Believing, Belonging, Begatting

The Implicit Sapiential Faith of Academia

Authors

  • William J. F. Keenan Liverpool Hope University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.v17i1.11

Keywords:

academic life, believing, belonging, begatting, implicit religion, sapiential faith

Abstract

A transdisciplinary implicit religion framework is deployed to illuminate the cultic academic milieu of late modern university culture. Applying the three related “real” religion tropes (believing, belonging, begatting), structural and cultural features of subterranean “sapiential faiths” are identified and critiqued, with a view to enhancing reflexive knowledge of the academic form of life and contributing to the enlargement of the conversation on faith and reason.

References

Amis, K. 1964. Lucky Jim. New York: Viking.

Azevedo, M. de C. 1995. The Consecrated Life: Crossroads and Directions. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books.

Bailey, E. 1997. Implicit Religion in Contemporary Society. Kampen: Kok Pharos.

———. 1998a. “Implicit Religion: What Might That Be?” Implicit Religion 1(Nov.): 9–22.

———. 1998b. “Sacred.” In Encylopedia of Religion and Society, edited by W. H. Swatos Jr. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. www.hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Sacred.htm.

———. 2001. The Secular Faith Controversy. London and New York: Continuum.

Barker, E. 2001. “A Comparative Exploration of Dress and the Presentation of Self as Implicit Religion.” In Dressed to Impress: Looking the Part, edited by W. J. F. Keenan, 51–67. London and New York: Berg. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/9781847888709/DRSIMPRS0007

Barnard, W. G. 2001. “Diving Into the Depths: Reflections on Psychology as a Religion.” In Religion and Psychology: Mapping the Terrain, edited by W. B. Parsons and D. Jonte-Pace, 297–318. London: Routledge.

Barnett, R. 2003. Beyond All Reason: Living with Ideology in the University. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Barnett, V. 1998. For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Fascism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Becher, T. and P. R. Trowler. 2001. Academic Tribes and Territories: Intellectual Enquiry and the Culture of Disciplines. Buckingham: Society for Research in Higher Education and Open University Press.

Beckford, J. 2008. “Cults Need Vigilance, Not Alarmism.” Church Times. Issue 7579, 20 June.

Bellah, R., R. Marsden, W. M. Sullivan, A. Swidler, and S. M. Tipton. 1985. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Bellow, S. 2000. Ravelstein. New York: Viking.

Berger, P. L. 1967. The Sacred Canopy. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

———. 2011. Adventures of an Accidental Sociologist. New York: Prometheus Books.

Bevan, D. 1990. University Fiction. Atlanta, GA: Rodopi.

Borg Ter, M. 2004. “Some Ideas on Wild Religion.” Implicit Religion 7(2): 108–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.7.2.108.56071

———. 2008. “Non-institutional Religion in Modern Society.” Implicit Religion 11(2): 127–141.

Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge.

———. 1988. Homo Academicus. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Bradbury, M. 1976. History Man: A Novel. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

Brierley, P. 2005. “Implicit Religion: 72% Christian, 8% Attendance.” Implicit Religion 8(2): 178–194.

Calder, N. 2005. Magic Universe: A Grand Tour of Modern Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Campbell, C. 2002 [orig. 1972]. “The Cult, the Cult Milieu and Secularization.” In The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization, edited by J. Kaplan and H. Loow, 12–25. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

Chadwick, O. 1975. The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chesterton, G. K. 1911. The Ballad of the White Horse. New York: John Lane.

Collins, R. 1998. The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Davie, G. 1994. Religion in Britain since 1945: Believing without Belonging. Oxford: Blackwell.

———. 2006. “Vicarious Religion: A Methodological Challenge.” In Everyday Religion: Observing Modern Religious Lives, edited by N. T. Ammerman, 21–37. New York: Oxford University Press.

Day, A. 2011. Believing and Belonging: Belief and Social Identity in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577873.001.0001

———. 2012. “Nominal Christian Adherence: Ethnic, Natal, Aspirational.” Implicit Religion 15(4): 439–456.

Dik, B. J., R. D. Duffy and B. Eldridge. 2009. “Calling and Vocation in Career Counselling: Recommendations for Promoting Meaningful Work.” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 40: 625–632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015547

Durkheim, É. 1965 [1912]. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Trans. J. W. Swain. New York: Free Press.

English Revised Version (ERV). 1885. Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Erikson, E. H. 1982. Childhood and Society. New York: W.W. Norton.

Ferruolo, S. C. 1985. The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100–1215. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Feyerabend, P. 1975. Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge. New York: Humanities Press.

Ford, D. 2007. Christian Wisdom: Desiring God and Learning to Love. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511487699

Freud, S. 1961 [1929]. Civilization and Its Discontents. New York: W. W. Norton.

Galbraith, J. 1990. Tenured Professor: A Novel. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

Goffman, E. 1961. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. New York: Doubleday.

Gouldner, A. 1970. The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology. New York: Basic Books.

Habgood, J. 2000. Varieties of Unbelief. London: Darton, Longman and Todd.

Halsey, A. H. 1992. The Decline of Donnish Dominion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hammond, P. E. 2000. The Dynamics of Religious Organizations: The Extravisation of the Sacred and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hauerwas, S. 2007. The State of the University: Academic Knowledges and the Knowledge of God. Oxford: Blackwell. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470692516

Hedges, C. 2009. When Atheism Becomes Religion: America’s New Fundamentalists. New York: Free Press.

Heelas, P., L. Woodhead, B. Seel, B. Szerszynski and K. Tusting, eds. 2005. The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion Is Giving Way to Spirituality. Oxford: Blackwell.

Henry, J. 2008. The Scientific Revolution and the Origins of Modern Science. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hervieu-Léger, D. 2000. Religion as a Chain of Memory. Translated by S. Lee. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Hey, J. 2012. “Believing Beyond Religion: Secular Transcendence and the Primacy of Believing.” Implicit Religion 15(1): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v15i1.81

Hill, M. 1973. The Religious Order: A Study of Virtuosi Religious Life and Its Legitimation in the Nineteenth Century Church of England. London: Heinemann.

Hobsbawm, E. J. and T. O. Ranger, eds. 1992. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hobson, J. H. 2004. The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489013

Hostie, R.1972. Vie et Mort des Ordres Religieux. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer.

Huxley, J. 1957. Religion Without Revelation. New York: Mentor.

Jacobsen, D. and R. H. Jacobsen, eds. 2004. Scholarship and Christian Faith: Enlarging the Conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0195170385.001.0001

Jammer, M. 2002. Einstein and Religion: Physics and Theology. New York: Princeton University Press.

Jenkins, T. 2006. An Experiment in Providence: How Faith Engages with the World. London: SPCK.

———. 2009. “Faith and the Scientific Mind / Faith in the Scientific Mind: The Implicit Religion of Science in Contemporary Britain.”Implicit Religion 12(3): 303–311.

Judt, T. and T. Snyder. 2012. Thinking the Twentieth Century. London: Heinemann.

Kant, I. 1996 [1789]. The Conflict of the Faculties in Religion and Rational Theology. Translated and edited by A. Wood and G. DiGiovanni. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511814433

Keenan, W. J. F. 1999a. “Of Mammon Dressed Divinely: The Profanization of Religious Dress.” Body & Society 5(1): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034X99005001006

———. 1999b. “From Friars to Fornicators: The Eroticization of Religious Dress.” Fashion Theory 3(4): 389–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/136270499779476063

———. 2000. “Subalterns of Technopoly: Brokering Techno-Power in Academic Sociology.” British Journal of Sociology 51(2), ( June): 321–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071310050030208

———. 2001. “Religious Life: East and West.” In The New International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, editors-in-chief N. J. Smelser and P. B. Baltes. Volume 15: 9973–9976. Oxford/New York/Amsterdam/Berlin: Elsevier/Pergamon. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/04028-6

———. 2002a. “21st Century Monasticism and Religious Life: Just Another New Millennium.” Religion 32: 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/reli.2002.0395

———. 2002b. “Post-Secular Sociology: Effusions of Religion in Late Modern Settings.” European Journal of Social Theory 5(2): 279–290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13684310222225450

———. 2003. “Rediscovering the Theological in Sociology: Foundation and Possibilities.” Theory, Culture & Society 20(1): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276403020001919

———. 2009. “Divinity and Power in Minute Particulars: Politics and Panentheism in the Implicit Religion of Marist Socks.” Implicit Religion 12(2): 201–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v12i2.201

———. 2012. “Family Resemblances Twixt Implicit Religion and Post-modernity: A Fecund Framework for Engaging New Times.” Implicit Religion 15(1): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v15i1.5

Keenan, W.J.F. and T. Schnell. 2012. “The Resilient Academy: A Transdisciplinary Critique of the Real-worldist University.” In Resilience and Unemployment, edited by Å. Aamaas, W. J. F. Keenan and C. Sedmak, 9–42. Vienna and Berlin: Lit Verlag.

Keesing, R. 1984. “Rethinking Mana.” Journal of Anthropological Research 40: 137–156.

Kierkegaard, S. 2009 [1844]. Repetition and Philosophical Crumbs. Translated by M. G. Piety. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Knowles, D. 1969. Christian Monasticism. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Knox, R. 1950. Enthusiasm: A Chapter on the History of Religion. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Kuhn, T. S. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Lawrence, C. H. 1989. Medieval Monasticism. New York: Longman.

Leclerq, J. 1961. The Love of Learning and the Desire for God: A Study of Monastic Culture. New York: Mentor.

Levi, P. 1995 [1975]. The Periodic Table. Trans. R. Rosenthal. London: Everyman’s Library.

Lodge, D. 1990. Nice Work. New York: Viking.

Lord, K. 2006. “Implicit Religion: Definition and Application.” Implicit Religion 9(2): 205–219.

Luckmann, T. 1967. The Invisible Religion: The Problem of Religion in Modern Society. New York: Macmillan.

Makrides, V. N. and E. Sotiriu. 2003. “Cult Figures Within Academia: the Case of Max Weber.” Implicit Religion 6(2–3): 105–132.

Marsden, G. 1992. The Secularisation of the Academy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Martin, C. 2012. “On the Totems of Science and Capitalism: or, Why We Are All ‘Religious’?” Implicit Religion 15(1): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v15i1.25

Martin, D. 1969. The Religious and the Secular: Studies in Secularization. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul

———. 2013. The Education of David Martin: The Making of an Unlikely Sociologist. London: SPCK.

Martin, H., D. Newton, H. M. Waddams and R. R. Williams. 1944. Christian Counter-Attack: Europe’s Churches Against Nazism. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons.

McCutcheon, L. E., J. Maltby, J. Houran, J. and D. D. Ashe. 2004. Celebrity Worshippers: Inside the Minds of Stargazers. Baltimore, MD: Publish America.

McGrath, A. 2011. “Higgs Boson: The Particle of Faith.” The Daily Telegraph, Published 15 December.

Merton, R. K. 1942. “The Normative Structure of Science.” The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, edited by R. K. Merton. 1979. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Monk, R. 2012. Inside the Centre: The Life of J. Robert Oppenheimer. London: Jonathan Cape.

Newman, J. H. 1985 [1870]. An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent. Edited by Ian Ker. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Newsome, D. 1961. Godliness and Good Learning: Four Studies on a Victorian Ideal. London: Murray.

Owen, D. S., T. B. Strong, and R. Livingstone, eds. 2004. Max Weber: The Vocation Lectures. London: Hackett.

Nietzsche, F. 2008 [1887]. On the Genealogy of Morals: A Polemic. Translated by Douglas Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pais, A. 1997. A Tale of Two Continents: A Physicist’s Life in a Turbulent World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

———. 2005 [1982]. Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pargament, K. 1999. “The Psychology of Religion and Spirituality: Yes and No.” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 9(1): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0901_2

Pärna, K. 2010. “Digital Apocalypse: The Implicit Religiosity of the Millennium Bug Scare.” In Religions of Modernity: Relocating the Sacred to the Self and the Digital, edited by S. Aupers and D. Houtman, 239–259. Leiden/Boston: Brill. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004184510.i-273.9

Popper, R. K. 1972. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Raven, B. H. 1999. “Influence, Power, Religion, and the Mechanisms of Social Control.” Journal of Social Issues 55(1): 161–186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00111

Readings, B. 1997. The University in Ruins. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Redfield, R. 1953. The Primitive World and Its Transformations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Roth, P. 2001. Dying Animal. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Russell, B. 1926. The Danger of Creed Wars. London: Fabian Society.

Sayers, D. 2007 [1947]. The Lost Tools of Learning. Camp Hill, PA: Classical Academic Press.

Scaff, L. A. 2011. Max Weber in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Schnell, T. 2003. “A Framework for the Study of Implicit Religion: The Psychological Theory of Implicit Religiosity.” Implicit Religion 6(2–3): 86–104.

———. 2008. “Implicit Religiosity: Diversity of Life Meanings in Church Members and Non-members.” International Journal of Psychology 43(3–4): 386.

———. 2010. “Existential Indifference: Another Quality of Meaning in Life.” Journal of Humanistic Psychology 50(3): 351–373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167809360259

———. 2011. “Experiential Validity: Psychological Approaches to the Sacred.” Implicit Religion 14(4): 387–404.

———. 2012a. “Spirituality With and Without Religion: Differential Relationships with Personality.” Archive for the Psychology of Religion 34: 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157361212X644495

———. 2012b. “On Method: A Foundation for Empirical Research on Implicit Religion.”Implicit Religion 15(4): 407–422.

Schnell, T. and W. J. F. Keenan. 2013. “The Construction of Atheist Spirituality: A Survey-Based Study.” In Constructs of Meaning and Religious Transformation, edited by H. Westerink, 101–118. Vienna: University of Vienna Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737000994.101

Schnell, T. and S. Pali. 2013. “Pilgrimage Today: The Meaning-Making Potential of Ritual.” Mental Health, Religion and Culture 16(9): 887–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2013.766449

Segrè, E. 1993. A Mind Always in Motion: The Autobiography of Emilio Segrè. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Shapin, S. 1996. The Scientific Revolution. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226750224.001.0001

Sharpe, T. 1976. Wilt. London: Secker and Warburg.

Shils, E. A. 1981. Tradition. London: Faber and Faber.

Showalter, E. 2009. Faculty Towers: The Academic Novel and Its Discontents. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Silber, I. F. 1995. Virtuosity, Charism and Social Order: A Comparative Sociological Study of Monasticism in Theravada Buddhism and Medieval Catholicism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511520846

Simple, I. 2013. “Cern Scientists Believe Newly Discovered Particle is the Real Higgs Boson.” The Guardian, 15 March.

Snow, C. P. 1951. Masters. New York: Scribners.

Stark, W. 1969. Sociology of Religion: A Study of Christendom. Vol. 3: The Universal Church. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Stuckrad, K. Von. 2010. Locations of Knowledge in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Esoteric Discourse and Western Identities. Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004184220.i-240

Thomson, A. 1999. “Cult-watch Centre Faces Closure.” Times Higher Education, 2 December.

Voas, D. 2009. “The Rise and Fall of Fuzzy Fidelity in Europe.” European Sociological Review 25: 155–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn044

Weber, M. 1947 [1922]. Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Translated by A. R. Anderson and Talcott Parsons. New York: The Free Press.

———. 1958 [orig. 1905]. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Trans. Talcott Parsons. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

———. 1978. Economy and Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

———. 2004 [orig. 1918]. “Science as a Vocation.” In Max Weber: The Vocation Lectures, edited by D. S. Owen, T. B. Strong and R. Livingstone, 87–94. London: Hackett.

Westerink, H. 2013. “Introduction: Religious and Spiritual Constructs of Meaning and Transformation.” In Constructs of Meaning and Religious Transformation, edited by H. Westerink, 9–20. Vienna: University of Vienna Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737000994.9

Whitehead, A. N. 1916. “The Organization of Thought.” Science 22 (September): 409–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.44.1134.409

Williams, B. 2004. Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Williams, E., L. J. Francis and M. Robbins. 2011. “Implicit Religion and the Quest for Meaning.” Implicit Religion 14(1): 45–65.

Wilson, A. N. 1990. C. S. Lewis: A Biography. London: Collins.

Wilson, D. 1991. Repairing the Ruins: The Classical and Christian Challenge to Modern Education. London: Cannon Press.

Womack, K. 2002. Post-war Academic Fiction: Satire, Ethics, Community. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Woodhead, L. 2010. “Real Religion and Fuzzy Sprituality? Taking Sides in the Sociology of Religion.” In Religions of Modernity: Relocating the Sacred to the Self and the Digital, edited by S. Aupers and D. Houtman, 31–48. Leiden: Brill.

Woodhead, L., P. Fletcher, H. Kawanami and D. Smith, eds. 2002. Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. Oxford: Blackwell. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004184510.i-273.13

Wright, S. A. 1987. Leaving Cults. Washington, DC: Society for the Scientific Study of Religion.

Wrzesniewski, A. and J. E. Dutton. 2001. “Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees As Active Crafters of Their Work.” Academy of Management Review 26: 179–201.

Zizek, S. 2000. The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology. London: Verso.

Published

2014-07-22

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Keenan, W. J. F. (2014). Believing, Belonging, Begatting: The Implicit Sapiential Faith of Academia. Implicit Religion, 17(1), 11-46. https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.v17i1.11