An Implicit Religion of Control
Corporate Mindfulness Meditation Programs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.34867Keywords:
Mindfulness, meditation, affect, pastoral power, Foucault, implicit religionAbstract
"Mindfulness," or the practice of focusing one's conscious awareness on the present moment, has become increasingly popular in mainstream culture over the last decade. Commensurate with its widespread acceptance in secular culture, mindfulness programs have been adopted by a number of large corporations, albeit largely stripped of mindfulness's religious ties to its roots in Buddhism. This article theorizes some of the ways mindfulness programs reinforce neoliberal ideologies that valorize individual self-surveillance and self-discipline through employees' bodies and minds. By promoting greater self-awareness, calm, and focus, such programming is also homologous with greater (employee) productivity and (company) profitability. As a kind of implicit religion, mindfulness may hold special appeal for workers who seek meaning and purpose beyond what is currently provided by their current workaday lives. The article, therefore, makes the argument that mindfulness, a kind of implicit religion, in these settings is conducive to perpetuating neoliberal ideologies.
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Bailey, Edward. 1998. “‘Implicit Religion’: What Might that Be?” Implicit Religion 1: 9–22.
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Best Industries for Starting a Business in 2017.” Inc. 1 March. https://www.inc.com/bartie-scott/best-industries-2017-meditation-and-mindfulness-training.html?cid=land500016-featured-17
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Colwell, C. 1996. “Discipline and Control: Butler and Deleuze on Individuality and Dividuality.” Philosophy Today 40(1): 211–216. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday199640148
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Dane, Erik and Bradley J. Brummel. 2013. “Examining Workplace Mindfulness and its Relations to Job Performance and Turnover Intention.” Human Relations 67(1): 105–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713487753
Dawson, Andrew. 2006. “East is East, Except When It’s West: The Easternization Thesis and the Western Habitus.” Journal of Religion and Society 8: 1–13.
Deleuze, Gilles. 1990. Negotiations: 1972-1990. Translated by Martin Joughin. New York: Columbia University Press.
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———. 1992. “Postscript on the Societies of Control.” October 59: 3–7.
Doyle, Kathryn. 2016. “Mindfulness Program may Reduce Fear, Fatigue for Cancer Survivors.” Reuters. 2 June. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-mindfulness-breast-cancer-idUSKCN0YO2J4
Durkheim, Emile. [1912] 1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Translated by Karen Fields. New York: The Free Press.
Fleming, Peter and Andre Spicer. 2003. “Working at a Cynical Distance: Implications for Power, Subjectivity and Resistance.” Organization 10(1): 157–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508403010001376
Fleming, Peter. 2015. The Mythology of Work: How Capitalism Persists Despite Itself. London: Pluto. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183p83x
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Foucault, Michel. 2008 [2004]. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France 1978-1979. Edited by M. Senellart. Translated by G. Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gelles, David. 2015. Mindful Work: How Meditation is Changing Business from the Inside Out. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Ghatak, Sarah and Andrew S. Abel. 2013. “Power/Faith: Governmentality, Religion and Post-Secular Societies.” International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 26(3): 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-013-9141-z
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Hanisch, Kathy A. and Charles L. Hulin. 1991. “General Attitudes and Organizational Withdrawal: An Evaluation of a Causal Model.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 39: 110–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(91)90006-8
Heil, Nick. 2016. “Why Mindfulness is Your New Secret Weapon.” Outside Magazine. 22 March. https://www.outsideonline.com/2063611/why-mindfulness-your-new-secret-weapon
Hulsheger, Ute R., Hugo J. E. M. Alberts, Alina Feinholdt, and Jonas W. B. Lang. 2013. “Benefits of Mindfulness at Work: The Role of Mindfulness in Emotion Regulation, Emotional Exhaustion, and Job Satisfaction.” Journal of Applied Psychology 98(2): 310–325. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031313
Kabat-Zinn, Jon. 2007. “Mindfulness Meditation.” Google. 11 October. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nwwKbM_vJc
———. 2011. “Some Reflections on the Origins of MSBR, Skillful Means, and the Trouble with Maps.” Contemporary Buddhism 12(1): 281–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564844
Kingsland, James. 2016. “Could Meditation Really Help Slow the Ageing Process?” The Guardian. 3 March. https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2016/mar/03/could-meditation-really-help-slow-the-ageing-process
Leroy, Hannes, Frederik, Anseel, Nicoletta G. Dimitrova, and Luc Sels. 2013. “Mindfulness, Authentic Functioning, and Work Engagement: A Growth Modeling Approach.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 82(3): 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.01.012
Lyons, Thomas and W. Dustin Cantrell. 2016. “Prison Meditation Movements and Mass Incarceration.” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 60(12): 1363–1375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X15583807
MacDonald, Fiona. 2016. “Mindfulness Meditation Linked to the Reduction of a Key Inflammation Marker.” Science Alert. 10 February. https://www.sciencealert.com/a-key-inflammation-marker-is-lower-in-people-whomeditate-research-finds
MacKenzie, Michael J. and Roy Bauermeister. 2015. “Self-Regulatory Strength and Mindfulness.” In Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation, edited by B. Ostafin, M. Robinson, and B. Meier, 95–106. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_8
Marsh, Sarah. 2016. “Mindfulness Therapy for Mental Health Problems? ‘It’s More Useful than Drugs.’” The Guardian. 18 May. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/18/mindfulness-therapy-mental-health-drugs
Massumi, Brian. 2015. The Politics of Affect. Cambridge: Polity.
Ng, Edwin. 2014. “Towards a Dialogue Between Buddhist Social Theory and ‘Affect Studies’ on the Ethico-Political Significance of Mindfulness.” Journal of Buddhist Ethics 21: 353–384.
Packard, Josh and George Sanders. 2013. “The Emerging Church as Corporatization’s Line of Flight.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 28(3): 437–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2013.831654
Phillips, Timothy and Haydn Aarons. 2007. “Looking ‘East’: An Exploratory Analysis of Western Disenchantment.” International Sociology 22(3): 325–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580907076572
Purser, Ronald E. and Joseph Milillo. 2015. “Mindfulness Revisited: A Buddhist-Based Conceptualization.” Journal of Management Inquiry 24(1): 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492614532315
Rose, Nikolas. [1989] 1999. Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self, Second Edition. London: Free Association.
Sayers, W. Michael, Creswell, J. David, and Adrienne Taren. 2015. “The Emerging Neurobiology of Mindfulness and Emotion Processing.” In Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation, edited by B. Ostafin, M. Robinson, and B. Meier, 9–22. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_2
Schnell, Tatjana. 2003. “A Framework for the Study of Implicit Religion: The Psychological Theory of Implicit Religiosity.” Implicit Religion 6(2/3): 86–104.
Schaufenbuel, Kimberly. 2015. “Why Google, Target, and General Mills Are Investing in Mindfulness.” Harvard Business Review. 28 December. https://hbr.org/2015/12/why-google-target-and-general-mills-are-investing-in-mindfulness
Shamir, Ronen. 2008. “The Age of Responsibilization: On Market-Embedded Morality.” Economy and Society 37(1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140701760833
Stanley, Steven. 2012. “Mindfulness: Towards a Critical Relational Perspective.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 6(9): 631–641. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00454.x
Suzuki, Shunryu. 2006. Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind: Informal Talks on Zen Meditation and Practice. Boston, MA: Shambhala.
Tang, Yi-Yuan and Michael I. Posner. 2015. “Mindfulness and Training Attention.” In Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation, edited by B. Ostafin, M. Robinson, and B. Meier, 23–32. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_3
Thrift, Nigel. 2005. “Making Sense: An Afterword.” In Magic, Culture and the New Economy, edited by Orvar Lofgren and Robert Willim, 131–136. Oxford: Berg.
Vogus, T.J. and K.M. Sutcliffe. 2012. “Organizational Mindfulness and Mindful Organizing: A Reconciliation and Path Forward.” Academy of Management Learning and Education 11(4): 722–735. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2011.0002c
Vogus, T.J. and T.M. Welbourne. 2003. “Structuring for High Reliability: HR Practices and Mindful Processes in Reliability-seeking Organizations.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 24(7): 877–903. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.221
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Published
2019-02-05
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Sanders, G. (2019). An Implicit Religion of Control: Corporate Mindfulness Meditation Programs. Implicit Religion, 21(1), 70-92. https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.34867
