Cartographers of Faith
Revelation in Restorationist Religious Thinkers as Religious Credence Mapping
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.33153Keywords:
Restorationism, Bhaktivinoda, Joseph Smith, Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism, Mormonism, Neil Van LeeuwenAbstract
Restorationism as a theological movement is characterized by volatility, generating immense enthusiasm from its adherents and its critics, yet configuring new visions of religious identity that are often deemed heretical. Certain Restorationists appeal to divine revelation as central to their work in returning their faith to its origins. This revelatory approach is surprising, as it defies the reactionary tendency of Restorationism: to return to the prior, older, way of things, a revelation that is unprecedented, new, and a modification of the tradition as it stands, is provided. This peculiarity is explored via a model for Restorationism constructed using the two-map model of religious credence of Neil Van Leeuwen in his Religion as Make-Believe (2023). Two cases are explored: Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism’s Kedāranātha Datta (also known as Bhaktivinoda), and Mormonism’s Joseph Smith Jr. Both are analysed within Van Leeuwen’s framework, noting how they function as revelatory Restorationists, and how their respective projects can be understood this way.
References
Addams, R. Jean. 2021. “The Past and Future of the Temple Lot in Independence, Jackson County, Missouri”. Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-Day Saint Faith and Scholarship 44: 145–216.
Becker, Sascha O., Steve Pfaff and Jared Rubin. 2016. “Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation”. Explorations in Economic History 62: 1–25.
Bhakti Vikāsa Swami. 2009. Śrī Bhaktisiddhānta Vaibhava: The Grandeur and Glory of Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura, Three volumes. Bharuch: Bhakti Vikas Trust.
Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura. 1985. The Bhagavata: Its Philosophy, Its Ethics and Its Theology. Edited by Bhakti Sudhīra Goswāmī. Nabadwip: Guardian of Devotion Press.
———. 2010. Śrī Navadvīpa-Dhāma-Māhātmya: Parikramā-Khanḍa. Translated by Gosvāmī, Bhaktivedānta Nārāyāṇa, Acyutānanda Dāsa, Kṛṣṇa-kṛpā Dāsa, Kṛṣṇa-vallabhā Dāsī, Śāntī Dāsī, and Vraja-sundarī Dāsī. Vrindavan: Gauḍīya Vedānta Publications.
———. 2013. Jaiva-Dharma: Our Eternal Nature. Translated by Gosvāmī, Bhaktivedānta Nārāyāṇa. Vrindavan: Gauḍīya Vedānta Publications.
———. 2021. Navadvīpa Bhāva Taraṅga. Translated by Bhānu Swāmī. Chennai: Tattva Cintāmaṇi Publishing.
Bhatia, Varuni. 2009. Devotional Traditions and National Culture: Recovering Gaudiya Vaishnavism in Colonial Bengal. PhD dissertation, Columbia University.
———. 2017. Unforgetting Chaitanya: Vaishnavism and Cultures of Devotion in Colonial Bengal. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brown, Samuel Morris. 2020. Joseph Smith’s Translation: The Words and Worlds of Early Mormonism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brzezinski, Jan. 2004. “Charismatic Renewal and Institutionalization in the History of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and the Gaudiya Math”. In The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant, edited by Edwin F. Bryant and Maria L. Ekstrand, 73–96. New York: Columbia University Press.
———. 2007. “An Analysis of Three Suspicious Texts”. Jagat, 15 September. https://jagadanandadas.blogspot.com/2007/09/analysis-of-three-suspicious-texts.html
———. 2014. “Bhaktivinoda Thakur and Bipin Bihari Goswami”. Journal of Vaishnava studies 23(1): 141–159.
Burgess, Stanley M. 1986. Reaching Beyond: Chapters in The History of Perfectionism. Peabody: Hendrickson.
Bushman, Richard L. 2020. “Joseph Smith and Modernism”. BYU Studies Quarterly 59(2): 121–134.
——— and Jed Woodworth. 2005. Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Catch (user). 2004. “The Controversial Teachings of Bhaktivinoda – Examining the Objections”. Gaudiya Discussions, 14 Feburary. https://gaudiyadiscussions.gaudiya.com/topic_1247.html
Dasa, Shukavak, N. 1999. Hindu Encounter with Modernity: Kedarnath Datta Bhaktivinoda Vaiṣṇava Theologian. Los Angeles: Sanskrit Religions Institute.
Datta, Kedarnath. 1879. Krsna Saṁhitā. Calcutta: Isyarchandra Basu.
——— and Radhikanath Goswami. 1891. “Shridham Nabadwip Darshan”. Shri Bishnupriya Patrika 1(2).
De Cruz, Helen. 2024. “Reasonable Compartmentalization?” Mind & Language 39(4): 578–583.
De Witt Talmage, Thomas. 1884. “Were the Prayers for President Garfield a Failure?” In The Brooklyn Tabernacle, A Collection of 104 Sermons, 35–38. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
Fuller, Jason. 2005. Religion, Class and Power: Bhaktivinode Thakur and the Transformation of Religious Authority among the Gaudiya Vaisnavas in Nineteenth-Century Bengal. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Gaura-vijaya dasa. 2014. “Harmonizing Contradictions”. Harmonist, 8 May. https://harmonist.us/2014/05/contradictions/
Ghosh, Abhishek. 2014. Vaiṣṇavism and the West: A Study of Kedarnath Datta Bhaktivinod’s Encounter and Response, 1869–1909. PhD dissertation, University of Chicago.
Givens, Terryl. 2013. The Viper on the Hearth: Mormons, Myths, and the Construction of Heresy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2015. Wrestling the Angel: The Foundations of Mormon Thought: Cosmos, God, Humanity. New York: Oxford University Press.
———. 2017. Feeding the Flock: The Foundations of Mormon Thought: Church and Praxis. New York: Oxford University Press.
——— and Brian Hauglid. 2019. The Pearl of Greatest Price: Mormonism’s Most Controversial Scripture. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hill, Samuel S. 1988. “Comparing Three Approaches to Restorationism: A Response”. In The American Quest for the Primitive Church, edited by Richard T. Hughes, 232–238. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Hinckley, Gordon B. and Church News Archives. 1988. “‘Crown of Gospel Is Upon Our Heads’”. Church News: A Living Record of the Restoration, 20 June. https://www.thechurchnews.com/1998/6/20/23250528/crown-of-gospel-is-upon-our-heads/
Hughes, Richard T. 2004. “Historical Models of Restoration”. In The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement, edited by Douglas A. Foster, Paul M. Blowers, Anthony L. Dunnavent, and D. Newell Williams. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans.
Kapoor, O. B. L. 1994. The Philosophy and Religion of Sri Caitanya: The Philosophical Background of the Hare Krishna Movement. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
Kṛṣṇadāsa, Kavirāja Gosvāmī. 1975. Śrī Caitanya-Caritāmṛta of Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī, Madhya-Līlā: With the Original Bengali Text, Roman Transliterations, Synonyms, Translation and Elaborate Purports. Translated by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. Śrī Caitanya-Caritāmṛta of Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī 2. Los Angeles: The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Leppin, Volkner. 2014. “Luther’s Transformation of Medieval Thought: Continuity and Discontinuity”. In The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther’s Theology, edited by Robert Kolb, Irene Dingel, and L’ubomír Batka, 115–124. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Levy, Neil. 2024. “There Is More to Belief than Van Leeuwen Believes”. Mind & Language 39(4): 584–589.
Mahanidhi Swami. 2016. “Difference Between Babas N IGM”. Radhakunda. https://soundcloud.com/mahanidhi-swami/difference-betwwen-babas-n-igm-mp3
———. 2023. “The IGM Mayapur 18.12.2022”. Radhakunda. https://soundcloud.com/mahanidhi-swami/the-igm-mayapur-18122022.
Mason, Patrick Q. 2019. Mormonism and Violence: Elements in Religion and Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2020. Restoration: God’s Call to the 21st-Century. Salt Lake City: Faith Matters.
Narasiṅgha, Swami B. G. 2002. “Scholarship vs Divine Revelation”. Bhakti Gaurava Vāṇī—The Teachings of Swami B. G. Narasiṅgha, December. https://swaminarasingha.com/writings/articles/scholarship-vs-divine-revelation/
———. 2004. “Māyāpura and the Adbhūta Mandira”. Bhakti Gaurava Vāṇī—The Teachings of Swami B. G. Narasiṅgha, July. https://swaminarasingha.com/writings/articles/mayapura-and-the-adbhuta-mandira/
Resnick, Howard. 2004. “Heresy and the Jiva Debate”. In The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant, edited by Edwin F. Bryant and Maria L. Ekstrand, 264–260. New York: Columbia University Press.
Ritner, Robert K. 2000. “The ‘Breathing Permit of Hôr’ Thirty-Four Years Later”. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 33(4): 97–119.
Rosen, Steven J. 1994. Vaiṣnavism: Contemporary Scholars Discuss the Gauḍīya Tradition. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
Sardella, Ferdinando. 2012. Modern Hindu Personalism: The History, Life, and Thought of Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Satya, Nārāyaṇa Dāsa and Kuṇḍalī Dāsa. 1994. In Vaikuṇṭha Not Even the Leaves Fall: A Treatise on the Bondage of the Jīva. Vrindavana: Jiva Institute for Vaisnava Studies.
Smith, Joseph. 2007. Joseph Smith: Teachings of Presidents of the Church. Salt Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
———. (1830) 2013a. The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ. Salt Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
———. (1835) 2013b. The Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Salt Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
———. (1878) 2013c. The Pearl of Great Price: A Selection from the Revelations, Translations, and Narrations of Joseph Smith, First Prophet, Seer, and Revelator to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Salt Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Sommer, Joseph. 2024. “Religion as Belief, a Realist Theory: A Commentary on Religion as Make-Believe, A Theory of Belief, Imagination, and Group Identity”. Philosophical Psychology 2: 1–19.
Steinacher, C. Mark. 2011. “Restorationism”. In The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Stewart, Tony K. 2010. The Final Word: The Caitanya Caritāmṛta and the Grammar of Religious Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Swedenborg, Emanuel. 1758. De Nova Hierosolyma et ejus doctrina coelesti. Londini.
Taves, Ann. 2016. Revelatory Events: Three Case Studies of the Emergence of New Spiritual Paths. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Tripurāri, Swāmī. 1998. Śrī Guru-Paramparā: Bhaktisiddhānta Saraswatī Ṭhākura, Heir to the Esoteric Life of Kedarnātha Bhaktivinoda. Mill Valley: Harmonist Publishers.
———. 2014. “Bimala and Lalita Prasada”. Harmonist, 15 May. https://harmonist.us/2014/05/bimala-and-lalita-prasada/
Valpey, Kenneth. 2006. Attending Krishna’s Image: Chaitanya Vaishnava Murti-Seva as Devotional Truth. London: Routledge.
Van Leeuwen, Neil. 2023. Religion as Make-Believe: A Theory of Belief, Imagination, and Group Identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
———. 2024. “Group Identity and the Willful Subversion of Rationality: A Reply to De Cruz and Levy”. Mind & Language 39(4): 590–596.
Vishnu, Swami Bhakti Bhavana. 2004. “The Guardian of Devotion: Disappearance and Rejection of the Spiritual Master in ISKCON After 1977”. In The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant, edited by Edwin F. Bryant and Maria L. Ekstrand, 170–193. New York: Columbia University Press.
Vogel, Dan. 2004. Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet. Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books.
Walters, Kenneth Richard. 2016. Why Tongues? The Initial Evidence Doctrine in North American Pentecostal Churches. Dorset: Deo Publishing.
White, Ellen G. (1858) 1911. The Great Controversy. Fourth edition. The Conflict of the Ages 5. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association.
Williams, George Huntston. (1962) 1995. The Radical Reformation. Third edition. University Park: Penn State University Press.
Williams, R. John. 2005. “A Marvelous Work and a Possession: Book of Mormon Historicity as Postcolonialism”. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 38(4): 37–55.