The effect of sampling variability on overall performance and individual speakers’ behaviour in likelihood ratio-based forensic voice comparison
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.23731Keywords:
forensic voice comparison, likelihood ratio, sampling variability, uncertaintyReferences
Brümmer, N. (2013) Tutorial for Bayesian forensic likelihood ratio. ArXiv:1304.3589 [Stat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1304.3589
Brümmer, N., Burget, L., Cernocky, J., Glembek, O., Grezl, F., Karafiat, M., van Leeuwen, D. A., Matejka, P., Schwarz, P. and Strasheim, A. (2007) Fusion of heterogeneous speaker recognition systems in the STBU submission for the NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation 2006. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 15(7): 2072–2084. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASL.2007.902870
Hughes, V. and Foulkes, P. (2015) The relevant population in forensic voice comparison: Effects of varying delimitations of social class and age. Speech Communication 66: 218–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2014.10.006
Hughes, V. and Wang, X. B. (2022) Crises of uncertainty, reproducibility and replicability in forensic comparison. Poster presentation at European Academy of Forensic Science Conference (EAFS). Stockholm, Sweden. 30 May–3 June.
Morrison, G. S. (2013) Tutorial on logistic-regression calibration and fusion: Converting a score to a likelihood ratio. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2): 173–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2012.733025
Morrison, G., Enzinger, E., Hughes, V., Jessen, M., Meuwly, D., Neumann, C., Planting, S., Thompson, W. C., van der Vloed, D. J. F., Ypma, R. and Zhang, C. (2021) Consensus on validation of forensic voice comparison. Science & Justice 61(3): 229–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2021.02.002
Morrison, G. S., Ochoa, F. and Thiruvaran, T. (2012) Database selection for forensic voice comparison. The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop, 62–77.
Morrison, G. and Poh, N. (2018) Avoiding overstating the strength of forensic evidence: Shrunk likelihood ratios/Bayes factors. Science & Justice 58(3): 200–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2017.12.005
Rose, P. (2013) More is better: Likelihood ratio-based forensic voice comparison with vocalic segmental cepstra frontends. International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 20(1): 77–116. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v20i1.77
Vergeer, P., van Es, A., de Jongh, A., Alberink, I. and Stoel, R. (2016) Numerical likelihood ratios outputted by LR systems are often based on extrapolation: When to stop extrapolating? Science & Justice 56(6): 482–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2016.06.003