“The Parish Must Be Where The People Are”
A Study of a Parish Shopping-centre Project, Viewed as Communication
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.v15i3.289Keywords:
shopping centre chapel, sacred space, sacred architecture, communicationAbstract
During the last decades religiosity in Western countries has both decreased in its public forms and increased in the form of individuals’ interest in spiritual matters. Having a connection with members is challenging, even if crucially central, to all religious communities. This was the aim of the development project of the Olari parish, conducted in the Iso Omena shopping centre in Finland. This article investigates this entire shopping centre project from the perspective of communication: what was the message that the parish wanted to send out to people, and what messages did the people receive? The theoretical framework of the article includes the perspective of communication as a multifaceted and process-natured phenomenon. The data includes 418 interviews. The discussion on the findings includes both theoretical and practical conclusions.References
Antikainen, M.-R, E. M. Laine and A. B. Yeung. 2006. Kaupunkilaisten kirkko: Helsinkiläisten ja seurakunnan kohtaamisia kuudella vuosisadalla. Helsinki: Otava.
Bailey, E. 1997. Implicit Religion in Contemporary Society. Kampen: Kok Pharos.
Berelson, B. 1959. “The State of Communication Research.” Public Opinion Quarterly 23: 1?6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/266840
Berelson, B. and G. Steiner. 1964. Human Behavior. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Bergmann, S. 2009a. “God’s Here and Now in Built Environments. Introductory Remarks on Architecture as Theology.” In Theology in Built Environments. Exploring Religion, Architecture, and Design, edited by Bergmann, 9?22. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
———. 2009b. “Can Churches Fly? The Liturgy of Architecture: an Aesthetic and Theological Perspective.” In Theology in Built Environments. Exploring Religion, Architecture, and Design, edited by S. Bergmann, 281?310. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Campbell, H. 2005. Exploring Religious Community Online. New York: Peter Lang-Digital Formation Series.
Carey, J. W. 1989. Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society. Winchester, MA: Unwin Hyman.
———. 1994. “Viestintä kulttuurisesta näkökulmasta.” Tiedotustutkimus 17(2): 81–97.
Chidester, D. and E. T. Linenthal, ed. 1995. American Sacred Space. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Clevenger, T. 1959. “What is Communication? Taskgroup Letter Number 2, NSCC Committee on Extant Theory. Journal of Communication 9: 5.
Dance, F. E. X. and C. E. Larson. 1976. The Functions of Human Communication: A Theoretical Approach. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Davie, G. 2002. Europe: The Exceptional Case: Parameters of Faith in the Modern World. London: Darton, Longman and Todd.
DeVito, J. A. 1982. Communicology: An Introduction to the Study of Communication. New York: Harper and Row.
———. 1986. The Communication Handbook: A Dictionary. New York: Harper and Row.
Fore, W. F. 1987. “A Theology of Communication.” Religious Education 82 (2): 231–246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0034408870820208
Forest, F. 1988. “Communication Esthetics, Interactive Participation and Artistic Systems of Communication and Expression.” In Designing the Immaterial Society, Design Issues 4(1/2): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1511394
Fraser, H. and A. C. Schalley. 2009. “Communicating about Communication: Intercultural Competence as a Factor in the Success of Interdisciplinary Collaboration.” Australian Journal of Linguistics 29(1): 135–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268600802516418
Gilliat-Ray, S. 2005. “Sacralising Sacred Space in Public Institutions.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 20(3): 357–372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537900500249921
Habermas, J. 1984-1987. The Theory of Communicative Action. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Haikarainen, R. 2002. Informaatiosta kommunikaatioon: ekumeeninen keskustelu viestinnästä 1948–2000. STKS:n julkaisuja 234. Helsinki: STKS.
Hayes, R. M. 1993. “Measurement of Information and Communication: A Set of Definitions.” In Between Communication & Information, vol. 4, Information & Behavior, edited by J. R. Schement and B. D. Ruben, 81–104. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Heelas, P., L. Woodhead, B. Seel, B. Szerszynski and K. Tusting. 2005. The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Hervieu-Léger, D. 2000. Religion as a Chain of Memory. Translated by S. Lee. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Hitaiden vallankumous. 2009. Interview with Professor Sirkka Heinonen. University of Turku, Aurora, 2009, 20–23.
Honoré, C. 2007. Slow – elä hitaammin! Translated by Outi Huovinen. Helsinki: Bazar.
Hoover, S. M. 2006. Religion in the Media Age. London: Routledge.
———. and L. S. Clark, eds. 2002. Practicing Religion in the Age of the Media. Explorations in Media, Religion, and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
Infante, D. A., A. S. Rancher and D. F. Womack. 2003. Building Communication Theory. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
Inglehart, R.1997. Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Iso Omena. 2010. www.isoomena.fi. Accessed on 27 July 2010.
Jamieson, G. M. 1959. “Communicating and Relating in Religion.” Theology Today 16(1): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004057365901600106
Kabat-Zinn, J. 2004. Olet jo perillä. Tietoisen läsnäolon taito. Translated by Tuija Turpeinen. Helsinki: Basam Books.
Kampin hiljaisuuden kappeli. 2009. Kirkko ja kaupunki 7(1): 3.
Kauppinen, J. 2009. Takaisin kirkkoon. Tutkimus aikuisena kirkkoon liittyneistä Tampereella 1996–2006. Kirkon tutkimuskeskuksen julkaisuja 2009: 104. Tampere: KTK.
Kekarainen, H. 2001.Kirkossa on kuin puolessa matkaa taivasta. Kirkossakävijöiden kokemuksia Riemuvuoden Avoimet Ovet 24h –projektista. Unpublished thesis, Diaconia University of Applied Sciences.
Kirkko kauppakeskuksessa. 2009. Raportti Seurakuntatyön kehittämisprojektista kauppakeskus Isossa Omenassa 2005–2008. Unpublished report authored by A. Kujanpää, P. Kerko, S. Viitapohja, A. B. Pessi, J. Malinen and T. Härkönen. Olari Parish, Espoo Parish Union, Church Council, Church Resources Agency.
Knott, K. 2005. The Location of Religion: A Spatial Analysis. London: Equinox. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.religion.2009.01.003
———. 2009. “From Locality to Location and Back Again: A Spatial Journey in the Study of Religion.” Religion 39: 154–160.
Korn, C. J., S. P. Morreale and D. M. Boileau. 2000. “Defining the Field: Revisiting the ACA 1995 Definition of Communication Studies.” Journal of the Association for Communication Administration 29(1): 40–52.
Kotkaslahti, L.1999. Satunnaisen ohikulkijan käsityksiä kirkkorakennuksesta. Fenomenografinen tutkimus Helsingistä. Unpublished Master’s thesis in practical theology, University of Helsinki.
Lasswell. H.D.1948. “The Structure and Function of Communication in Society.” In The Communication of Ideas, edited by L. Bryson, 37–51. New York: Harper and Row.
Lessl, T. M. 1993. “Toward a Definition of Religious Communication: Scientific and Religious Uses of Evolution.” The Journal of Communication and Religion 16(2): 127–138.
Lippmann, W. 1922. Public Opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
Littlejohn, S. W. 2002. Theories of Human Communication. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Low, S.M. and Z. Lawrence, eds. 2003. The Anthropology of Space and Place: Locating Culture: Blackwell Readers in Anthropology, 4. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lövheim, M. 2008. “Rethinking Cyberreligion? Teens, Religion and the Internet in Sweden.” Nordicom Review 29(2): 205–217.
Margolin, V. 1994. “The Age of Communication: A Challenge to Designers.” Design Issues 10(1): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1511657
McQuail, D. 1985. “Sociology of Mass Communication.” Annual Review of Sociology 11: 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.11.080185.000521
Metcalf, B. D., ed. 1996. Making Muslim Space. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Meyer, B. and A. Moors, eds. 2006. Religion, Media, and the Public Sphere. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Miller, K. 2005. Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes and Contexts. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
Motley, M. T. 1990. “On Whether One Can(not) not Communicate: An Examination Via Traditional Communication Postulates.” Western Journal of Speech Communication 54: 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10570319009374322
Mäenpää, P. 2000. Viihtymisen kaupunki. In URBS: Kirja Helsingin kaupunkikulttuurista, edited by Stadipiiri, 24–46. Helsinki: Edita.
———. 2005. Narkissos kaupungissa: Tutkimus kuluttajakaupukilaisesta ja julkisesta tilasta. Helsinki: Tammi.
———. 2009. “An Essay on Spirituality of Homo Ludens Urbanus.” Nordic Journal of Religion and Society 22(1): 1–14.
Nastasia, D. and L. Rakow. 2010. “What is Theory? Puzzles and Maps as Metaphors in Communication Theory”. TripleC 8(1): 1–17.
———. 2005. What is Communication? Unsettling A Priori and A Posteriori Approaches. To the International Communication Association, Philosophy of Communication Division, November 1, 2005. http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/9/3/2/6/pages93260/p93260-1.php. Accessed 5 August 2010.
Nynäs, P. 2008. Ett kapell—tre rum.Ett integrerat rollteoretiskt perspektiv på tolkning och meningsskapande kring ett modernt kapell. Teologinen Aikakauskirja 4: 314–332.
———. 2009. “Spirituality, Practice and Meaning. The existential ambiguity of urban chapels.” In Theology in Built Environments. Exploring Religion, Architecture, and Design, 131–150. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Pahl, J. 2003. The Desire to Acquire: Imaging the Sacred at Shopping Malls. The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia, Temple University. http://www.cla.purdue.edu/academic/engl/conferences/covar/Program/pahl.pdf. Accessed on 4 August 2010.
PAMin Selin: Kirkko ei voi olla trendiohjuri. 2009. Kotimaa 8.1.2009: 3.
Panula, J. 1997. Vaikutussuhde, käyttösuhde, merkityssuhde. Näkökulmia todellisuuden, joukkoviestinnän ja yleisön väliseen suhteeseen. Jyväskylä: Atena Kustannus Oy.
Parkins, W. and G. Craig. 2006. Slow Living. New York: Berg.
Parsons, T. 1937. The Structure of Social Action: A Study in Social Theory with Special Reference to a Group of Recent European Writers. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Pessi, A. B. 2008. Kirkkorakennukset merkitysten ja muistin ylläpitäjinä. Uskon tilat ja kuvat: Moderni suomalainen kirkkoarkkitehtuuri ja –taide, edited by A. Kuorikoski, 351–374. Helsinki: STKS.
Peters, J. D. 1999. Speaking into the Air: A History of the Idea of Communication. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Pietilä, V.1998. “Hajanaisesta moninaiseksi.” In Viestinnän jäljillä, edited by U. Kivikuru and R. Kunelius, 397–416. Juva: WSOY.
Richardson, J. 1993. “Communication, a Critical Pathway to Development.” Leonardo 26(4): 347–351. MIT Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1575930
Seibold, D. R, and K. K. Myers. 2006. “Structuring.” In Communication as… Perspectives on Theory, edited by G. J. Stepherd, J. St. John and T. Striphas, 143–152. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Selby, P. 1977. “The Content of Christian Communication.” Modern Churchman 20(4): 151–160.
Sheldrake, P. F. 2005. Space and the Sacred: Cathedrals and Cities. Unpublished manuscript.
———. 2009. “A Spiritual City: Urban vision and the Christian tradition.” In Theology in Built Environments. Exploring Religion, Architecture, and Design, 151–172. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Soukup, P. A. 1983. Communication and Theology: Introduction and Review of the Literature. London: WACC.
Stepherd, G. J. and J. St. John and T. Striphas, eds. 2006. Communication as Perspectives. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Sumiala-Seppänen, J. 2001. Nomadit rippituolissa. Medioidun uskonnon moraalisen järjestyksen dynamiikka (post)modernin television ja kulttuurin kontekstissa. Jyväskylä Studies in Communication 15. Diss. Jyväskylä: University of
Jyväskylä.
Tanskanen, A., O. Viljanen and M. Hietaranta. 2006. Kappeli kauppakeskuksessa: Näkökulmia uudenlaiseen uskonnolliseen tilaan. Yhdyskuntasuunnittelu 44(4): 6–21.
Traber, M. 1990. “The Holy Spirit and Communication.” Ecumenical Review 42(3–4): 207–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6623.1990.tb02649.x
Useem, A. 2008. “The New Connectivity: How Internet Innovations are Changing the Way We Do Church.” Congregations 34(4): 22–28.
Van Engen, C. E., J. D. Woodberry and D. Whiteman, eds. 2008. Paradigm Shifts in Christian Witness: Insights from Anthropology, Communication, and Spiritual Power. New York: Orbis.
Wood, J. T. 2004. Communication Theories in Action: An Introduction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Yletyinen, K. 2005. Pappi lähellä ihmistä: Suomalaisten pappeihin kohdistamat odotukset ja niissä viimeisen vuosikymmenen aikana tapahtuneet muutokset. Tampere: KTK.