The Sacramental Thought-World of Implicit Religion
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.v19i1.30003Keywords:
Edward Bailey, Implicit Religion, Liminality, Sacramentalism, Thought-styleAbstract
For a generation, “implicit religion” has played a seminal role in the study of “secular faith.” This key contribution to research and scholarship on “the everyday sacred” owes an incalculable intellectual debt to the founder of the concept and mainstay of the subject field of implicit religious studies, Edward Bailey (1935-2015). In the light and shade of his recent passing, it is important to set Edward’s “big idea” in its larger context of significance. Lest we forget! In what kind of “world” of ideas and imaginings does “implicit religion” have its provenance? Where do we locate it on the map of knowledge and, for that matter, of faith itself? In this tribute article, with a view to contextualizing “IR,” a sociology of ideas framework is constructed to shape reflection on the “Man” (Edward Bailey), the “Mode of Thought” (Implicit Religion), and the “Moment” (the transition between modernity and post-modernity). “Implicit religion,” it is suggested, is rooted in a “sacramentalist” “thought style.” This emphasizes the diffuse “holiness” of Creation and the constitutive “liminality” of the human condition. “Religion” plays a key role in the negotiation of the borders of sacrality and profanity. “Implicit religion” is regarded as a conduit through which the ancient “panentheistic-sacramentalist” thought mode persists within intellectual life in the late modern period. Here, “IR”—as idea, ideal and institution—is located within the “post-secular” paradigm (Keenan 2002a). With its “unitive” appreciation of the interplay of the “sacred” and “profane” in everyday life, and its confident deployment of religious conceptuality, Edward Bailey’s “big idea” provides a significant contribution towards a counter-cultural, redemptive “way of seeing” to the prevailing secular modernist “grand narrative.”
References
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———. 1988. Participating in God. London: Darton, Longman and Todd.
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———. 1997. Implicit Religion in Contemporary Society. Kampen, Netherlands: Kok Pharos.
———. 1998a. “‘Implicit Religion’”: What Might That Be?” Implicit Religion 1(1): 9–22.
———. 1998b. Implicit Religion: An Introduction. London: Middlesex University Press.
———. 2000. “The Sacred, the Holy, and the Human as Tripartite Symbols of Ultimate Reality and Meaning.” Ultimate Reality and Meaning 22(3).
———. 2001. The Secular Faith Controversy: Religion in Three Dimensions. London and New York: Continuum.
———. 2012. “‘Implicit Religion’: What Might That Be?” Implicit Religion 15(2): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v15.i2.15481
Baudrillard, Jean. 1985. “The Ecstasy of Communication.” In Postmodern Culture, edited by Hal Foster, 126–134. London: Pluto Press.
Bauman, Zygmund. 2000. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Berger, Peter. 1970. A Rumour of Angels: Modern Society and the Rediscovery of the Supernatural. London: Allen Lane.
———. 1981. [1963] Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin.
———. 1997. Redeeming Laughter: The Comic Dimension of Human Experience. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Berlin, Isaiah. 1953. The Hedgehog and the Fox. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Borg Ter, Meerten. 2004. “Some Ideas on Wild Religion.” Implicit Religion 7(2): 108–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.7.2.108.56071
Bowler, Peter. 2002. The Superior Person’s Book of Words. London: Bloomsbury.
Chadwick, Owen. 1975. The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clayton, Philip and Peacock, Arthur, eds. 2004. In Whom We Live and Move and Have Our Being; Panentheistic Reflections on God’s Presence in a Scientific World. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Coleman 111, Thomas J. 2013. “Implicit Frameworks: The Tyrannical Hegemonic Discourse.” Nonreligion & Secularity, NSRN blog. Posted 1 November. http://blog.nsrn.net/2013/11/01/implicit-frameworks-the-tyrannical-hegemonic-discourse/
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Cooper, John W. 2006. Panentheism, the Other God of the Philosophers: From Plato to the Present. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.
Douglas, Mary. 1966. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203361832
Durkheim, Emile. 1970. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Translated by J. W. Swain. London: Allen and Unwin. Original 1912.
Eliade, Mircea. 1959. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan. 1965. Theories of Primitive Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ferraroti, Franco. 1979. “The Destiny of Reason and the Paradox of the Sacred.” Social Research 46(4): 648–681.
Fish, Stanley. 1980. Is There a Text in the Class? The Authority of Interpretative Communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Franco, Paul. 1990. The Political Philosophy of Michael Oakeshott. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Frankl, Viktor E. 2011 [1948]. Mankind’s Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Rider.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. 1975. Truth and Method. London: Sheed and Ward.
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Geertz, Clifford. 1973a. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.
———. 1973b. “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture.” In The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, 3–30. New York: Basic Books.
Gehlen, Arnold. 1988. Man: His Nature and Place in the World. New York: Columbia University Press.
Gellner, Ernest. 1992. Postmodernism, Reason and Religion. London: Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203410431
Gennep, Arnold Van. 1960. The Rites of Passage. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 2008. “Secularism’s Crisis of Faith: Notes on Post-Secular Society.” New Perspectives Quarterly 25: 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5842.2008.01017.x
Hevieu-Léger, Danièle. 2000. Religion as a Chain of Memory. Cambridge: Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishers.
Hesse, Mary. 1966. Models and Analogies in Science. Revised edition. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.
Hill, Michael. 1973. The Religious Order: A Study of Virtuosi Religious Life and Its Legitimations in the Nineteenth Century Church of England. London: Heinemann.
Horton, Robert and Ruth Finnegan, eds. 1973. Modes of Thought: Essays on Thinking in Western and Non-Western Societies. London: Faber and Faber.
John Paul II, Pope. 1998. Fides et Ratio. London: Veritas.
Keenan, William J. F. 2002a. “Post-Secular Sociology: Effusions of Religion in Late Modern Settings.” European Journal of Social Theory 5(2): 279–290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13684310222225450
———. 2002b. “Twenty-First-Century Monasticism and Religious Life: Just Another New Millennium.” Religion 32: 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/reli.2002.0395
———. 2003. “Rediscovering the Theological in Sociology: Foundation and Possibilities.”Theory, Culture & Society 20(1): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276403020001919
———. 2009. “Divinity and Power in Minute Particulars: Politics and Panentheism in the Implicit Religion of Marist Socks.” Implicit Religion 12(2): 201–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v12i2.201
———. 2010. “Working Out a Decent Future: Post-Crisis Political Economy and a Sacramental Alternative.” In Decent Work and Unemployment, edited by Christiana Bagusat, William J. F. Keenan and Clemens Sedmak, 279–295. Wien-Münster: Lit Verlag.
———. 2012. “Family Resemblances Twixt Implicit Religion and Post-modernity: A Fecund Framework for Engaging New Times.” Implicit Religion 15(1): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v15i1.5
———. 2014. “Believing, Belonging, Begatting: The Implicit Sapiential Faith of Academia.” Implicit Religion 17(1): 11–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v17i1.11
———. 2015a. “Recycling Religion: Lance Armstrong’s Postmodern Spirituality of Suffering and Survivorship.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 30(1): 107–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2015.986981
———. 2015b. “Granulated Faith-Holding: Examples from the Vocation of Science (Max Weber, Edward Shils, David Martin).” Implicit Religion 18(3): 279–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v18i3.28053
———. 2016. “The Phoney Holy War: Reflections on the Myth of Spiritual Revolution.” Implicit Religion 19(1): 133–201.
Keenan, William J. F. and Tatjana Schnell. 2011. “The Resilient Academy: A Transdisciplinary Critique of the Realworldist University.” In Resilience and Unemployment, edited by Åsmund Aamaas, William J. F. Keenan, Clemens Sedmak and Linda van der Zijden, 19–42. Wien-Münster: Lit Verlag.
King, Christine. 2012. “The Enduring Problem of Dualism: Christianity and Sports.” Implicit Religion 15(2): 225–241.
King, Ursula. 1997. Christ in All Things: Exploring Spirituality with Teilhard de Chardin. London: SCM Press.
Leclerq, Jean. 1961. The Love of Learning and the Desire for God: A Study of Monastic Culture. New York: Fordham University Press.
Lerner, Akiba J. 2015. Redemptive Hope: From the Age of Enlightenment to the Age of Obama. New York: Fordham University Press.
Macpherson, Crawford Brough. 1962. The Political theory of Possessive Individualism: From Hobbes to Locke. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Mannheim, Karl. 1955 [1936]. Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge. San Diego and New York: Harcourt.
———. 1986 [1925]. Conservatism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Marsden, George M. and Bradley J. Longfield, eds. 1992. The Secularisation of the Academy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Martin, Bernice. 1981. A Sociology of Contemporary Cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell.
Martin, David. 1965. “Towards Eliminating the Concept of Secularization from the Vocabulary of Sociology.” In The Penguin Survey of the Social Sciences, edited by Julius Gould, 185–197. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin.
———. 1967. Sociology of English Religion. London: Heinemann.
———. 1969. “The Unknown Gods of the English.” In David Martin The Religious and the Secular, 103–113. New York: Schocken.
———. 1978. The Dilemmas of Contemporary Religion. Oxford: Blackwell.
———. 2011. The Future of Christianity: Reflections on Violence and Democracy, Religion and Secularization. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
———. 2014. Religion and Power: No Logos without Mythos. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
———. 2015. “Sociology and Theology: With and Against the Grain of ‘the World.’” Implicit Religion 18(2): 159–175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v18i2.27241
Musgrove, Frank. 1974. Ecstasy and Holiness: The Counter Culture and the Open Society. London: Methuen.
Newman, John Henry. 1870. An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent. London: Catholic Publication Society.
Oldmeadow, Harry. ed. 2010. Crossing Religious Frontiers: Studies in Comparative Religion. Bloomington, Ind: World Wisdom.
Oliphant, Margaret. 1987. The Perpetual Curate. New York: Viking Penguin.
O’Neill, John. 1975. Making Sense Together: An Introduction to Wild Sociology. London: Heinemann.
Otto, Rudolph. 1970 [1917]. The Idea of the Holy. Translated by J. W. Harvey. New York: Oxford University Press.
Parsons, Gerald. 1988. Religions in Victorian Britain. Volume 1: Traditions. New York: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Michael. 1958. Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post Critical Philosophy. London: Routledge.
Polanyi, Michael and Prosch, Harry. 1975. Meaning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Popper, Karl R. 1972. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Roszak, Theodore. 1972. Where the Wasteland Ends: Politics and Transcendence in Postindustrial Society. New York: Doubleday.
Schleiermacher, Friedrich. 1996. On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Original 1799.
Schnell, Tatjana. 2003. “A Framework for the Study of Implicit Religion: The PsychologicalTheory of Implicit Religiosity.” Implicit Religion 6(2): 86–104.
———. 2011. “Experiential Validity: Psychological Approaches to the Sacred.” Implicit Religion 14(4): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v14i4.387
———. 2012. “On Method: A Foundation for Empirical Research on Implicit Religion.”Implicit Religion 15(4): 407–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v15i4.407
Simmel, Georg. 1997 [1909]. “Bridge and Door.” In Simmel on Culture, edited by David Frisby and Mike Featherstone, 170–174. London: Sage.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 1913. Gitanjali: Song Offerings. London: Macmillan.
Tillich, Paul. 1959. Theology and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
Towler, Robert. 1974. Homo Religiosus: Social Problems in the Study of Religion. London: Constable.
Turner, Victor. 1967. “Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites de Passage.” In The Forest of Symbols. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Vane, Henry. 2004. Affair of State: A Biography of the 8th Duke and Duchess of Devonshire. London and Chester Springs: Peter Owen.
von Stuckrad, Kocku. 2014. The Scientification of Religion: An Historical Study of Discursive Change, 1800–2000. Berlin: Walter de Gruyer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781614513490
Walters, Barbara R. 2015. “The Last Denton Conference.” Implicit Religion 18(2): 153–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v18i2.27242
Weber, Max. 1978 [1922]. Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wilson, Bryan R. 1969. Religion in Secular Society. London: Penguin.
Allchin, Arthur Macdonald. 1981. The Living Presence of the Past: The Dynamic of Christian Tradition. New York and London: Harper and Row.
———. 1988. Participating in God. London: Darton, Longman and Todd.
Bailey, Edward I. 1995. “Let’s Listen to the Natives.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34(3): 391–392. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1386888
———. 1997. Implicit Religion in Contemporary Society. Kampen, Netherlands: Kok Pharos.
———. 1998a. “‘Implicit Religion’”: What Might That Be?” Implicit Religion 1(1): 9–22.
———. 1998b. Implicit Religion: An Introduction. London: Middlesex University Press.
———. 2000. “The Sacred, the Holy, and the Human as Tripartite Symbols of Ultimate Reality and Meaning.” Ultimate Reality and Meaning 22(3).
———. 2001. The Secular Faith Controversy: Religion in Three Dimensions. London and New York: Continuum.
———. 2012. “‘Implicit Religion’: What Might That Be?” Implicit Religion 15(2): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v15.i2.15481
Baudrillard, Jean. 1985. “The Ecstasy of Communication.” In Postmodern Culture, edited by Hal Foster, 126–134. London: Pluto Press.
Bauman, Zygmund. 2000. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Berger, Peter. 1970. A Rumour of Angels: Modern Society and the Rediscovery of the Supernatural. London: Allen Lane.
———. 1981. [1963] Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin.
———. 1997. Redeeming Laughter: The Comic Dimension of Human Experience. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Berlin, Isaiah. 1953. The Hedgehog and the Fox. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Borg Ter, Meerten. 2004. “Some Ideas on Wild Religion.” Implicit Religion 7(2): 108–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.7.2.108.56071
Bowler, Peter. 2002. The Superior Person’s Book of Words. London: Bloomsbury.
Chadwick, Owen. 1975. The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clayton, Philip and Peacock, Arthur, eds. 2004. In Whom We Live and Move and Have Our Being; Panentheistic Reflections on God’s Presence in a Scientific World. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Coleman 111, Thomas J. 2013. “Implicit Frameworks: The Tyrannical Hegemonic Discourse.” Nonreligion & Secularity, NSRN blog. Posted 1 November. http://blog.nsrn.net/2013/11/01/implicit-frameworks-the-tyrannical-hegemonic-discourse/
Collins, Irene. 2002. Jane Austen and the Clergy. London: Continuum.
Cooper, John W. 2006. Panentheism, the Other God of the Philosophers: From Plato to the Present. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.
Douglas, Mary. 1966. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203361832
Durkheim, Emile. 1970. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Translated by J. W. Swain. London: Allen and Unwin. Original 1912.
Eliade, Mircea. 1959. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan. 1965. Theories of Primitive Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ferraroti, Franco. 1979. “The Destiny of Reason and the Paradox of the Sacred.” Social Research 46(4): 648–681.
Fish, Stanley. 1980. Is There a Text in the Class? The Authority of Interpretative Communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Franco, Paul. 1990. The Political Philosophy of Michael Oakeshott. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Frankl, Viktor E. 2011 [1948]. Mankind’s Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Rider.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. 1975. Truth and Method. London: Sheed and Ward.
George, Francis E. 1977. “Founding Founderology: Charism and Hermeneutics.” Review for Religious 36: 40–48.
Geertz, Clifford. 1973a. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.
———. 1973b. “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture.” In The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, 3–30. New York: Basic Books.
Gehlen, Arnold. 1988. Man: His Nature and Place in the World. New York: Columbia University Press.
Gellner, Ernest. 1992. Postmodernism, Reason and Religion. London: Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203410431
Gennep, Arnold Van. 1960. The Rites of Passage. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 2008. “Secularism’s Crisis of Faith: Notes on Post-Secular Society.” New Perspectives Quarterly 25: 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5842.2008.01017.x
Hevieu-Léger, Danièle. 2000. Religion as a Chain of Memory. Cambridge: Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishers.
Hesse, Mary. 1966. Models and Analogies in Science. Revised edition. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.
Hill, Michael. 1973. The Religious Order: A Study of Virtuosi Religious Life and Its Legitimations in the Nineteenth Century Church of England. London: Heinemann.
Horton, Robert and Ruth Finnegan, eds. 1973. Modes of Thought: Essays on Thinking in Western and Non-Western Societies. London: Faber and Faber.
John Paul II, Pope. 1998. Fides et Ratio. London: Veritas.
Keenan, William J. F. 2002a. “Post-Secular Sociology: Effusions of Religion in Late Modern Settings.” European Journal of Social Theory 5(2): 279–290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13684310222225450
———. 2002b. “Twenty-First-Century Monasticism and Religious Life: Just Another New Millennium.” Religion 32: 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/reli.2002.0395
———. 2003. “Rediscovering the Theological in Sociology: Foundation and Possibilities.”Theory, Culture & Society 20(1): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276403020001919
———. 2009. “Divinity and Power in Minute Particulars: Politics and Panentheism in the Implicit Religion of Marist Socks.” Implicit Religion 12(2): 201–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v12i2.201
———. 2010. “Working Out a Decent Future: Post-Crisis Political Economy and a Sacramental Alternative.” In Decent Work and Unemployment, edited by Christiana Bagusat, William J. F. Keenan and Clemens Sedmak, 279–295. Wien-Münster: Lit Verlag.
———. 2012. “Family Resemblances Twixt Implicit Religion and Post-modernity: A Fecund Framework for Engaging New Times.” Implicit Religion 15(1): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v15i1.5
———. 2014. “Believing, Belonging, Begatting: The Implicit Sapiential Faith of Academia.” Implicit Religion 17(1): 11–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v17i1.11
———. 2015a. “Recycling Religion: Lance Armstrong’s Postmodern Spirituality of Suffering and Survivorship.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 30(1): 107–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2015.986981
———. 2015b. “Granulated Faith-Holding: Examples from the Vocation of Science (Max Weber, Edward Shils, David Martin).” Implicit Religion 18(3): 279–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v18i3.28053
———. 2016. “The Phoney Holy War: Reflections on the Myth of Spiritual Revolution.” Implicit Religion 19(1): 133–201.
Keenan, William J. F. and Tatjana Schnell. 2011. “The Resilient Academy: A Transdisciplinary Critique of the Realworldist University.” In Resilience and Unemployment, edited by Åsmund Aamaas, William J. F. Keenan, Clemens Sedmak and Linda van der Zijden, 19–42. Wien-Münster: Lit Verlag.
King, Christine. 2012. “The Enduring Problem of Dualism: Christianity and Sports.” Implicit Religion 15(2): 225–241.
King, Ursula. 1997. Christ in All Things: Exploring Spirituality with Teilhard de Chardin. London: SCM Press.
Leclerq, Jean. 1961. The Love of Learning and the Desire for God: A Study of Monastic Culture. New York: Fordham University Press.
Lerner, Akiba J. 2015. Redemptive Hope: From the Age of Enlightenment to the Age of Obama. New York: Fordham University Press.
Macpherson, Crawford Brough. 1962. The Political theory of Possessive Individualism: From Hobbes to Locke. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Mannheim, Karl. 1955 [1936]. Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge. San Diego and New York: Harcourt.
———. 1986 [1925]. Conservatism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Marsden, George M. and Bradley J. Longfield, eds. 1992. The Secularisation of the Academy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Martin, Bernice. 1981. A Sociology of Contemporary Cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell.
Martin, David. 1965. “Towards Eliminating the Concept of Secularization from the Vocabulary of Sociology.” In The Penguin Survey of the Social Sciences, edited by Julius Gould, 185–197. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin.
———. 1967. Sociology of English Religion. London: Heinemann.
———. 1969. “The Unknown Gods of the English.” In David Martin The Religious and the Secular, 103–113. New York: Schocken.
———. 1978. The Dilemmas of Contemporary Religion. Oxford: Blackwell.
———. 2011. The Future of Christianity: Reflections on Violence and Democracy, Religion and Secularization. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
———. 2014. Religion and Power: No Logos without Mythos. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
———. 2015. “Sociology and Theology: With and Against the Grain of ‘the World.’” Implicit Religion 18(2): 159–175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v18i2.27241
Musgrove, Frank. 1974. Ecstasy and Holiness: The Counter Culture and the Open Society. London: Methuen.
Newman, John Henry. 1870. An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent. London: Catholic Publication Society.
Oldmeadow, Harry. ed. 2010. Crossing Religious Frontiers: Studies in Comparative Religion. Bloomington, Ind: World Wisdom.
Oliphant, Margaret. 1987. The Perpetual Curate. New York: Viking Penguin.
O’Neill, John. 1975. Making Sense Together: An Introduction to Wild Sociology. London: Heinemann.
Otto, Rudolph. 1970 [1917]. The Idea of the Holy. Translated by J. W. Harvey. New York: Oxford University Press.
Parsons, Gerald. 1988. Religions in Victorian Britain. Volume 1: Traditions. New York: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Michael. 1958. Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post Critical Philosophy. London: Routledge.
Polanyi, Michael and Prosch, Harry. 1975. Meaning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Popper, Karl R. 1972. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Roszak, Theodore. 1972. Where the Wasteland Ends: Politics and Transcendence in Postindustrial Society. New York: Doubleday.
Schleiermacher, Friedrich. 1996. On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Original 1799.
Schnell, Tatjana. 2003. “A Framework for the Study of Implicit Religion: The PsychologicalTheory of Implicit Religiosity.” Implicit Religion 6(2): 86–104.
———. 2011. “Experiential Validity: Psychological Approaches to the Sacred.” Implicit Religion 14(4): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v14i4.387
———. 2012. “On Method: A Foundation for Empirical Research on Implicit Religion.”Implicit Religion 15(4): 407–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v15i4.407
Simmel, Georg. 1997 [1909]. “Bridge and Door.” In Simmel on Culture, edited by David Frisby and Mike Featherstone, 170–174. London: Sage.
Tagore, Rabindranath. 1913. Gitanjali: Song Offerings. London: Macmillan.
Tillich, Paul. 1959. Theology and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
Towler, Robert. 1974. Homo Religiosus: Social Problems in the Study of Religion. London: Constable.
Turner, Victor. 1967. “Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites de Passage.” In The Forest of Symbols. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Vane, Henry. 2004. Affair of State: A Biography of the 8th Duke and Duchess of Devonshire. London and Chester Springs: Peter Owen.
von Stuckrad, Kocku. 2014. The Scientification of Religion: An Historical Study of Discursive Change, 1800–2000. Berlin: Walter de Gruyer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781614513490
Walters, Barbara R. 2015. “The Last Denton Conference.” Implicit Religion 18(2): 153–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/imre.v18i2.27242
Weber, Max. 1978 [1922]. Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wilson, Bryan R. 1969. Religion in Secular Society. London: Penguin.
Published
2016-03-02
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Keenan, W. J. F. (2016). The Sacramental Thought-World of Implicit Religion. Implicit Religion, 19(1), 11-47. https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.v19i1.30003
