Individual patterns of disfluency across speaking styles
a forensic phonetic investigation of Standard Southern British English
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.37241Keywords:
fluency behaviour, disfluency features, TOFFA, individual differences, speaker-specificity, speaking styleAbstract
Features of speech related to fluency such as filled and silent pauses, sound prolongations, repetitions and self-interruptions exhibit considerable variation among speakers, yet the speaker-specificity of such features has received little attention inforensic phonetic research. The present study investigates the extent to which individual differences in disfluency behaviour are preserved across different speaking styles, a key concern for forensic speaker comparison cases. Disfluency phenomena in the speech of 20 male speakers of Standard Southern British English undertaking a simulated police interview task are compared with the occurrence of the same set of phenomena in the speech of the same speakers participating in a telephone conversation with an 'accomplice'. The speakers' disfluency features are analysed using TOFFA 'Taxonomy of Fluency Features for Forensic Analysis' (McDougall and Duckworth 2017). Individuals exhibit a wide range of variation in their overall rate of production of disfluency features, and these rates are relatively consistent within-speaker across interview and telephone styles. The results for each specific disfluency feature type also show patterns of relatively consistent behaviour within-speaker across-style for most features. For both interview and telephone styles, discriminant analyses based on speaker profiles of disfluency features demonstrate that disfluency features carry speaker-specific information which could be considered alongside other analyses in forensic speaker comparison cases.
References
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Hughes, V., Wood, S. and Foulkes, P. (2016) Strength of forensic voice comparison evidence from the acoustics of filled pauses. International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 23(1): 99–132. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v23i1.29874
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de Jong, G., McDougall, K., Hudson, T. and Nolan, F. (2007) The speaker-discriminating power of sounds undergoing historical change: a formant-based study. In J. Trouvain and W. J. Barry (eds.) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Saarbrücken 1813–1816. http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1542/1542.pdf.
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Dellwo, V., Leemann, A. and Kolly, M.-J. (2015) Rhythmic variability between speakers: articulatory, prosodic, and linguistic factors. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 137(3): 1513–1528. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4906837
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Finlayson, I. R. and Corley, M. (2012) Disfluency in dialogue: an intentional signal from the speaker? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 19(5): 921–928. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0279-x
Goldman-Eisler, F. (1968) Psycholinguistics: Experiments in Spontaneous Speech. London: Academic Press.
Guillemin, B. J. and Watson, C. (2008) Impact of the GSM mobile phone network on the speech signal – some preliminary findings. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 15(2): 193–218.
Hollien, H., de Jong, G., Martin, C. A., Schwartz, R. and Liljegren, K. (2001) Effects of ethanol intoxication on speech suprasegmentals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 110(6): 3198–3206. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1413751
Hollien, H., Liljegren, K., Martin, C. A. and de Jong, G. (1999) Prediction of intoxication levels by speech analysis. In A. Braun (ed.) Advances in Phonetics 40–50. Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag.
Hudson, T., de Jong, G., McDougall, K., Harrison, P. and Nolan, F. (2007) F0 statistics for 100 young male speakers of Standard Southern British English. In J. Trouvain and W. J. Barry (eds.) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Saarbrücken 1809–1812. http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1570/1570.pdf.
Hughes, V. (2014). The definition of the relevant population and the collection of data for likelihood ratio-based forensic voice comparison. PhD dissertation, University of York.
Hughes, V., Wood, S. and Foulkes, P. (2016) Strength of forensic voice comparison evidence from the acoustics of filled pauses. International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 23(1): 99–132. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v23i1.29874
Huntley Bahr, R. and Pass, K. J. (1996) The influence of style-shifting on voice identification. Forensic Linguistics 3(1): 24–38.
Ishihara, S. and Kinoshita, Y. (2008) How many do we need? Exploration of the population size effect on the performance of forensic speaker classification. In Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (Interspeech), Brisbane, Australia 1941–1944.
Jessen, M. (1997) Speaker-specific information in voice quality parameters. Forensic Linguistics 4(1): 84–103.
Jessen, M. (2007) Forensic reference data on articulation rate in German. Science and Justice 47(2): 50–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2007.03.003
Jessen, M. (2008) Forensic phonetics. Language and Linguistics Compass 2(4): 671–711. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00066.x
Jessen, M., Köster, O. and Gfroerer, S. (2005) Influence of vocal effort on average and variability of fundamental frequency. International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 12(2): 174–213. https://doi.org/10.1558/sll.2005.12.2.174
Kasl, S. V. and Mahl, G. F. (1965) Relationship of disturbances and hesitations in spontaneous speech to anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1(5): 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0021918
Kavanagh, C. (2012) New consonantal acoustic parameters for forensic speaker comparison. PhD dissertation, University of York.
Kinoshita, Y., Ishihara, S. and Rose, P. (2009) Exploring the discriminatory potential of F0 distribution parameters in traditional forensic speaker recognition. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 16(1): 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v16i1.91
Klatt, D. (1976) Linguistic uses of segmental duration in English: acoustic and perceptual evidence. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 59(5): 1208–1221. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.380986
Künzel, H. J. (1989) How well does average fundamental frequency correlate with speaker height and weight? Phonetica 46(1–3): 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1159/000261832
Künzel, H. J. (1997) Some general phonetic and forensic aspects of speaking tempo. Forensic Linguistics 4(1): 48–83.
Künzel, H. J. (2001) Beware of the ‘telephone effect’: the influence of telephone transmission on the measurement of formant frequencies. Forensic Linguistics 8(1): 80–99.
Leemann, A. and Kolly, M.-J. (2015) Speaker-invariant suprasegmental temporal features in normal and disguised speech. Speech Communication 75: 97–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2015.10.002
Leemann, A., Kolly, M.-J. and Dellwo, V. (2014) Speaker-individuality in suprasegmental temporal features: implications for forensic voice comparison. Forensic Science International 238: 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.02.019
Leemann, A., Mixdorff, H., O’Reilly, M., Kolly, M.-J. and Dellwo, V. (2014) Speaker-individuality in Fujisaki model f0 features: implications for forensic voice comparison. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 21(2): 343–370. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v21i2.343
Lindblom, B. (1963) Spectrographic study of vowel reduction. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 35(11): 1773–1781. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1918816
Lindh, J. and Eriksson, A. (2007) Robustness of long time measures of fundamental frequency. In Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (Interspeech), Antwerp, Belgium 2025–2028.
McDougall, K. (2004) Speaker-specific formant dynamics: an experiment on Australian English /a?/. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 11(1): 103–130. https://doi.org/10.1558/sll.2004.11.1.103
McDougall, K. (2006) Dynamic features of speech and the characterization of speakers: toward a new approach using formant frequencies. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 13(1): 89–126. https://doi.org/10.1558/sll.2006.13.1.89
McDougall, K. and Duckworth, M. (2017) Profiling fluency: an analysis of individual variation in disfluencies in adult males. Speech Communication 95: 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2017.10.001
McDougall, K. and Nolan, F. (2007) Discrimination of speakers using the formant dynamics of /u?/ in British English. In J. Trouvain and W. J. Barry (eds.) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Saarbrücken 1825–1828. http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1567/1567.pdf.
McDougall, K., Rhodes, R., Duckworth, M., French, J. P., Kirchhübel, C. and Wormald, J. (2018) Applying disfluency analysis in forensic speaker comparison casework. Paper presented at the International Association for Forensic Phonetics and Acoustics Annual Conference, Huddersfield, 29 July–1 August 2018, Huddersfield.
Moos, A. (2010) Long-term formant distribution as a measure of speaker characteristics in read and spontaneous speech. The Phonetician 101/102: 7–24.
Morrison, G. S. (2008) Forensic voice comparison using likelihood ratios based on polynomial curves fitted to the formant trajectories of Australian English /a?/. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 15(2): 249–266.
Nair, B. B. T., Alzqhoul, E. A. S. and Guillemin, B. J. (2016) Impact of the GSM and CDMA mobile phone networks on the strength of speech evidence in forensic voice comparison. Journal of Forensic Research 7(2): 322. https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/impact-of-the-gsm-and-cdma-mobile-phone-networks-on-the-strength-ofspeech-evidence-in-forensic-voice-comparison-2157-7145-1000324.pdf. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000324
Nolan, F. (1983) The Phonetic Bases of Speaker Recognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nolan, F. (1997) Speaker recognition and forensic phonetics. In W. J. Hardcastle and J. Laver (eds.) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences 744–767. Oxford: Blackwell.
Nolan, F. (2002) Intonation in speaker identification: an experiment on pitch alignment features. Forensic Linguistics 9(1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1558/sll.2002.9.1.1
Nolan, F. and Grigoras, C. (2005) A case for formant analysis in forensic speaker identification. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 12(2): 143–173. https://doi.org/10.1558/sll.2005.12.2.143
Nolan, F., McDougall, K., de Jong, G. and Hudson, T. (2009) The DyViS database: style-controlled recordings of 100 homogeneous speakers for forensic phonetic research. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 16(1): 31–57.
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Published
2018-12-07
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
McDougall, K., & Duckworth, M. (2018). Individual patterns of disfluency across speaking styles: a forensic phonetic investigation of Standard Southern British English. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, 25(2), 205-230. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.37241
