Refusing bilingualism, appropriating languages

Discursive struggles for social meaning in a Spanish/Galician trial on ‘terrorism’

Authors

  • Daniel Amarelo Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.23038

Keywords:

courtroom interaction, bilingualism, terrorism, Galician, Spanish

Abstract

This paper analyses a trial held in 2020 in the court known as ‘Audiencia Nacional’ (Madrid), against 12 Galician pro-independence activists accused of ‘glorification of terrorism’. Through the linguistic strategies of the different actors, and the bilingual interaction produced in that space, we can identify the ideologisation processes and political opposition movements existing in the (cross)examination. While previous research has especially focused on community bilingualism and bilingual interaction in institutional contexts such as the courtroom from a perspective of feedback effect, I explore the refusal to switch languages by bilingual speakers (the accused) against the monolingual counterpart (the court). This struggle over language appropriateness is discursively constructed along in-the-moment uses of linguistic difference and cultural history. Finally, since this trial was live-streamed for the media and society, I consider the interdiscursive hybridity triggered by this ‘third party’ in which juridical and political messages are being exchanged.

Author Biography

  • Daniel Amarelo, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC)

    Daniel Amarelo is a PhD Candidate in Critical Sociolinguistics in the Arts and Humanities Studies at the Open University of Catalonia/Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC) in Barcelona. They have been trained in Galician Language, Lusophone Studies, General Linguistics, and Linguistic Anthropology at the University of Santiago de Compostela, University of Lisbon, University of Colorado Boulder, and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Their research interests include sociolinguistic minoritization, national identities, languages ideologies, and queer linguistics. In addition, Daniel is the coordinator of the Research Commission of EDiSo (Association of Studies in Discourse and Society), a member of the Galician Network for Queer Studies (RGEQ), and an activist in LGBTIQ issues and minority languages.

References

Alsina, M. R. (1989) Medios de comunicación y terrorismo: apuntes para un debate. Análisi (Bellaterra, Spain) 12: 101–110.

Althusser, L. (1988) Ideología y aparatos ideológicos del Estado: Freud y Lacan. Buenos Aires: Nueva Visión.

Álvarez Cáccamo, C. (1991a) Language revival, code manipulation and social power in Galiza: off-record uses of Spanish in formal communicative events. In C. A. Klee and L. A. Ramos-Garcia (eds) Sociolinguistics of the Spanish-Speaking World: Iberia, Latin America, United States 41–73. Tempe, AZ: Bilingual Press / Editorial Bilingüe.

Álvarez Cáccamo, C. (1991b) The institutionalization of Galician: linguistic practices, power, and ideology in public discourse. PhD dissertation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Berkeley.

Álvarez Cáccamo, C. (1998) From ‘switching code’ to ‘code-switching’: towards a reconceptualization of communicative codes. In P. Auer (ed.) Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity 29–48. London and New York: Routledge.

Angermeyer, P. S. (2008) Creating monolingualism in the multilingual courtroom. Sociolinguistic Studies 2(3): 385–404. https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.v2i3.385

Atkinson, J. M. and Drew, P. (1979) Order in Court: The Organisation of Verbal Interaction in Judicial Settings. Atlantic Highlands NJ: Humanities Press.

Bolden, G. B. (2012) Across languages and cultures: Brokering problems of understanding in conversational repair. Language in Society 41(1): 97–121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404511000923

Bonfiglio, T. P. (2013) Inventing the native speaker. Critical Multilingualism Studies 1(2): 29–58.

Bucholtz, M. and Hall, K. (2005) Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4–5): 585–614. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461445605054407

Bucholtz, M. and Hall, K. (2008) Finding identity: theory and data. Multilingua 27(1–2): 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1515/MULTI.2008.008

Cavalieri, S. (2009) Reformulation and conflict in the witness examination: The case of public inquiries. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law = Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique 22(2): 209–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11196-009-9103-y

Clift, R. (2016) Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dayán-Fernández, A. and O’Rourke, B. (2020) Galician-Portuguese and the politics of language in contemporary Galicia. In K. Strani (ed.) Multilingualism and Politics: Revisiting Multilingual Citizenship 231–260. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.

Debord, G. (1994) The Society of the Spectacle. New York: Zone Books.

Domínguez García, H. (2020) A construción mediática do conflito: O caso de Resistencia Galega. Rianxo, Spain: Axóuxere.

Drew, P. (1992) Contested evidence in courtroom cross-examination: the case of a trial for rape. In P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds) Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings 470–520. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Du Bois, J. W. (2007) The stance triangle. In R. Englebretson (ed.) Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction 139–182. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.

Faro de Vigo (2019) Detenidos en Vigo los considerados ‘máximos responsables’ de Resistencia Galega. 17 June. https://www.farodevigo.es/galicia/2019/06/17/detenidos-vigo-considerados-maximos-responsables-15660008.html

Fox, B. A. (2012) Conversation analysis and self-repair. In C. A. Chapelle (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. Electronic version: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0214

Gafaranga, J. (2001) Linguistic identities in talk-in-interaction: order in bilingual conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 33(12): 1901–1925. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(01)00008-X

Goodwin, C. (1994) Professional vision. American Anthropologist 96(3): 606–633. https://www.jstor.org/stable/682303

Heller, M. (2010) The commodification of language. Annual Review of Anthropology 39(1): 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104951

Hepburn, A. and Bolden, G. B. (2017) Transcribing for Social Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Heritage, J. (1985) Analyzing news interviews: aspects of the production of talk for an overhearing audience. In T. A. van Dijk (ed.) Handbook of Discourse Analysis vol. 3, 95–119. London and Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Heritage, J. (2013) Language and social institutions: the conversation analytic view. Journal of Foreign Languages 4: 2–27.

Heritage, J. and Clayman, S. (2010) Talk in Action: Interactions, Identities, and Institutions. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Herrero Valeiro, M. (2002/2003) The discourse of language in Galiza: normalisation, diglossia, and conflict. Estudios de sociolingüística: Linguas, sociedades e culturas 3–4(2–1): 289–320.

Herrero Valeiro, M. J. (2015) A normalização linguística, uma ilusão necessária. Santiago de Compostela, Spain: Através Editora.

Hooper, K. and Puga Moruxa, M. (eds) (2011) Contemporary Galician Cultural Studies: Between the Local and the Global. New York: Modern Language Association of America.

IGE (Instituto Galego de Estatística) (2019) Enquisa estrutural a fogares Coñecemento e uso do galego. https://www.ige.gal/estatico/estatRM.jsp?c=0206004&ruta=html/gl/OperacionsEstruturais/Resumo_resultados_EEF_Galego.html

Iglesias Álvarez, A. (2002) Falar galego: ‘no veo por qué’: Aproximación cualitativa á situación sociolingüística de Galicia. Vigo, Spain: Xerais.

INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadística) (2022) Encuesta de Características Esenciales de la Población y las Viviendas. Año 2021. Datos por comunidades autónomas / Frecuencia y lugar de uso de las principales lenguas. / Galicia. https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Tabla.htm?tpx=55518&L=0

Jefferson, G. (2004) Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. H. Lerner (ed.) Conversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation 13–31. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.

Lois, E. (2019) Los dos dirigentes de Resistencia Galega se escondieron en Venezuela tras huir a Portugal. El País, 17 June.

Mandianes, M. (2003) O río do esquecemento: Identidade antropolóxica de Galicia. Vigo, Spain: Xerais.

Mariño Ferro, X. R. (2000) Antropoloxía de Galicia. Vigo, Spain: Xerais.

Mariño Paz, R. (1998) Historia da lingua galega. Santiago de Compostela, Spain: Sotelo Blanco.

Maryns, K. (2012) Multilingualism in legal settings. In M. Martin-Jones, A. Blackledge and A. Creese (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism 297–313. London: Routledge.

McCaul, K. (2011) Understanding courtroom communication through cultural scripts. In A. Wagner and L. Cheng (eds) Exploring Courtroom Discourse: The Language of Power and Control 11–28. Farnham and Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

Monteagudo, H., Loredo, X., Vázquez, M. and Subiela, X. (2016) Lingua e sociedade en Galicia: A evolución sociolingüística 1992–2013. A Coruña: Real Academia Galega.

Nartowska, K. (2015) The role of the court interpreter: a powerless or powerful participant in criminal proceedings? The Interpreter’s Newsletter 20: 9–32. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11850

O’Barr, W. M. (1982) Linguistic Evidence: Language, Power, and Strategy in the Courtroom. New York: Academic Press.

Pak, V. (2021) (De)coupling race and language: the state listening subject and its rearticulation of antiracism as racism in Singapore. Language in Society 06/2021, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404521000373

Ramallo, F. (2018) Linguistic diversity in Spain. In W. Ayres-Bennett and J. Carruthers (eds) Manual of Romance Sociolinguistics 462–493. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Ramallo, F. and Rei-Doval, G. (2015) The standardization of Galician. Sociolinguistica 29(1): 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2015-0006

Raymond, C. W. (2014) Epistemic brokering in the interpreter-mediated medical visit: negotiating ‘patient’s side’ and ‘doctor’s side’ knowledge. Research on Language and Social Interaction 47(4): 426–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2015.958281

Raymond, C. W. (2018a) Interpreting in the workplace. In B. Vine (ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Language in the Workplace 295–308. London: Taylor & Francis.

Raymond, C. W. (2018b) On the relevance and accountability of dialect: conversation analysis and dialect contact. Journal of Sociolinguistics 22(2): 161–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12277

Raymond, C. W. and White, A. E. C. (2017) Time reference in the service of social action. Social Psychology Quarterly 80(2): 109–131. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0190272516689468

Rios Bergantinhos, N. (2014) Contemporary Galizan politics: the end of a cycle? In H. Miguélez-Carballeira (ed.) A Companion to Galician Culture 195–212. Woodbridge: Tamesis.

Screti, F. (2018) Re-writing Galicia: spelling and the construction of social space. Journal of Sociolinguistics 22(5): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12306

Silverstein, M. (2003) Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & Communication 23(3): 193–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(03)00013-2

Skoll, G. R. (2007) Meanings of terrorism. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law = Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique 20(2): 107–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-006-9038-5

Stivers, T., and Hayashi, M. (2010) Transformative answers: One way to resist a question’s constraints. Language in Society 39: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404509990637

Stygall, G. (2012) Discourse in the US courtroom. In L. M. Solan and P. M. Tiersma (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law 369–380. New York: Oxford University Press.

Thompson, J. P. (2011) Portuguese or Spanish orthography for the Galizan language? An analysis of the Conflito Normativo. In K. Hooper and M. Puga Moruxa (eds) Contemporary Galician Cultural Studies: Between the Local and the Global 143–165. New York: Modern Language Association of America.

Tkacuková, T. (2010). The power of questioning: a case study of courtroom discourse. Discourse and Interaction 3(2): 49–61.

Wagner, A., and Cheng, L. (2011) Language, power and control in courtroom discourse. In A. Wagner and L. Cheng (eds) Exploring Courtroom Discourse: The Language of Power and Control 1–8. Farnham and Burlington VT: Ashgate.

Wei, L. (2002) ‘What do you want me to say?’ On the conversation analysis approach to bilingual interaction. Language in Society 31(2): 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404501020140

Zulaika, J., and Douglass, W. (1996) Terror and Taboo: The Follies, Fables, and Faces of Terrorism. New York and London: Routledge.

Legal references

Ley Orgánica 6/1985, de 1 de julio, del Poder Judicial. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/1985/07/01/6/con

Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/1995/11/23/10/con

Real Decreto de 14 de septiembre de 1882 por el que se aprueba la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1882/09/14/(1)/con.

Real Decreto Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, por el que se crea la Audiencia Nacional. https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-166.

Published

2024-09-03

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Amarelo, D. (2024). Refusing bilingualism, appropriating languages: Discursive struggles for social meaning in a Spanish/Galician trial on ‘terrorism’. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, 31(1), 23-48. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.23038