Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behaviour. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Sommerfeld, Ralf D., Hans-Jürgen Krambeck and Manfred Milinski. 2008. “Multiple Gossip Statements and their Effect on Reputation and Trustworthiness.” Proceedings of the Biological Sciences 275(1650): 2529–2536. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0762
Sosis, Richard. 2003. “Why Aren’t We All Hutterites?: Costly Signaling Theory and Religion.” Human Nature 14(2): 91–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-003-1000-6
———. 2005. “Does Religion Promote Trust? The Role of Signaling, Reputation, and Punishment.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 1: 2–30
Sperber, Dan and Nicolas Baumard. 2012. “Moral Reputation: An Evolutionary and Cognitive Perspective.” Mind & Language 27(5): 495–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12000
Sperber, Dan and Lawrence A. Hirschfeld: 2004. “The Cognitive Foundations of Cultural Stability and Diversity.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8(1): 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.002
Stephens, Christopher. 1996. “Modelling Reciprocal Altruism.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 47(4): 533–551. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/47.4.533
Teehan, John. 2010. In the Name Of God: The Evolutionary Origins Of Religious Ethics and Violence. Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444320695
Tetlock, Philip E., Orie V. Kristel, Beth Elson, Melanie C. Green and Jennifer S. Lerner. 2000. “The Psychology of the Unthinkable: Taboo Trade-Offs, Forbidden Base Rates, and Heretical Counterfactuals.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78(5): 853–870. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.853
Tomasello, Michael., Alicia P. Melis, Claudio Tennie, Emily Wyman and Esther Herrman. 2012. “Two Key Steps in the Evolution of Human Cooperation: The Interdependence Hypothesis.” Current Anthropology 53(6): 673–692. https://doi.org/10.1086/668207
Tooby, John and Leda Cosmides. 2010. “Groups in Mind: The Coalitional Roots of War and Morality.” In Human Morality and Sociality: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives, edited by Henrik Høgh-Olesen, 91–234. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-05001-4_8
Tooby, John and Irven DeVore. 1987. “The reconstruction of hominid behavioral evolution through strategic modelling.” In The Evolution of Primate Behavior: Primate Models, edited by Warren G. Kinsey, 183–237. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Trivers, Robert. 1971. “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism.” Quarterly Review of Biology 46(1): 35–57. https://doi.org/10.1086/406755
de Waal, Frans. 2013. The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism Among the Primates. New York: W.W. Norton.
Weber, Max. 1958. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Edited by Hans H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
West, Stuart A., Ashleigh S. Griffin and Andy Gardner. 2006. “Social Semantics: Altruism, Cooperation, Mutualism, Strong Reciprocity and Group Selection.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20(2): 415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01258.x
Whiten, Andrew. 1999. “Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis.” In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences, edited by Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil, 495–497. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Whitehouse, Harvey. 2000. Arguments and Icons: Divergent Modes of Religiosity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, David Sloan. 2002. Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion and the Nature of Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226901374.001.0001
Wilson, David Sloan. 2015. Does Altruism Exist? Culture, Genes and the Welfare of Others. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Axelrod, Rober. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
Atran, Scott. 2002. In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2010. Talking to the Enemy: Faith, Brotherhood and (Un)Making of Terrorists. New York: Harper Collins.
Atran, Scott and Robert Axelrod. 2008. “Reframing Sacred Values.” Negotiation Journal 24(3): 221–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2008.00182.x
Atran, Scott and Joseph Henrich. 2010. “The Evolution of Religion: How Cognitive By-Products, Adaptive Learning Heuristics, Ritual Displays, and Group Competition Generate Deep Commitments to Prosocial Religion.” Biological Theory 5(1): 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1162/BIOT_a_00018
Axelrod, Robert and William D Hamilton. 1981. “The evolution of cooperation” Science 211(4489): 1390–1396. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7466396
Barkow, Jerome H., Leda Cosmides and John Tooby. 1992. The Adapted Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barkow, Jerome H. 1992. “Beneath New Culture Is Old Psychology: Gossip and Social Stratification.” In The Adapted Mind, edited by Jerome H Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, 627–637. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barrett, Justine L. 2004. Why Would Anyone Believe in God? Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira.
Bateson, Melissa, Daniel Nettle and Gilbert Roberts. 2006. “Cues of being Watched Enhance Cooperation in a Real-world Setting.” Biological Letters 2(3): 412–414. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0509
Batson, Daniel C., Patricia Schoenrade and W. Larry Ventis. 1993. Religion and the Individual. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baumard, Nicolas, Jean-Baptiste André and Dan Sperber. 2013. “A Mutualistic Approach to Morality: The Evolution of Fairness by Partner Choice.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36(1): 59–122. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11002202
Baumard, Nicolas and Pascal Boyer. 2013. ”Explaining Moral Religions.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17(6): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.04.003
Bell, Graham. 2008. Selection: The Mechanism of Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bering, Jesse M. 2011. The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Life. New York: Norton.
Bering, Jesse M. and Dominic D P. Johnson. 2005. “ ‘O Lord… you perceive my thoughts from afar’: Recursiveness and the evolution of supernatural agency.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 5(1–2): 118–142. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568537054068679
Boyd, Robert., Herbert Gintis, Samuel Bowles and Peter J Richerson. 2003. “The evolution of Altruistic Punishment.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(6): 3531–3535. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0630443100
Boyer, Pascal. 1994. The Naturalness of Religious Ideas. Berkeley. University of California Press.
Boyer, Pascal. 2001. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York: Basic Books.
———. 2002. “Why do Gods and Spirits Matter at All?” In Current Approaches in the Cognitive Science of Religion, edited by Ilkka Pyysiäinen and Veikko Anttonen, 68–92. London: Continuum.
———. 2006. “Prosocial aspects of Afterlife Beliefs: Maybe Another By-product. A Commentary on Bering.” Behavioral and Brain Science 29(5): 466. https://doi: 10.1017/S0140525X06269103
———. 2015. “How Natural Selection Shapes Conceptual Structure: Human Intuitions and Concepts of Ownership.” In The Conceptual Mind: New Directions in the Study of Concepts, edited by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, 185–200. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Boyer, Pascal. and Brian Bergstrom. 2008. “Evolutionary Perspectives on Religion.” Annual Review of Anthropology 37: 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085201
Bshary, Redouan. and Ronald Noë. 2003. “The Ubiquitous Influence of Partner Choice on the Dynamics of Cleaner Fish–client Reef Fish Interactions.” In Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation, edited by Peter Hammerstein, 167–84. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bulbulia, Joseph. 2004. “The Cognitive and Evolutionary Psychology of Religion.” Biology and Philosophy 19(5): 655–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-005-5568-6
Cacioppo, John T. and William Patrick. 2008. Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. New York: Norton & Company.
Campbell, Cris. 2011. “Tricksters, Selfishness & Altruism.” Genealogy of Religion: Explorations in Evolution, Anthropology and History. Available at: http://genealogyreligion.net/tricksters-selfishness-altruism
Chwe, Michael Suk-Young. 2001. Rational Rituals: Culture, Coordination, and Common Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Clutton-Brock, Tim. 2002. “Breeding together: Kin selection and mutualism in cooperative vertebrates.” Science 296(5565): 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.296.5565.69
Cohen, Emma. 2007. The Mind Possessed: The Cognition of Spirit Possession in an Afro-Brazilian Religious Tradition. Oxford: University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323351.001.0001
Conte, Rosaria and Mario Paulucci. 2002. Reputation In Artificial Societies: Social Beliefs for Social Order. Norwell: Kluwer.
Cosmides, Leda and John Tooby 1992. Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In The Adapted Mind, edited by Jerome H Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, 163–228. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
D´Andrade, Roy. 2002. Violence without Honor in the American South. In Tournaments Of Power: Honor And Revenge. In The Contemporary World, edited by Tor Aase, 61–77, Burlington: Ashgate.
Dennett, Daniel. 1993. The Intentional Stance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dunbar, Robin. 2003. ”The Social Brain: Mind, Language, and Society in Evolutionary Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 32: 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093158
Durkheim, Émile. 1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: Free Press.
Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan. 1976 [1937]. Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Emler, Nicholas. 1990. “A Social Psychology of Reputation.” European Review of Social Psychology 1(1): 170–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779108401861
Fessler, Daniel M. T. 2004. “Shame in Two Cultures: Implications for Evolutionary Approaches.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 4(2): 207–262. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568537041725097
Fiske, Alan Page. 1991. The Structures of Social Life: The Four Elementary Forms of Human Relations. New York: Free Press.
Fiske, Alan Page and Philip E. Tetlock, 1997. “Taboo Trade-offs: Reactions to Transactions That Transgress the Spheres of Justice.” Political Psychology 18(2): 255–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00058
Franek, Juraj. 2014. “Has the Cognitive Science of Religion (Re)Defined ‘Religion’?” Religio: Revue Pro Religionistiku 22(1): 3–27.
Fuller, Christopher. 1992. The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Geertz, Armin W. 2010. “Brain, Body and Culture: A Biocultural Theory of Religion.” Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 22(4): 304–321. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006810X531094
Gervais, Will M., Henrich, Joseph. 2010. “The Zeus Problem: Why Representational Content Biases Cannot Explain Faith in Gods.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 10(3–4): 383–389. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853710X531249
Gilbert, Paul 1998. “What Is Shame? Some Core Issues and Controversies.” In Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology, and Culture, edited by Paul Gilbert and Bernice Andrews, 3–38. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ginges, Jeremy, Scott Atran, Douglas Medin and Khalil Shakaki. 2007. “Sacred Bounds on Rational Resolution of Violent Political Conflict.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(18): 7357–7360. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701768104
Gintis, Herbert. 2000. “Strong Reciprocity and Human Sociality.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 206(2): 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2000.2111
Gintis, Herbert, Samuel Bowles, Robert Boyd, and Ernst Fehr. 2003. “Explaining Altruistic Behavior in Humans.” Evolution and Human Behavior 24(3): 153–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00157-5
Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Greenwald, Deborah F. and David W. Harder. 1998. “Domains of Shame: Evolutionary, Cultural, and Psychotherapeutic Aspects.” In Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology, and Culture, edited by Paul Gilbert and Bernice Andrews, 225–245. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haidt, Jonathan. 2007. “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgement.” Psychological Review 108(4): 814–834. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814
Haidt, Jonathan. 2007. “The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology.” Science 316 (5827): 998–1002. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137651
Haidt, Jonathan and Jesse Graham. 2007. ”When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals may not Recognize.” Social Justice Research 20(1): 98–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-007-0034-z
Haley, Kevin J. and Daniel M. T. Fessler. 2005. “Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game.” Evolution and Human Behaviour 26(3): 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.01.002
Hamilton, William D. 1964. “The General Evolution of Social Behaviour I.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4
Hardin, Garrett. 1968. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162(3859): 245–256.
Henderson-Stewart, Frank. 1994. Honor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Henrich, Joseph. 2009. “The Evolution of Costly Displays, Cooperation and Religion: Credibility Enhancing Displays and Their Implications for Cultural Evolution.” Evolution and Human Behavior 30 (4): 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.005
Henrich, Joseph and Francisco J. Gil-White 2001. “The Evolution of prestige: Freely Conferred Deference as Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission” Evolution and Human Behavior 22(3): 165–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00071-4
Henrich, Joseph and Henrich, Natalie. 2007. Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation (Evolution and Cognition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Irons, William. 2001. “Religion as a Hard-to-Fake Sign of Commitment.” In Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment, edited by Randolph M. Nesse, 292–309. New York: Russell Sage Press.
James, William. 1961. The Varieties of Religious Experience: A study of Human Nature. New York: Collier.
Johnson, Dominic D. P. 2005. “God’s Punishment and Public Goods: A Test of the Supernatural Punishment Hypothesis in 186 World Cultures.” Human Nature 16(4): 410–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-005-1017-0
———. 2009. “The Error of God: Error Management Theory, Religion, and the Evolution of Cooperation,” In Games, Groups, and the Global Good, edited by Simon A. Levin, 169–180. Berlin: Springer.
Johnson, Dominic D. P. and Bering, J. 2006. “Hand of God, Mind of Man: Punishment and Cognition in the Evolution of Cooperation.” Evolutionary Psychology 4: 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490600400119
Keesing, Roger. 1982. Kwaio Religion. New York: Columbia University Press.
Kurzban, Robert. 2001. “The Social Psychophysics of Cooperation: Non-verbal Communication in a Public Goods Game.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 25(4): 241–59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012563421824
Kurzban, Robert, Peter DeScioli and Erin O’Brien. 2007. “Audience Effect on Moralistic Punishment.” Evolution and Human Behavior 28(2): 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.06.001
Kurzban, Robert and Mark R. Leary. 2001. “Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion.” Psychological Bulletin 127(2): 187–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.187
Lewis, David. 1969. Convention: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Blackburn.
Lisdorf, Anders. 2004. ”The Spread of Non-Natural Concepts: Evidence from the Roman Prodigy Lists.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 4(1): 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853704323074796
Lundhaug, Hugo. 2014. “Memory and Early Monastic Literary Practices: A Cognitive Perspective.” Journal of Cognitive Historiography 1(1): 98–120. https://doi.org/10.1558/jch.v1i1.98
Martin, Luther H. 2013. “The Ecology of Threat Detection and Precautionary Response from the Perspectives of Evolutionary Psychology, Cognitive Science and Historiography: The Case of the Roman Cults of Mithras.” Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 25(4–5): 431–450. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341305
McCauley, Robert N. 2011. Why Religion Is Natural and Science Is Not. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McCauley, Robert N. and E. Thomas Lawson. 2002. Bringing Ritual to Mind: Psychological Foundations of Cultural Forms. Cambridge: University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606410
Milinski, Manfred, Dirk Semmann and Hans-Jürgen Krambeck. 2002. “Reputation Helps Solve the ‘Tragedy of the Commons.’ ” Nature 415 (6870): 424–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/415424a
Navarrete, Carlos David. and Daniel M. T. Fessler. 2005. “Normative Bias and Adaptive Challenges: A Relational Approach to Coalitional Psychology and a Critique of Terror Management Theory.” Evolutionary Psychology 3: 297–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490500300121
Nesse, Randolph M. 2001. “Natural Selection and the Capacity for Subjective Commitment.” In Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment, edited by Randolph M. Nesse, 1–44. New York: Russell Sage.
Norenzayan, Ara. 2013. Big Gods: How Religion Transformed Cooperation and Conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Norenzayan, A. and Azim F. Shariff. 2008. “The Origin and Evolution of Religious Prosociality.” Science 322(5898): 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158757
Nowak, Martin A. and Karl Sigmund. 2001. “Evolution of Indirect Reciprocity by Image Scoring.” Nature 393: 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1038/31225
Nordin, Andreas. 2009a. “Ritual Agency, Substance Transfer and the Making of Supernatural Immediacy in Pilgrim Journeys.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 9(3): 195–223. https://doi.org/10.1163/156770909X12489459066228
———. 2009b. “Good Death-Beliefs and Cognition in Himalayan Pilgrimage.” Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 21 (4): 402–436. https://doi.org/10.1163/094330509X12568874557216
———. 2011b. “Dreaming in Religion and Pilgrimage: Cognitive, Evolutionary and Cultural Perspectives.” Religion 41(2): 225–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2011.553141
———. 2011b. “The Cognition of Hardship Experience in Himalayan Pilgrimage.” Numen 41(5–6): 632–673.
———. 2013. “Evolved Cognition and Cultural Transmission of Honour Concepts.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 13(1): 111–127.
Paden, William E. 2000. “Sacred Order.” Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 12(1–4): 207–225. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006800X00120
———. 2008. “The Prestige of the Gods: Evolutionary Continuities in the Formation of Sacred Objects.” In Origins of Religion, Cognition and Culture, edited by Armin W. Geertz, 82–97. Durham and Bristol, CT: Acumen.
Peristiany, John George and Julian Pitt-Rivers. 1992. Honour and Grace in Anthropology. Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press.
Pfaff, Donald W. 2015. The Altruistic Brain: How We Are Naturally Good. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pinker, Steven. 2010. “The Cognitive Niche: Coevolution of Intelligence, Sociality and Language.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107(2): 8993–8999. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914630107
———. 2012. “The False Allure of Group Selection.” Edge. Available at: http://edge.org/conversation/steven_pinker-the-false-allure-of-group-selection
Pitt-Rivers, Julian. 1966. “Honour and social status.” In Honour and Shame: The Value of Mediterranian Society, edited by John George Peristiany, 19–77. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Pyysiäinen, Ilkka. 2001. How Religion Works: Towards a New Cognitive Science of Religion. Leiden: Brill.
———. 2002. “Religion and the Counter-Intuitive.” In Current Approaches in the Cognitive Science of Religion, edited by Ilkka Pyysiäinen and Veikko Anttonen, 110–132. London: Continuum.
———. 2004. Magic, Miracles, And Religion: A Scientist’s Perspective. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
———. 2009. Supernatural Agents: Why We Believe in Souls, Gods, and Buddhas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2011. “Imagine there is no religion.” Religion, Brain & Behavior 1(1): 87–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2011.558716
Pyysiäinen, Ilkka. and Marc Hauser. 2010. “The Origins of Religion: Evolved Adaptation or By-product?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14(3): 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.007
Radin, Paul. 1956. The Trickster: A Study in Native American Mythology. New York: Schocken.
Richerson, Peter and Robert Boyd. 1998. “The Evolution of Human Ultrasociality.” In Indoctrinability, Ideology and Warfare: Evolutionary Perspectives, edited by Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt and Frank Kemp Salter, 71–95. New York: Berghahn.
———. 2005. The Origin and Evolution of Cultures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robinson, Paul H., Robert Kurzban, and Owen D. Jones. 2007. “The Origins of Shared Intuitions of Justice.” Vanderbilt Law Review 60(6): 1633–1688.
Roberts, Gilbert. 1998. “Competitive Altruism: From Reciprocity to the Handicap Principle.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B. Biological Sciences 265(1394): 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0312
Roes, Frank L. and Michel Raymond. 2003. “Belief in Moralizing Gods.” Evolution and Human Behaviour 24(2): 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00134-4
Schloss, Jeffrey P. and Michael J. Murray. 2011. “Evolutionary Accounts in Beliefs in Supernatural Punishment: A Critical Review.” Religions, Brain & Behavior 1(1): 46–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2011.558707
Shariff, Azim F. and Ara Norenzayan. 2007. “God is Watching You: Supernatural Agent Concepts Increase Prosocial Behavior in an Anonymous Economic Game.” Psychological Science 18(9): 803–809. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01983.x
Shermer, Michael. 2012. The Believing Brain. From Spiritual Faiths to Political Convictions: How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths. London: Robinson.
Shryock, Andrew and Daniel Lord Smail. 2011. Deep History: The Architecture of Past and Present. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Slone, Jason D. 2004. Theological Incorrectness: Why Religious People Believe What They Shouldn’t. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0195169263.001.0001
Sober, Elliott. and David Sloan Wilson. 1998. Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behaviour. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Sommerfeld, Ralf D., Hans-Jürgen Krambeck and Manfred Milinski. 2008. “Multiple Gossip Statements and their Effect on Reputation and Trustworthiness.” Proceedings of the Biological Sciences 275(1650): 2529–2536. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0762
Sosis, Richard. 2003. “Why Aren’t We All Hutterites?: Costly Signaling Theory and Religion.” Human Nature 14(2): 91–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-003-1000-6
———. 2005. “Does Religion Promote Trust? The Role of Signaling, Reputation, and Punishment.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 1: 2–30
Sperber, Dan and Nicolas Baumard. 2012. “Moral Reputation: An Evolutionary and Cognitive Perspective.” Mind & Language 27(5): 495–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12000
Sperber, Dan and Lawrence A. Hirschfeld: 2004. “The Cognitive Foundations of Cultural Stability and Diversity.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8(1): 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.002
Stephens, Christopher. 1996. “Modelling Reciprocal Altruism.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 47(4): 533–551. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/47.4.533
Teehan, John. 2010. In the Name Of God: The Evolutionary Origins Of Religious Ethics and Violence. Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444320695
Tetlock, Philip E., Orie V. Kristel, Beth Elson, Melanie C. Green and Jennifer S. Lerner. 2000. “The Psychology of the Unthinkable: Taboo Trade-Offs, Forbidden Base Rates, and Heretical Counterfactuals.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78(5): 853–870. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.853
Tomasello, Michael., Alicia P. Melis, Claudio Tennie, Emily Wyman and Esther Herrman. 2012. “Two Key Steps in the Evolution of Human Cooperation: The Interdependence Hypothesis.” Current Anthropology 53(6): 673–692. https://doi.org/10.1086/668207
Tooby, John and Leda Cosmides. 2010. “Groups in Mind: The Coalitional Roots of War and Morality.” In Human Morality and Sociality: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives, edited by Henrik Høgh-Olesen, 91–234. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-05001-4_8
Tooby, John and Irven DeVore. 1987. “The reconstruction of hominid behavioral evolution through strategic modelling.” In The Evolution of Primate Behavior: Primate Models, edited by Warren G. Kinsey, 183–237. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Trivers, Robert. 1971. “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism.” Quarterly Review of Biology 46(1): 35–57. https://doi.org/10.1086/406755
de Waal, Frans. 2013. The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism Among the Primates. New York: W.W. Norton.
Weber, Max. 1958. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Edited by Hans H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
West, Stuart A., Ashleigh S. Griffin and Andy Gardner. 2006. “Social Semantics: Altruism, Cooperation, Mutualism, Strong Reciprocity and Group Selection.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20(2): 415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01258.x
Whiten, Andrew. 1999. “Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis.” In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences, edited by Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil, 495–497. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Whitehouse, Harvey. 2000. Arguments and Icons: Divergent Modes of Religiosity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, David Sloan. 2002. Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion and the Nature of Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226901374.001.0001
Wilson, David Sloan. 2015. Does Altruism Exist? Culture, Genes and the Welfare of Others. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Published
2017-02-01
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Equinox Publishing Ltd.
How to Cite
Nordin, A. (2017). Indirect Reciprocity and Reputation Management in Religious Morality Relating to Concepts of Supernatural Agents. Journal for the Cognitive Science of Religion, 3(2), 125-153. https://doi.org/10.1558/jcsr.27256
