Faith and Traditional Capitals

Defining the Public Scope of Spiritual and Religious Capital—A Literature Review

Authors

  • Chris Baker
  • Jonathan Miles-Watson

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.v13i1.17

Keywords:

social, religious, spiritual, faithful, secular-spiritual capitals, core-values

Abstract

This discursive literature review was originally produced for the Leverhulme Trust in 2007 by the William Temple Foundation as a part of a research project to test the concept of religious capital (along with associated ideas of spiritual, faithful and religious social capital) with new empirical research. The research project aims also to explore emerging alternative paradigms to “capital” as a way of describing and evaluating the role and contribution of faiths to civil society. To that end, the article traces the historical development of the concept of social capital and its use by three influential thinkers in the field, namely Pierre Bourdieu, James Coleman and Robert Putnam. It then proceeds to map emerging developments in the construction of definitions of religious and spiritual capital (and including ideas of religious social and faithful capital). It concludes with an extended discussion concerning some of the public policy implications of this research field, including the emerging concept of secular spiritual capital and its contribution to discerning common core values within the public domain.

References

Allport, G.1951. The Individual and His Religion. London: Constable.

———. 1963. Pattern and Growth in Personality. London: Holt Reinhart and Winston.

Ater, M. 1992. The Man Freud and Monotheism. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.

Atherton, J. 2007. The Happiness Hypothesis— reflections on the religion and capitalism debate. Crucible, ( Jan–March).

Atherton, J and H. Skinner, eds. 2006. Through the Eye of a Needle—conversations in political economy. Peterborough: Epworth.

Asad, T. 2002. The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category. In A Reader in the Anthropology of Religion, edited by M. Lambek, 114–132. Oxford: Blackwell.

———. 2003. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Aviles, J., S. Whelan, d. Hernke, B. Williams, K. Kenny, W. O’Fallon and K. Kopecky. 2001. Intercessory prayer and cardiovascular disease progression in a coronary care unit population: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clinical Proceedings, 76(12): 1192–1198.

Baker, C. 2007. Entry to Enterprise: Constructing Local Political Economies in Manchester. In Through the Eye of a Needle—Theological Conversations over Political Economy, edited by J. Atherton and H. Skinner, 191–206. Peterborough: Epworth.

Baker, M. and R. Gorsuch. 1982. Trait Anxiety and Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religiousness. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 21(2): 119–122. doi:10.2307/1385497

Baker, C. and H. Skinner. 2006. Faith in Action—the dynamic connection between spiritual and religious capital. Manchester: William Temple Foundation.

Basso, K. 1996. Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Bateson, G. 1973. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. London: Fontana.

———. 1980. Mind and Nature: a Necessary Unity. London: Fontana.

Batson, C and W. Ventis. 1982. The Religious Experience. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Becker, G. 1964. Human Capital. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Berger, P. L. and R.W. Hefner. 2003. Spiritual capital in comparative perspective. Paper prepared for the Spiritual Capital Planning Meeting , downloaded. www.metanexus.net/spiritual_capital/pdf/Berger.pdf accessed 29/3/2006.

Bourdieu, P. 1983. Forms of Capital. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. Richardson, 241–258. New York: Greenwood Press.

———. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,

———. 1987. Legitimation and Structured Interests in Weber’s Sociology of Religion. In Max Weber: Rationality and Modernity. Translated by Turner, edited by S. Whimster and S. Lash, 119–136. London: Unwin Hyman.

———. 1992. The Logic of Practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

———. 1993 The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.

———. 2005. The Social Structures of the Economy. Cambridge: Polity.

Bourdieu, P and J. Passeron. 1990. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. 2nd ed. London: Sage.

Byrd, R.C. 1988. Positive therapeutic effects of intercessory prayer in a coronary care unit population. Southern Medical Journal 81(7): 826–829. doi:10.1097/00007611-198807000-00005

Cannell, F. 2006. The Anthropology of Christianity. In The Anthropology of Christianity, edited by F. Cannell, 1–50. durham, NC: duke University Press.

Clark, A. 1997. Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Cohen, C., B. Edwards, P. Lusk, d. Scott, and S. Wheeler. 2000. Prayer as Therapy: a challenge to both religious belief and professional ethics. The Hastings Centre Report 30: 40–47. doi:10.2307/3528046

Coleman, J. 1988. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology 94: 95–120.

Collins, S. 1985. Categories, concepts or predicaments? Remarks on Mauss’s use of philosophical terminology. In The Category of the Person: anthropology, philosophy, history, edited by M. Carrithers, S. Collins, S. Lukes, 46–82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Conti, J., W. Mathews and S. Sireci. 2001. The effects of intercessory prayer, positive visualization and expectancy on the well-being of Kidney dialysis patients. Alternative Therapies 7(5): 42–52.

Crossman, J. 2003. Secular spiritual development in education from international and global perspectives. Oxford Review of Education 29(4): 503–520. doi:10.1080/0305498032000153052

davie, G., P. Heelas, and L Woodhead. 2003. Predicting Religion—Christian, secular and alternative futures. Aldershot: Ashgate.

demerath, J. 1992. A Bridging of Faiths. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

dewey, J. 1900. The Psychology of the Elementary Curriculum. The Elementary School Record, 222-231.

dumont, L. 1980. Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications. Translated by Sainsbury et al. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

———. 1983. Affinity as a Value: Marriage Alliance in South India, with Comparative Essays on Australia. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

———. 1985. A Modified View of Our Origins: the Christian beginnings of modern individualism. Religion 12(1): 1–27. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(82)90013-6

Ellen, R. 1982. Environment Subsistence and System: the ecology of small scale social formations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Emblem, J. and L. Halstead. 1993. Spiritual needs and interventions: comparing the views of patients, nurses and chaplains. Clinical Nurse Specialist 7: 175–182. doi:10.1097/00002800-199307000-00005

Farnell, R., J. Hopkinson, d. Jarvis, J. Martineau, and J.R. Hein. 2005. Faith in Rural Communities: contributions of social capital to community vibrancy. Warwickshire: ACORA Publishing.

Farr, J. 2004. Social Capital: A Conceptual History. Political Theory 32(1): 6–28. doi:10.1177/0090591703254978

Flint, J. and A. Kearns. 2004. The role of Church of Scotland congregations in developing social capital in Scottish communities: enabling and cohesive or irrelevant and divisive. Centre for Neighbourhood Research Paper 16.

Foucault, M. 1976. A History of Sexuality. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Forrester, d. 2005. Apocalypse Now?—Reflections on Faith in a Time of Terror. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Francis, L., Y. Katz, M. Robbins, and Y. Yablon. 2004. Religiosity, Personality and Happiness: a study among Israeli male undergraduates. Journal of Happiness Studies 5: 315–333. doi:10.1023/B:JOHS.0000048460.35705.e8

Francis, L. and M. Robbins. 2005. Urban Hope and Spiritual Health: the Adolescent Voice. Epworth: Peterborough.

———. 2006. Prayer, purpose in life personality and social attitudes among non-churchgoing 13 to 15 year old in England and Wales. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion 17: 123–156.

Finke, R. 2003. Spiritual Capital: Definitions, Applications and New Frontiers. Penn State University. (Paper prepared for the Spiritual Capital Planning Meeting, October 10-11).

Furbey, R. et al. 2006. Faith as Social capital—connecting or dividing? Bristol, Policy Press and Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Geertz, C. 1968. Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

———. 2002. Religion as a Cultural System. In A Reader in the Anthropology of Religion, ed. Lambek. Oxford: Blackwell.

Gill, R. 1999. Churchgoing and Christian Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511605635

Gowda, M., P. Jones, W. Harris, J. Kolb, C. Strychaez, and J. Vacek. 1999. A randomized, controlled trial of the effects of remote, intercessory prayer on outcomes in patients admitted to the coronary care unit. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(19): 2273–2278. doi:10.1001/archinte.159.19.2273

Griffiths, B. 1982. The Marriage of East and West. Springfield: Templegate.

Hallowell, A. 1960. Ojibwa Ontology, Behaviour and World View. In Culture and History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin, edited by S. diamond, 19–52. New York: Columbia University Press.

———. 1976. The Role of dreams in Ojibwa Culture. In Contributions to Anthropology, edited by R. Fogeslon, 449–474. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Hanifan, L. 1920. The Community Centre. Boston: Silver, Burdett and Co.

Harrison, M., C. Edwards, H. Koenig, H. Bosworth, L. decastro, and M. Wood. 2005. Religiosity/spirituality and pain in patients with sickle cell disease. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 193(4): 250–257. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000158375.73779.50

Harker, R. 2000. On Reproduction, Habitus and Education. In Pierre Bourdieu, edited by d. Robbins, 164–176. Vol. II. London: Sage.

Herbert, d. 2003. Religion and Society: Rethinking Public Religion in the Contemporary World. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Hughes, J., A. Tomlinson, J. Blumenthal, M. davidson, M. Sketch, and I. Watkins. 2004. Social support and religiosity as coping strategies for anxiety in hospitalized cardiac patients. Annals of Behavioural Medicine, 28(3): 179–185. doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2803_6

Iannaccone, L. and J. Klick. 2003. Spiritual Capital: An Introduction and Literature Review. George Mason University and American Enterprise Institute.

Ingold, T. 1996. Key Debates in Anthropology. London: Routledge.

———. 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203466025

Jochum, V., P. Pratten, and W. Wilding. 2007. Faith and Voluntary Action: an overview of current evidence and debates. London: NCVO.

Koenig, H. 2007. Religion and depression in older medical inpatients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 15(4): 282–291. doi:10.1097/01.JGP.0000246875.93674.0c

Koenig, H., M. McCullough, and d. Larson. 2001. Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Koenig, H., L. George, L., P. Titus, and K. Meador. 2004. Religion, spirituality and health service use by medically ill hospitalized older patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Association 52: 554–562. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52161.x

Kunin, S. 2004. Religion: the modern theories. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Kunin, S. and J. Miles-Watson. 2006. Theories of Religion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Lam, P-Y. 2002. As the flocks gather: how religion affects voluntary association participation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(3): 405–422. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00127

———. 2006. Religion and civic culture: a cross-national study of voluntary association membership. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(2): 177–193. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2006.00300.x

Langer, S. 2002. The Logic of Signs and Symbols. In A Reader in the Anthropology of Religion, edited by M. Lambek, 136–144. Oxford: Blackwell.

Lartey, E, Y. 1997. In Living Color: An Intercultural Approach to Pastoral Care and Counselling. London: Cassell.

Layard, R. 2005. Happiness—Lessons from a New Science. London: Allen Lane.

Lévi-Strauss, C. 1963. The effectiveness of symbols. In Structural Anthropology. Translated by C. Jacobson and B. Schoepf, 186–205. New York: Basic Books.

———. 1974. Structuralism and ecology. Social Science Information, 12(1): 7–23. doi:10.1177/053901847301200101

Loury, G. 1987. Why should we care about Group Inequality? In Social Philosophy and Policy 5: 249–271. doi:10.1017/S0265052500001345

Loveland, M., d. Sikkink, d. Myers, and B. Radcliff. 2005. Private prayer and civic involvement. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 44: 1–14. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00261.x

Lowndes, V. and R. Chapman. 2005. Faith hope and clarity: Developing a model of faith group involvement in civil renewal. Leicester: Local Government Research Unit, de Montfort University Leicester.

Lukka, P. et al. 2005. Faith and Voluntary Action: community, values and resources. London: Institute for Volunteering Research.

MacNutt, F., S. Marlow, and d. Mathews. 2000. Effects of intercessory prayer on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Southern Medical Journal 93(12): 1177–1186.

Martsolf, d. and J. Mickley. 1998. The Concept of Spirituality in Nursing Theories: differing world-views and extent focus. Journal of Advanced Nursing 27(2): 294–303. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00519.x

Matt, d. 1996. The Essential Kabbalah: The Heart of Jewish Mysticism. New York, Harper One.

Mauss, M. 1985. A category of the human mind: The notion of person, the notion of Self. In The Category of the Person: anthropology, philosophy, history, edited by M. Carrithers, S. Collins, S. Lukes, 1–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Meisenhelder, J. and E. Chandler. 2001. Frequency of prayer and functional health in Presbyterian Pastors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40(2): 323–329. doi:10.1111/0021-8294.00059

Metanexus Institute please see www.metanexus.net/spiritual_capital%5Fcapital/what_is.asp (accessed August 2006).

Mickley, J., V. Carson, and K. Soecken. 1995. Religion and Adult Mental Health: The State of the Science in Nursing. Issues in Mental Health 16(1): 44–49.

Miles-Watson, J. 2009. Structuralism: a key methodology for the new millennium? Man in India 89(1–2): 67–86.

Miller, S. 2007. Keeping it Together. London: Faith-based Regeneration Network.

Ostbye, T., K. Krauss, M. Norton, J. Tschanz, L. Sanders, K. Hayden, C. Pieper, and K. Welsh-Bohmer. 2006. Ten dimensions of health and their relationships with overall self-reported health and survival in a predominately religiously active elderly population: the cache county memory study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 54(2): 199–209. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00583.x

Otto, R. 1923. The Idea of the Holy. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ozorak, E. 2003. Love of God and neighbour: religion and volunteer service among college students. Review of Religious Research 44(3): 285–299. doi:10.2307/3512388

Parker, J. 2000. Structuration. England: Open University Press.

Portes, A. 1998. Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications to Modern Sociology. Review of Sociology 24(1): 1–24. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1

Putnam, R. 1993. Making democracy work—civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

———. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Quibria, M. 2003. The Puzzle of Social Capital: A Critical Review. Asian Development Review 20(2): 19–39.

Razdan, P. N. 2002. Gems of Kashmiri Literature and Kashmiriyat. In Saints and Sages of Kashmir, edited by S. Fotedar, 51–61. Texas: KNN.

Sandercock, L. 2006. Spirituality and the urban professions: the paradox at the heart of urban planning. Planning Theory and Practice 7(1): 65–97. doi:10.1080/14649350500497471

Smidt, C. ed. 2004. Religion as Social Capital—Producing the Common Good. Waco: Baylor University Press.

Spiro, M. 1966. Religion: problems of definition and explanation. In Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion, edited by M. Banton, 85–126. London: Tavistock.

Stark, R. and R. Finke, R. 2000. Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Swinton, J. 2001. Spirituality and Mental Health Care: Rediscovering a Forgotten Dimension. London: Jessica Kingsley.

Varisco, d. 2005. Islam Obscured: The rhetoric of anthropological representation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781403973429

Verter, B. 2003. Spiritual Capital: Theorizing Religion with Bourdieu against Bourdieu. Sociological Theory 21(2): 50–174. doi:10.1111/1467-9558.00182

Walker, S., J. Tonigan, W. Miller, S. Corner, and L. Kahlich. 1997. Intercessory Prayer in the Treatment of Alcohol Abuse and dependence: a pilot investigation. Alternative Therapy and Health Medicine 3(6): 79–86.

Warren, M. 2001. Dry Bones Rattling: Community Building to Revitalize American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Weber, M. 1992. Protestantism and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: Routledge.

Wilson, J. and T. Janoski. 1995. The Contribution of Religion to Volunteer Work. Sociology of Religion 56: 137–152. doi:10.2307/3711760

Woodberry, R. 2003. Researching Spiritual Capital: promises and pitfalls, paper prepared for the “Spiritual Capital Planning Meeting” October 10–11, 2003,downloaded www.metanexus.net/spiritual_capital/pdf/wood-berry.pdf accessed 29/3/2006.

Woolcock, M. 1988. Social Capital and Economic development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework. Theory and Society 27(2): 151–208. doi:10.1023/A:1006884930135

Wuthnow, R. 2000. How religious groups promote forgiving: a national study. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 39: 125–139. doi:10.1111/0021-8294.00011

———. 2004. Can Religion Revitalize Civil Society? An Institutional Perspective. In Religion as Social Capital—Producing the Common Good, edited by C. Smidt, 191–209. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.

Zohar, d. and I. Marshall. 2004 Spiritual Capital: wealth we can live by. London: Bloomsbury.

Published

2010-07-21

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Baker, C., & Miles-Watson, J. (2010). Faith and Traditional Capitals: Defining the Public Scope of Spiritual and Religious Capital—A Literature Review. Implicit Religion, 13(1), 17-69. https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.v13i1.17